El papel del desarrollo sostenible en el atractivo del turismo urbano

This paper investigates the role of sustainable development in city tourism attractiveness. A tripartite theoretical model of tourism attractiveness was tested to verify the relevance of the economic, environmental, social and cultural aspects of urban sustainable development. The comparative analysis of Québec City and Bordeaux was based on visitors’ perceptions established through a questionnaire survey conducted with 499 tourists in summer 2014. This analysis produced three main findings. First, four levels of city tourism attractiveness were revealed (context, belt, complementary attractions and nucleus) and variables related to the urban living environment stood out in importance. Second, visitors recognized four sustainable development dimensions, and proved most sensitive to cultural aspects, followed by environmental concerns. Third, the correlations between tourism attractiveness and sustainable development were stronger within the broader spheres of attractiveness. The study reveals that sustainability notions are most strongly internalized by tourists when tangibly reflected in the public space. By offering visitors new perspectives on urban living, sustainable development brings smart solutions to perpetuate the urban tourism industry while improving quality of life for residents.Este artículo investiga el papel del desarrollo sostenible en el atractivo del turismo urbano. Se probó un modelo teórico tripartito de atractivo turístico para verificar la relevancia de los aspectos económicos, ambientales, sociales y culturales del desarrollo urbano sostenible. El análisis comparativo de la ciudad de Québec y Burdeos se basó en las percepciones de los visitantes establecidas a través de una encuesta realizada con 499 turistas en el verano de 2014. Este análisis arrojó tres conclusiones principales. Primero, se manifestaron cuatro niveles de atractivo para la ciudad (contexto, cinturón, atracciones complementarias y núcleos) y destacaron las variables relacionadas con el entorno urbano. En segundo lugar, los visitantes reconocieron cuatro dimensiones de desarrollo sostenible y demostraron ser más sensibles a los aspectos culturales, seguidos de las preocupaciones ambientales. En tercer lugar, las correlaciones entre el atractivo turístico y el desarrollo sostenible eran más fuertes dentro de las esferas más amplias del atractivo turístico. El estudio revela que las nociones de sostenibilidad están más fuertemente internalizadas por los turistas cuando se reflejan de manera tangible en el espacio público. Ofreciendo a los visitantes nuevas perspectivas sobre la vida urbana, el desarrollo sostenible brinda soluciones inteligentes para perpetuar la industria del turismo urbano al tiempo que mejora la calidad de vida de los residentes

Les facteurs expérientiels de la relation personnelle lors d'une rencontre de service tels que perçus par les citoyens et les employés de première ligne dans un service public

L'industrie des services a fait l'objet de maintes recherches au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années. De la définition des services et ses caractéristiques, l'étude des services est passée à la qualité des services. En 2006, on parle maintenant de l'expérience des services. Les services sont devenus un domaine d'étude en soi, faisant partie de la grande famille des sciences de la gestion. Parmi les composantes de la qualité de service, la prestation de l'employé d'une organisation constitue la base du processus de livraison et elle devrait être effectuée dans une perspective expérientielle. Le champ d'intérêt de cette étude exploratoire est donc la relation personnelle entre le personnel en contact et le client d'une entreprise de service intégré lors d'une rencontre de service. L'objectif de la recherche est de modéliser l'expérience d'interaction entre les deux agents, selon leur point de vue respectif, dans le but de rendre l'expérience de service mémorable pour le client et l'employé. À partir de la revue de littérature, un modèle comprenant cinq dimensions de la relation personnelle de service a été repris. Une collecte de données a été effectuée auprès de la clientèle d'une organisation de service publique à guichet unique et des employés de première ligne en contact avec les citoyens. L'analyse des résultats a permis de distinguer trois composantes de la relation personnelle de service, autant pour les employés que pour les citoyens. Ces trois composantes seraient reliées au contact, à la transaction et à la prestation. Malgré cette similarité, certaines différences semblent exister dans la hiérarchie de la valeur explicative des composantes de l'analyse factorielles de chacun. Les citoyens décèleraient principalement l'expérience du contact avec l'employé de première ligne. L'expérience de transaction et celle de prestation seraient également distinctes mais, selon les énoncés sélectionnés, détiendraient moins de poids dans l'évaluation de l'expérience de la rencontre de service face-à-face. Pour leur part, les employés discerneraient davantage le leadership de la transaction avec le citoyen. Le leadership du contact et le leadership de la prestation seraient aussi reconnus par l'employé, mais toujours selon les énoncés utilisés, auraient moins d'influence dans le succès de l'interaction. L'étude nous mène donc à constater que les citoyens accorderaient plus de poids à l'expérience du contact lors d'une rencontre de services avec les employés de première ligne d'une organisation. Toutefois, comme les employés de première ligne apparaissent plutôt orientés vers le leadership de la transaction, nous comprenons qu'un travail est nécessaire pour améliorer l'expérience de service vécue par les citoyens et offerte par le personnel en contact.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Rencontre de service, expérience, relation, personnel en contact, client

