The Cherokee Constitution - the Road to a Sovereign State

"The native people of North America are often perceived through the story of the brave colonists fighting with the belligerent and barbaric Indians. All of us like to watch movies about the Wild West, some people dream of visiting Tombstone, but few people are really concerned about who the Indians really were, or whether they had a social or political structure. In fact most of the Indian tribes at the beginning of the Encounter era shifted from egalitarian societies of mobile, hunter-gatherer people to hierarchical sedentary or semi-sedentary chiefdoms. Some tribes developed complex social systems based on a corporation of several tribes or groups. The best example is the League of Five Nations. This religious and political organization of five Iroquois-speaking tribes organized itself as a semi-state organization. Today’s American legal doctrine assumes that the Founding Fathers of the United States of America took the structure of the League as a foundation for the American state regime."(...

Human Dignity in Law – A Case Study of the Polish Legal System

Human dignity is one of the most fundamental ideas in the entire international human rights system. As from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in 1948, the concept of the human dignity become used as a tool to protect the basic needs of humans. The other formal instruments of international human rights also make reference to dignity. Whereas international law widely accepted the inherence of dignity, controversies still arise around the source of the dignity. Polish lawmakers, on the other hand, have no doubt about the fact the concept of dignity comes from natural law. Poland, in her Constitution, refers to the teaching of John Paul II about the source, value and meaning of human dignity. There is no doubt that concept of human dignity, even when it is controversial, is the most widely accepted by all religions and political society in the world.Human dignity is one of the most fundamental ideas in the entire international human rights system. As from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in 1948, the concept of the human dignity become used as a tool to protect the basic needs of humans. The other formal instruments of international human rights also make reference to dignity. Whereas international law widely accepted the inherence of dignity, controversies still arise around the source of the dignity. Polish lawmakers, on the other hand, have no doubt about the fact the concept of dignity comes from natural law. Poland, in her Constitution, refers to the teaching of John Paul II about the source, value and meaning of human dignity. There is no doubt that concept of human dignity, even when it is controversial, is the most widely accepted by all religions and political society in the world

Human Dignity in Law – A Case Study of the Polish Legal System

Human dignity is one of the most fundamental ideas in the entire international human rights system. As from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in 1948, the concept of the human dignity become used as a tool to protect the basic needs of humans. The other formal instruments of international human rights also make reference to dignity. Whereas international law widely accepted the inherence of dignity, controversies still arise around the source of the dignity. Polish lawmakers, on the other hand, have no doubt about the fact the concept of dignity comes from natural law. Poland, in her Constitution, refers to the teaching of John Paul II about the source, value and meaning of human dignity. There is no doubt that concept of human dignity, even when it is controversial, is the most widely accepted by all religions and political society in the world

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

THE POWER OF STATE, THE RIGHT OF PARENTS, THE RIGHT OF THE CHILD – THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION AS THE RIGHT TO POSSESS CONTROL

Why does the state have power in the area of education over parents’ wishes? The first reason has already been explained above: these are financial and economic aspects. The second reason is of historical nature. The state has controlled education in general historically. When in the 19th century the idea of public schools was created, the state sponsored such schools. Private schools were in a good condition, since they had their own sponsors or proceeds from pupils’ tuitions. When they lost their self-sustainability, they had to request the state for some support. And, as mentioned above, the state had its interest in controlling the educational system, because it wanted to influence the upbringing process of its citizens and create an ideology, which would help to achieve the government’s goal

Human Dignity in Law – A Case Study of the Polish Legal System

Human dignity is one of the most fundamental ideas in the entire international human rights system. As from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in 1948, the concept of the human dignity become used as a tool to protect the basic needs of humans. The other formal instruments of international human rights also make reference to dignity. Whereas international law widely accepted the inherence of dignity, controversies still arise around the source of the dignity. Polish lawmakers, on the other hand, have no doubt about the fact the concept of dignity comes from natural law. Poland, in her Constitution, refers to the teaching of John Paul II about the source, value and meaning of human dignity. There is no doubt that concept of human dignity, even when it is controversial, is the most widely accepted by all religions and political society in the world

Prawa mniejszości etnicznych w nauczaniu papieży. Zarys problemu prawnego

In the history of the struggle of the North American Indigenous people for the respect of their rights, the Catholic Church has always been portrayed as the one who most contributed to the violation of the fundamental rights of them, including the right to dignity and self-determination. The attitude of the governments of colonial states or the newly founded Canadian state or the United States or other Christian denominations, which supported the policy of assimilation, displacement and marginalization of the ethnic population, is almost completely ignored. In the widely held discussions in Canada and the United States, the voice of the Catholic Church which defended the indigenous people of the American continent is completely forgotten. The words of subsequent popes who demanded respect for the rights of the indigenous people, and they cut off from the policy of dehumanization are ignored, or even negated. Therefore, it is worth recalling that from the very beginning the Catholic Church, through its superior as the Pope, protested against the violation of the rights of indigenous people of North America and firmly cut off from any actions of state power aimed at assimilation of this population. In fact, it is thanks to the work of missionaries who, with the support of the Holy See, have preserved the culture, language or tradition of the Indigenous people in North America. This article reminds the forgotten voice of the popes in defense of the rights of the North American Ethnic People.W historii walki ludności etnicznej Ameryki Północnej o poszanowanie praw Kościół katolicki był zawsze przestawiany jako ten podmiot, który najbardziej przyczynił się do naruszenia podstawowych praw tej ludności, w tym prawa do godności i samostanowienia. Niemal całkowicie pomija się postawę rządów państw kolonialnych czy nowo powstałego państwa kanadyjskiego, Stanów Zjednoczonych, a także innych wyznań chrześcijańskich, które wspierały politykę asymilacji, wysiedlenia i marginalizacji ludności etnicznej. W szeroko prowadzonej dyskusji w Kanadzie i Stanach Zjednoczonych głos Kościoła katolickiego, który stanął w obronie rdzennych mieszkańców kontynentu amerykańskiego, jest całkowicie zapomniany. Słowa kolejnych papieży upominających się o poszanowanie praw ludności etnicznej, odcinających się od polityki dehumanizacji są ignorowane, a wręcz negowane. Dlatego warto przypomnieć, że od samego początku Kościół katolicki poprzez swojego zwierzchnika, jakim jest papież, protestował przeciwko naruszeniu praw rdzennej ludności Ameryki Północnej i stanowczo odcinał się od wszelkich działań władzy państwowej zmierzającej do asymilacji tej ludności. W rzeczywistości to dzięki pracy misjonarzy, mających poparcie Stolicy Apostolskiej, zachowała się kultura, język czy tradycja ludności indiańskiej na tym kontynencie. Niniejszy artykuł przypomina zapomniany głos papieży w obronie praw ludności etnicznej Ameryki Północnej

Dyskryminacja w dostępie do pracy ze względu na wiek – osoba starsza w pracy

Discrimination in access to work due to age – an elderly person at work. Discrimination due to age is called the English term ageism. This concept is defined as a set of phenomena related to stereotyping and discrimination of people due to their age. Ageism means a set of beliefs, prejudices and stereotypes based on the biological diversity of people that relate to the competences and needs of people depending on their age. Ageism manifests itself particularly in the area of labor law as: age discrimination in the recruitment process, discrimination in access to training in employment, dismissal after reaching retirement age, encouraging discrimination in the workplace, harassment of older people in the workplace, a period of protection in the labor market as a barrier to employment. Ageism is thus a social phenomenon defined legally and recognized on a legal basis as an event subjected to a negative assessment. This article is an attempt to analyze the phenomenon of discrimination in access to work due to age