Efecto de altas concentraciones de arsénico y flúor en el suelo sobre plantas de soja

Arsénico (As) y Fluor (F) están presentes en muchos suelos, afectando a los cultivos y presentando riesgos en la cadena alimenticia. Nosotros llevamos a cabo un experimento en macetas con suelo enriquecido en ambos elementos, en un amplio rango de concentraciones, tanto individual como simultáneamente. Se determinaron la producción de biomasa de soja, su rendimiento en granos, la acumulación de As y F y su distribución dentro de la planta, así como la respuesta antioxidante de las planta a ambos estreses. El As fue más tóxico que el F. Con concentraciones de As mayores a 35 mg/kg y de F mayores a 375 mg/kg, las pérdidas de rendimiento alcanzaron un 60% y 30%, respectivamente. Las plantas de soja murieron dentro de las 2 semanas frente a la dosis mayor de As, mientras que el F no mostró ser letal en ninguna concentración. Los efectos detrimentales fueron más importantes cuando As y F fueron aplicados simultá neamente. La concentración de As y F en plantas se incrementó en todos los órganos de la soja, aunque los granos presentaron la concentración más baja. La concentración de enzimas antioxidantes se incrementó en las plantas pero este incremento no fue suficiente para resistir el daño oxidativo.Arsenic (As) and Fluoride (F) are present in many soils, affecting crops and posing risks in the food chain. We performed pot experiments on spiked soils enriched in these elements either individually or simultaneously, over a wide range of concentrations. Soybean biomass production, grain yield, As and F accumulation and distribution within the plant, and the antioxidant response to these stresses were analyzed. Arsenic was more toxic than F. At As levels >35 mg/kg and F levels >375 mg/kg, yield loss reached 60% and 30%, respectively. At the highest dose of As plants died within 2 weeks, whereas F showed no lethality. When they were applied simultaneously, detrimental effects were more important. As and F in plants increased in all soybean organs although grains presented the lowest concentrations. Antioxidant enzymes were enhanced in plants but this increase was not high enough to cope with the oxidative damage.Fil: Bustingorri, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Balestrasse, Karina Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Lavado, Raul Silvio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; Argentin

Protective effect exerted by soil phosphorus on soybean subjected to arsenic and fluoride

Objetive: Arsenic (As) and fluoride (F) are found in groundwater and soils around the world, causing different problems to crops. Because these elements compete against phosphorus (P) in soils and plants, their relationship is complex. The aim of this work was to study the oxidative stress of soybean plants subjected to different concentrations of As and F, and the effect of P. Methods: The following 10 treatments were carried out in each of two soils with different P content: three As levels (low 10 mg As kg-1, medium 50 mg As kg−1 and high 100 mg As kg−1), three F levels (low 160 mg F kg−1, medium 250 mg F kg−1 and high 500 mg F kg−1) and three As + F levels (same concentrations), and the control treatment (soil with the background As and F concentrations) Lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll, gluthatione contents and antioxidant enzymes activities were determination. Results: Increased lipid peroxidation and alterations in glutathione content, catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities as well as in chlorophyll content revealed that As causes higher oxidative stress in plants grown in soils with low P content. Conclusion: Stress parameters in F treatments were less affected. Plants grown in soils enriched with P revealed a decrease in the toxic effects caused by As and F.Fil: Bustingorri, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Noriega, Guillermo Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias; ArgentinaFil: Lavado, Raul Silvio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Balestrasse, Karina Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; Argentin

Soybean response and ion accumulation under sprinkler irrigation with sodium-rich saline water

The magnitude of crop growth and yield depends on the salinity level, the toxic ions present in the irrigation water and the irrigation system used. In order to study the effect of sprinkler irrigation with salty water on soybean growth, development parameters and yield, and ionic accumulation in plant tissues as pot experiment was set up. There were three treatments with different irrigation water quality (EC 0, 2 and 4 dSm-1), applied during the whole cycle. Soybean aerial biomass was 20-30% less than Control when irrigation water salinity was 4dSm-1. Clearly salinity entering via leaves affected the grain filling stage and severely reduced soybean grain production (80% reduction) when salinity in irrigation water surpassed 2 dSm-1. Sprinkler irrigation aggravate the low tolerance of soybean to salinity and limit its cropping in such conditions. Two linear relationships between leaf Cl- concentration (Y= 14.2-2x) or K/Na ratio (Y=5.3x-3.4) (both in early stages) and soybean grain yield were found. Both relationships may be used as diagnostic tools for estimating soybean yield loss when salinity is the main stress factor.Fil: Bustingorri, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Lavado, Raul Silvio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; Argentin