How Urban Sustainable Development Can Improve Tourism Attractiveness

This paper investigates the role of sustainable development in city tourism attractiveness. A tripartite theoretical model of tourism attractiveness was tested to verify the relevance of the economic, environmental, social and cultural aspects of urban sustainable development. The comparative analysis of Québec City and Bordeaux was based on visitors’ perceptions established through a questionnaire survey conducted with 499 tourists in summer 2014. This analysis produced three main findings. First, four levels of city tourism attractiveness were revealed (context, belt, complementary attractions and nucleus) and variables related to the urban living environment stood out in importance. Second, visitors recognized four sustainable development dimensions, and proved most sensitive to cultural aspects, followed by environmental concerns. Third, the correlations between tourism attractiveness and sustainable development were stronger within the broader spheres of attractiveness. The study reveals that sustainability notions are most strongly internalized by tourists when tangibly reflected in the public space. By offering visitors new perspectives on urban living, sustainable development brings smart solutions to perpetuate the urban tourism industry while improving quality of life for residents

Une analyse de la valorisation des compétences en développement durable dans les organisations au Québec

Cet article analyse la relation entre la valorisation des compétences en développement durable et : i) les caractéristiques des organisations; ii) l’adoption d’une démarche de développement durable. À partir d’une enquête par questionnaire menée auprès de 560 répondants appartenant à des organisations québécoises, nous avons interrogé leur engagement dans une démarche de développement durable ainsi que leur regard quant à la valorisation des compétences liées au sujet. Les analyses caractérisent les organisations engagées dans cette démarche et dévoilent des liens entre la démarche et la valorisation des compétences. Nous obtenons deux principaux résultats. Premièrement, en termes de caractérisation, les organisations du secteur primaire, les grandes organisations ainsi que celles à caractère public démontrent une plus grande propension à s’engager dans une démarche de développement durable. Selon les répondants, cela se traduit souvent en une reconnaissance élevée de l’employabilité des compétences en développement durable. Deuxièmement, l’engagement d’une démarche de développement durable explique en partie la valorisation des compétences chez les employés actuels ou potentiels, que ce soit en termes d’intérêt général, de formation à l’interne ou de qualifications académiques. Étant donné ces résultats, nous suggérons que le contexte législatif pourrait contribuer à stimuler cet engagement tandis que la vocation commerciale des organisations semblerait plutôt l’entraver, en dépit des possibilités concurrentielles que peut offrir ce genre de démarche.This article analyzes the relationship between the promotion of sustainable development skills with: i) the characteristics of the organizations and ii) the promotion of a sustainable development approach. Based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 2016 with 560 respondents from Quebec organizations, we asked them about their commitment to sustainable development principles and their opinions regarding the promotion of sustainable development skills. Our analysis characterizes the organizations involved in sustainable development approach and highlights the links between the sustainable development approach and the promotion of those skills. Our results are twofold. First, in terms of characterization, organizations involved in the primary sector, large-scale organizations as well as those belonging to the public domain show a greater propensity to engage in a sustainable development approach. According to respondents, this often leads to a high recognition of the employability of sustainable development skills. Second, the commitment to a sustainable development approach partly explains the emphasize on employee skills, whether in terms of general interest, in-house training or academic formations. Given these results, we suggest that the legislative context could help to stimulate the commitment to a sustainable development approach, while the commercial role of organizations would appear to hinder it, despite the competitive opportunities that such an approach may offer

