ACTRIS ACSM intercomparison - Part 2: Intercomparison of ME-2 organic source apportionment results from 15 individual, co-located aerosol mass spectrometers

Chemically resolved atmospheric aerosol data sets from the largest intercomparison of the Aerodyne aerosol chemical speciation monitors (ACSMs) performed to date were collected at the French atmospheric supersite SIRTA. In total 13 quadrupole ACSMs (Q-ACSM) from the European ACTRIS ACSM network, one time-of-flight ACSM (ToF-ACSM), and one high-resolution ToF aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were operated in parallel for about 3 weeks in November and December~2013. Part 1 of this study reports on the accuracy and precision of the instruments for all the measured species. In this work we report on the intercomparison of organic components and the results from factor analysis source apportionment by positive matrix factorisation (PMF) utilising the multilinear engine 2 (ME-2). Except for the organic contribution of mass-to-charge ratio m/z 44 to the total organics (f44), which varied by factors between 0.6 and 1.3 compared to the mean, the peaks in the organic mass spectra were similar among instruments. The m/z 44 differences in the spectra resulted in a variable f44 in the source profiles extracted by ME-2, but had only a minor influence on the extracted mass contributions of the sources. The presented source apportionment yielded four factors for all 15 instruments: hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), cooking-related organic aerosol (COA), biomass burning-related organic aerosol (BBOA) and secondary oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA). ME-2 boundary conditions (profile constraints) were optimised individually by means of correlation to external data in order to achieve equivalent / comparable solutions for all ACSM instruments and the results are discussed together with the investigation of the influence of alternative anchors (reference profiles). A comparison of the ME-2 source apportionment output of all 15 instruments resulted in relative standard deviations (SD) from the mean between 13.7 and 22.7 % of the source's average mass contribution depending on the factors (HOA: 14.3 ± 2.2 %, COA: 15.0 ± 3.4 %, OOA: 41.5 ± 5.7 %, BBOA: 29.3 ± 5.0 %). Factors which tend to be subject to minor factor mixing (in this case COA) have higher relative uncertainties than factors which are recognised more readily like the OOA. Averaged over all factors and instruments the relative first SD from the mean of a source extracted with ME-2 was 17.2 %

Does functional appliance treatment truly improve stability of mandibular vertical distraction osteogenesis in hemifacial microsomia?

Aim: After mandibular unilateral distraction osteogenesis (DO) a gradual reappearance of the vertical asymmetry during growth is observed. A pre- and post-surgical functional-orthodontic treatment was added to our distraction protocol in the attempt to increase long-term stability. In order to evaluate the actual efficacy of such a combined treatment, two samples of children affected by hemifacial microsomia were compared long-term. Material: Ten children were treated by a combined orthodontic\u2013distraction treatment, seven by distraction only. Method: Only the vertical changes in the mandible and maxilla in the panoramic and postero-anterior cephalometric X-rays were measured. Results: All of the patients showed a gradual return of the asymmetry with growth. Occlusal plane correction and, to a much lesser extent, mandibular vertical ramus height correction were better maintained over 5 years post-DO in the orthopaedic group. Conclusion: Although orthopaedic treatment allows for a more stable occlusal plane and for a slower return of the mandibular vertical asymmetry, it has mainly a dento-alveolar effect. Therefore, the decision of applying an orthopaedic treatment associated with distraction, should be taken by surgeon and orthodontist together, considering both the advantages and the disadvantages of this treatment

Use Of Medication By The Elderly In Urban And Rural Areas In Southern Brazil: A Population-based Study [uso De Medicamentos Entre Idosos Residents Em áreas Urbanas E Rurais De Município No Sul Do Brasil: Um Estudo De Base Populacional]