Soybean growth under stable versus peak salinity Crescimento da soja sob salinidade estável ou em forma de pulsos

The production of soybean (Glycine max L.) has doubled in the last two decades. It is now being grown on both traditional arable lands and on marginal soils, including saline soils, in various parts of the world. Most research on crop tolerance to salinity has been performed using soils with stable levels of salinity. However, there are soils that undergo sudden increases in topsoil salinity for short periods of time. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of stable salinity concentrations with peaks of salinity for their effects on soybean vegetative growth, grain yield, and the accumulation of chlorides. The response of soybean growth was evaluated in pot experiments with the following treatments: Control (non saline soil), soil salinity level of 0.4 S m-1 (0.4S) or 0.8 S m-1 (0.8S), and soil subjected to salinity peaks of 0.4 S m-1 (0.4P) and 0.8 S m-1 (0.8P). The salinity levels were obtained by application of saline irrigation water. Soybean responded differently to stable salinity levels versus peaks of salinity. When salinity was a permanent stress factor, regardless of the salinity level (i.e. 0.4 and 0.8 S m-1), biomass production and differentiation of reproductive organs was greatly affected. For 0.8S treated plants, they never reached the reproductive phase. Conversely, only small differences in growth data were found between 0.4P and Control treatments, although an 80% decrease in yield was associated with the 0.4P treatment. To obtain a reasonable soybean yield, a leaf chloride concentration of 1 mg g-1 of Cl- in dry matter should be considered a maximum threshold.<br>A produção de soja (Glycine max L.) duplicou nas últimas duas décadas. Atualmente está sendo cultivada em terras aráveis tanto nos solos tradicionais quanto marginais, incluindo solos salinos, em várias partes do mundo. A maioria das pesquisas sobre a tolerância das culturas à salinidade foi realizada utilizando solos com níveis estáveis de salinidade. No entanto, há solos que são sensíveis ao aumento brusco de salinidade do solo superficial por curtos períodos de tempo. Comparou-se o efeito das concentrações de salinidade estável com picos de salinidade no crescimento vegetativo da soja, na produção de grãos e no acúmulo de cloretos. A resposta do crescimento da soja à salinidade foi avaliada em experimentos em vasos com os seguintes tratamentos: irrigação com água destilada (Controle, C), a irrigação para alcançar a salinidade de 0,4 S m-1 (0,4S) ou 0,8 S m-1 (0,8S) e irrigação com picos para alcançar a salinidade 0,4 S m-1 (0,4P) e 0,8 Sm-1 (0.8P). A soja respondeu diferentemente aos níveis de salinidade estável contra picos de salinidade. Quando a salinidade foi um fator de estresse permanente, independentemente do nível de salinidade (ou seja, 0,4 e 0,8 S m-1), a produção da biomassa e a diferenciação dos órgãos reprodutivos foram muito afetadas, sendo que plantas tratadas (0,8S) nunca chegaram à fase reprodutiva. Pequenas diferenças nos resultados de crescimento foram encontradas entre 0,4P e tratamentos Controle, apesar de uma diminuição de 80% no rendimento estar associada com o tratamento 0,4P. Para obter uma produtividade de soja razoável, a concentração de cloreto de 1 mg g-1 de Cl- na matéria seca de folha deve ser considerada um limite máximo

Soybean as affected by high concentrations of arsenic and fluoride in irrigation water in controlled conditions

Arsenic (As) and Fluoride (F) are both present in many groundwater sources around the world. The use of these waters for irrigation purposes could cause problems on crop production and the food chain. The aim of this work was to investigate soybean biomass production, bean yield and As and F accumulation in the soil and the plant in controlled conditions. An experiment mimicking sprinkler irrigation with water enriched in As and F, applied individually or simultaneously was carried out. When irrigation was applied, part of the water fell inside the pot, either directly or through the leaves and increased the contents of bioavailable As and F forms in the soil. Arsenic was more toxic to soybean than F. Significant biomass and yield reductions, and As and/or F accumulation in plant tissues where observed when As and F concentration surpassed 0.6 mg As L-1 and 25 mg F L-1. When As and F were applied simultaneously the toxic effect were additive and the detrimental effects were larger. Soybean bean yield was reduced almost 50% for As and 30% for F. Arsenic and F concentration increased in all organs but soybean beans presented lower values than concentrations hazardous to human and animal health. Bean concentrations were less than 1 mg As kg-1 and less than 5 mg F kg-1. Water, As and F balances were created.Fil: Bustingorri, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Lavado, Raul Silvio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; Argentin