Une analyse de la valorisation des compétences en développement durable dans les organisations au Québec

Cet article analyse la relation entre la valorisation des compétences en développement durable et : i) les caractéristiques des organisations; ii) l’adoption d’une démarche de développement durable. À partir d’une enquête par questionnaire menée auprès de 560 répondants appartenant à des organisations québécoises, nous avons interrogé leur engagement dans une démarche de développement durable ainsi que leur regard quant à la valorisation des compétences liées au sujet. Les analyses caractérisent les organisations engagées dans cette démarche et dévoilent des liens entre la démarche et la valorisation des compétences. Nous obtenons deux principaux résultats. Premièrement, en termes de caractérisation, les organisations du secteur primaire, les grandes organisations ainsi que celles à caractère public démontrent une plus grande propension à s’engager dans une démarche de développement durable. Selon les répondants, cela se traduit souvent en une reconnaissance élevée de l’employabilité des compétences en développement durable. Deuxièmement, l’engagement d’une démarche de développement durable explique en partie la valorisation des compétences chez les employés actuels ou potentiels, que ce soit en termes d’intérêt général, de formation à l’interne ou de qualifications académiques. Étant donné ces résultats, nous suggérons que le contexte législatif pourrait contribuer à stimuler cet engagement tandis que la vocation commerciale des organisations semblerait plutôt l’entraver, en dépit des possibilités concurrentielles que peut offrir ce genre de démarche.This article analyzes the relationship between the promotion of sustainable development skills with: i) the characteristics of the organizations and ii) the promotion of a sustainable development approach. Based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 2016 with 560 respondents from Quebec organizations, we asked them about their commitment to sustainable development principles and their opinions regarding the promotion of sustainable development skills. Our analysis characterizes the organizations involved in sustainable development approach and highlights the links between the sustainable development approach and the promotion of those skills. Our results are twofold. First, in terms of characterization, organizations involved in the primary sector, large-scale organizations as well as those belonging to the public domain show a greater propensity to engage in a sustainable development approach. According to respondents, this often leads to a high recognition of the employability of sustainable development skills. Second, the commitment to a sustainable development approach partly explains the emphasize on employee skills, whether in terms of general interest, in-house training or academic formations. Given these results, we suggest that the legislative context could help to stimulate the commitment to a sustainable development approach, while the commercial role of organizations would appear to hinder it, despite the competitive opportunities that such an approach may offer

Primary health care organizational characteristics associated with better accessibility: data from the QUALICO-PC survey in Quebec

Abstract Background First-contact accessibility remains an important problem in Canada, with this indicator staying the worst of all Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. In the province of Quebec, a number of primary healthcare (PHC) organizations have adopted measures to improve access (e.g. advance access scheduling, expanded nursing role, electronic medical record, financial incentives). The impact of those changes is unknown. The goal of this study is to assess which PHC organizations’ characteristics are associated with improved first-contact accessibility. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis of the Quebec survey, conducted as part of the QUALICO-PC study on primary care performance. QUALICO-PC is a cross-sectional study to assess quality, costs and equity in PHC across 35 countries and jurisdictions. Organizational characteristics were measured from the family practitioners’ questionnaire. First-contact accessibility was measured from the patient questionnaire filled by patients who received care in the participating PHC organizations. Multi-level logistic regression was used to assess the association of organizational characteristics as predictors of patient-reported accessibility. Results A total of 218 family practitioners participated in the study with 1798 of their patients. PHC organizations characteristics associated with increased first-contact accessibility included the possibility to have a same-day appointment or to walk in the clinic without an appointment, higher number of physicians per clinic and higher number of hours worked by the family physician. Electronic medical record and expanded nursing role were not associated with increased accessibility. Conclusions Same-day access and higher family physician working hours are associated with improved patient-reported accessibility. Other PHC organizations characteristics targeted by recent reforms were not associated with improved accessibility