The study aimed to measure use of medication and polypharmacy among the elderly in Carlos Barbosa, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and to compare socio-demographic, economic, and health characteristics in relation to area of residence (urban versus rural) in a random sample of 811 persons 60 year of age or older. Interviews were used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, chronic illnesses, and self-reported use of medications. The association between area of residence and medication or polypharmacy was adjusted for confounders using Poisson regression with robust variance. Prevalence rates for use of medication and polypharmacy were higher among older persons living in the urban area. Living in the urban area was positively and independently associated with use of medication (PR = 1.10; 95%CI: 1.02-1.20) and polypharmacy (PR = 1.83; 95%CI: 1.27-2.65) in this group of elderly in southern Brazil.281104114(2002) Perfil Dos Idosos Responsáveis Pelos Domicílios No Brasil 2000, , Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatísticaMurray, M.D., Callahan, C.M., Improving medication use for older adults: An integrated research agenda (2003) Ann Intern Med, 139 (5 PART 2), pp. 425-429Flores, L.M., Mengue, S.S., Uso de medicamentos por idosos em região do sul do Brasil (2005) Rev Saúde Pública, 39, pp. 924-929Junius-Walker, U., Theile, G., Hummers-Pradier, E., Prevalence and predictors of polypharmacy among older primary care patients in Germany (2007) Fam Pract, 24, pp. 14-19Ribeiro, A.Q., Rozenfeld, S., Klein, C.H., César, C.C., Acurcio, F.A., Inquérito sobre uso de medicamentos por idosos aposentados, Belo Horizonte, MG (2008) Rev Saúde Pública, 42, pp. 724-732Crentsil, V., Ricks, M.O., Xue, Q.L., Fried, L.P., A pharmacoepidemiologic study of community-dwelling, disabled older women: Factors associated with medication use (2010) Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 8, pp. 215-224Loyola, F.A.I., Uchoa, E., Firmo, J.O.A., Lima-Costa, M.F., Estudo de base populacional sobre o consumo de medicamentos entre idosos: Projeto Bambuí (2005) Cad Saúde Pública, 21, pp. 545-553Flores, V.B., Benvegnú, L.A., Perfil de utilização de medicamentos em idosos da zona urbana de Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (2008) Cad Saúde Pública, 24, pp. 143914-46Carrie, A.G., Grymonpre, R.E., Blandford, A.A., Impact of residence on prevalence and intensity of prescription drug use among older adults (2006) Ann Pharmacother, 40, pp. 1932-1938Goins, R.T., Williams, K.A., Carter, M.W., Spencer, M., Solovieva, T., Perceived barriers to health care access among rural older adults: A qualitative study (2005) J Rural Health, 21, pp. 206-213Grymonpre, R.E., Hawranik, P.G., Rural residence and prescription medication use by community-dwelling older adults: A review of the literature (2008) J Rural Health, 24, pp. 203-209Cesar, J.A., Oliveira-Filho, J.A., Bess, G., Cegielka, R., Machado, J., Gonçalves, T.S., Perfil dos idosos residentes em dois municípios pobres das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil: Resultados de estudo transversal de base populacional (2008) Cad Saúde Pública, 24, pp. 1835-1845(2010) Resumo Estatístico RS, , http://www.fee.tche.br/sitefee/pt/content/resumo/pg_municipios_detalhe.php?municipio=Carlos+Barbosa, Fundação de Economia e Estatística Siegfried Emanuel Heuser, acessado em 13/Dez(2003) Atlas Do Desenvolvimento Humano No Brasil, , http://www.pnud.org.br/atlas/ranking/IDH-M%2091%2000%20Ranking%20decrescente%20(pelos%20dados%20de%202000).htm, Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento, acessado em 13/DezHugo, F.N., Hilgert, J.B., Sousa, M.L., Cury, J.A., Oral status and its association with general quality of life in older independent-living south-Brazilians (2009) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 37, pp. 231-240Fleck, M.P., Louzada, S., Xavier, M., Chachamovich, E., Vieira, G., Santos, L., Aplicação da versão em português do instrumento abreviado de avaliação da qualidade de vida WHOQOL-bref (2000) Rev Saúde Pública, 34, pp. 178-183Hanlon, J.T., Schmader, K.E., Ruby, C.M., Weinberger, M., Suboptimal prescribing in older inpatients and outpatients (2001) J Am Geriatr Soc, 49, pp. 200-209Klarin, I., Fastbom, J., Wimo, A., A population-based study of drug use in the very old living in a rural district of Sweden, with focus on cardiovascular drug consumption: Comparison with an urban cohort (2003) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 12, pp. 669-678(2010) Classification. Index with Defined Daily Doses (DDDs), , http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical, World Health Organization, acessado em 13/DezHilgert, J.B., Hugo, F.N., Sousa, M.L., Bozzetti, M.C., Oral status and its association with obesity in Southern Brazilian older people (2009) Gerodontology, 26, pp. 46-52Rozenfeld, S., Fonseca, M.J., Acurcio, F.A., Drug utilization and polypharmacy among the elderly: A survey in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil (2008) Rev Panam Salud Pública, 23, pp. 34-43Coelho, F.J.M., Marcopito, L.F., Castelo, A., Perfil de utilização de medicamentos por idosos em área urbana do Nordeste do Brasil (2004) Rev Saúde Pública, 38, pp. 557-564Hanlon, J.T., Landerman, L.R., Wall, W.E., Horner, R.D., Fillenbaum, G.G., Dawson, D.V., Is medication use by community-dwelling elderly people influenced by cognitive function? (1996) Age Ageing, 25, pp. 190-196Xu, K.T., Smith, S.R., Borders, T.F., Access to prescription drugs among noninstitutionalized elderly people in west Texas (2003) Am J Health Syst Pharm, 60, pp. 675-682Travassos, C., Viacava, F., Acesso e uso de serviços de saúde em idosos residentes em áreas rurais, Brasil, 1998 e 2003 (2007) Cad Saúde Pública, 23, pp. 2490-2450