Soybean growth under stable versus peak salinity

The production of soybean (Glycine max L.) has doubled in the last two decades. It is now being grown on both traditional arable lands and on marginal soils, including saline soils, in various parts of the world. Most research on crop tolerance to salinity has been performed using soils with stable levels of salinity. However, there are soils that undergo sudden increases in topsoil salinity for short periods of time. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of stable salinity concentrations with peaks of salinity for their effects on soybean vegetative growth, grain yield, and the accumulation of chlorides. The response of soybean growth was evaluated in pot experiments with the following treatments: Control (non saline soil), soil salinity level of 0.4 S m-1 (0.4S) or 0.8 S m-1 (0.8S), and soil subjected to salinity peaks of 0.4 S m-1 (0.4P) and 0.8 S m-1 (0.8P). The salinity levels were obtained by application of saline irrigation water. Soybean responded differently to stable salinity levels versus peaks of salinity. When salinity was a permanent stress factor, regardless of the salinity level (i.e. 0.4 and 0.8 S m-1), biomass production and differentiation of reproductive organs was greatly affected. For 0.8S treated plants, they never reached the reproductive phase. Conversely, only small differences in growth data were found between 0.4P and Control treatments, although an 80% decrease in yield was associated with the 0.4P treatment. To obtain a reasonable soybean yield, a leaf chloride concentration of 1 mg g-1 of Cl- in dry matter should be considered a maximum threshold

Soybean response to toxic elements (chlorides, arsenates, fluorides and vanadates) naturally current in water and soil

Las fuentes de elementos tóxicos que afectan a los cultivos se clasifican, según su origen, en antrópicas o naturales. En el presente trabajo se consideran elementos tóxicos de origen natural aunque movilizados por la actividad del hombre, y vinculados principalmente con las aguas subterráneas. Estos elementos tó- xicos suelen ingresar a los suelos y desde allí son absorbidos por las raíces, se traslocan y se acumulan en las plantas. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el efecto de cloruros, arseniatos, fluoruros y vanadatos sobre la composición y la producción de soja.The sources of toxic elements that affect crops are classified according their origin, anthropogenic or natural. In this paper are considered naturally occurring toxic elements present in groundwater, although mobilized by human activities. Toxic elements usually enter the soil and from there they are absorbed by the roots, translocate and accumulated in plants. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of chlorides, arsenates, vanadates and fluorides on composition and yield of soybeans.Fil: Muzlera Klappenbach, Ana María Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Uso de la Tierra. Cátedra de Fertilidad y Fertilizantes; ArgentinaFil: Bustingorri, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Uso de la Tierra. Cátedra de Fertilidad y Fertilizantes; ArgentinaFil: Lavado, Raul Silvio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Uso de la Tierra. Cátedra de Fertilidad y Fertilizantes; Argentin

Respuesta de la soja a elementos tóxicos (cloruros, arseniatos, fluoruros y vanatos) presentes naturalmente en aguas y suelos

59-70Las fuentes de elementos tóxicos que afectan a los cultivos se clasifican, según su origen, en antrópicas o naturales. En el presente trabajo se consideran elementos tóxicos de origen natural aunque movilizados por la actividad del hombre, y vinculados principalmente con las aguas subterráneas. Estos elementos tóxicos suelen ingresar a los suelos y desde allí son absorbidos por las raíces, se traslocan y se acumulan en las plantas. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el efecto de cloruros, arseniatos, fluoruros y vanadatos sobre la composición y la producción de soja

Pedotransfer functions to estimate proctor test parameters under different tillage systems

The Proctor test is time-consuming and requires sampling of several kilograms of soil. Proctor test parameters were predicted in Mollisols, Entisols and Vertisols of the Pampean region of Argentina under different management systems. They were estimated from a minimum number of readily available soil properties (soil texture, total organic C) and management (training data set; n = 73). The results were used to generate a soil compaction susceptibility model, which was subsequently validated using a second group of independent data (test data set; n = 24). Soil maximum bulk density was estimated as follows: Maximum bulk density (Mg m-3) = 1.4756 - 0.00599 total organic C (g kg-1) + 0.0000275 sand (g kg-1) + 0.0539 management. Management was equal to 0 for uncropped and untilled soils and 1 for conventionally tilled soils. The established models predicted the Proctor test parameters reasonably well, based on readily available soil properties. Tillage systems induced changes in the maximum bulk density regardless of total organic matter content or soil texture. The lower maximum apparent bulk density values under no-tillage require a revision of the relative compaction thresholds for different no-tillage crops