Influence of temperature on patch residence time in parasitoids: physiological and behavioural mechanisms

International audiencePatch time allocation has received much attention in the context of optimal foraging theory, including the effect of environmental variables. We investigated the direct role of temperature on patch time allocation by parasitoids through physiological and behavioural mechanisms and its indirect role via changes in sex allocation and behavioural defences of the hosts. We compared the influence of foraging temperature on patch residence time between an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma euproctidis, and an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius ervi. The latter attacks hosts that are able to actively defend themselves, and may thus indirectly influence patch time allocation of the parasitoid. Patch residence time decreased with an increase in temperature in both species. The increased activity levels with warming, as evidenced by the increase in walking speed, partially explained these variations, but other mechanisms were involved. In T. euproctidis, the ability to externally discriminate parasitised hosts decreased at low temperature, resulting in a longer patch residence time. Changes in sex allocation with temperature did not explain changes in patch time allocation in this species. For A. ervi, we observed that aphids frequently escaped at intermediate temperature and defended themselves aggressively at high temperature, but displayed few defence mechanisms at low temperature. These defensive behaviours resulted in a decreased patch residence time for the parasitoid and partly explained the fact that A. ervi remained for a shorter time at the intermediate and high temperatures than at the lowest temperature. Our results suggest that global warming may affect host-parasitoid interactions through complex mechanisms including both direct and indirect effects on parasitoid patch time allocation

Temperature influences the handling efficiency of an aphid parasitoid through body size-mediated effects

It is well known that increasing the ambient temperature increases the metabolic rate and consequently, the foraging rate of most insects. However, temperature experienced during the immature stages of insects affects their adult size (an inverse relationship). Because body size is generally correlated to foraging success, we hypothesized that temperature indirectly inßuences the foraging efÞciency of adult insects through developmental effects. We Þrst investigated the role of parasitoid: host body size ratio on the handling time of Aphidius colemani (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), then tested the prediction that increasing temperature during immature development increases the handling time of adults. As expected, parasitoids took longer to handle large aphids than small aphids. However, large parasitoids did not have shorter handling times than small parasitoids except when attacking large (adult) aphids. Developmental temperature had the predicted effect on parasitoids: Individuals reared at 25ЊC were smaller than those insects reared at 15ЊC. Parasitoids reared at 15ЊC had similar short handling times for both Þrst instar and adult aphids, whereas parasitoids reared at 25ЊC took longer to handle adult aphids than Þrst instar aphids. The size-mediated effect of temperature through development on parasitoid efÞciency was opposite to the more familiar direct effect of temperature through metabolic rate. We conclude that the net effect of temperature on foraging insects will depend on its relative inßuence on immature and adult stages

Behavioral evidence of heterospecific bonding between the lamb and the human caregiver and mapping of associated brain network

While behavioral mechanisms of bonding between young mammals and humans have been explored, brain structures involved in the establishment of such processes are still unknown. The aim of the study was to identify brain regions activated by the presence of the caregiver. Since human positive interaction plays an important role in the bonding process, activation of specific brain structures by stroking was also examined. Twenty-four female lambs reared in groups of three were fed and stroked daily by a female caregiver between birth and 5 to 7 weeks of age. At 4 weeks, an isolation-reunion-separation test and a choice test revealed that lambs developed a strong bond with their caregiver. At 5 to 7 weeks of age, lambs were socially isolated for 180 min. They either remained isolated or met their caregiver who stroked them, or not, at regular intervals over a 90-minute period. Neuronal activation was investigated 90 min later for maximum c-Fos expression. Reunion with the caregiver appeased similarly the lambs whether stroking was provided or not. Stroking did not activate a specific brain network compared to no stroking. In both cases, brain regions associated with olfactory, visual and tactile cue processing were activated in the presence of the caregiver, suggesting a multisensory process involved. In addition, activation of the oxytocinergic system in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus induced by the presence of the caregiver suggests similar neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in inter-conspecific and animal-human bonding

Quelle valence ont les caresses dans l'expression d'une relation d'affinité entre l'agneau et son soigneur ? Etude comportementale et neurobiologique

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