The Introduction of Eichhornia Crassipes into the High Rate Algal Pond to Remove Nitrogen from Wastewater

The treatment of wastewater using algal cultures has been researched and developed since 1950. The High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP) is the most efficient of this type of treatment, particularly for nitrogen removal. However, the main problem with the HRAP is the high level of organic suspended solids in the treated wastewater. Furthermore, nutrients released from the lysis of algal cells may give rise to eutrophication in the receiving water. A laboratory-scale experiment was carried out using the HRAP in the company of anaquatic plant, waterhyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, as an integrated system to remove nitrogen from wastewater. The dominant algal species used was Chlorella vulgaris. Twenty runs in t he bat ch mode were operated under the conventional HRAP and the HRAP - waterhyacinth combination system. Three runs were operated in the continuous mode using the HRAP - waterhyacinth system with 50% surface area coverage and 3 different retention times (3 days, 6 days, and 9 days). Comparison of the conventional HRAP and the HRAP waterhyacinth system for treating diluted raw wastewater from rubber latex concentrate processing revealed better nitrogen removal efficiency by the HRAP-waterhyacinth system. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in the treated wastewater was 23% lower in the HRAP with waterhyacinth than that in the normal HRAP. Significant reduction of suspended solids was also recorded. Total Suspended Solids of the effluent in the HRAP-waterhyacinth system was generally less than 50mg/L wherea sit was greater than 450mg/L in the conventional HRAP

“Anh Nam, the attach file is my report for trip to KL”: An investigation into the emergence of a new variety of English in written Vietnamese business communication

This study sought to examine whether distinct, localised features of English used in business communication are emerging in the Vietnamese socio-cultural context. Both content analysis and discourse analysis were applied to texts with regard to systemic functional characteristics. The findings of the study indicate that systematic features were exhibited across the data at lexico-grammatical level as well as contextual level, together demonstrating six major features and suggesting that many issues of World Englishes be revisited

金融活動と産業変革についての一考察 : ベトナムにおける研究事例

広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(学術)Doctor of Philosophydoctora

Human Trafficking and Gender Inequality in Remote Communities of Central Vietnam

Human trafficking crime is rising globally at an alarming rate. Vietnam has one of the highest prevalence of trafficking female victims for forced sex and marriages and of girls abandoning school for unskilled work. In this study, we explored human trafficking awareness in remote communities of central Vietnam and the factors for young girls leaving school for work at an early age. The study also investigated a link between gender inequality and child labor. Gender inequality and vulnerability theories provided theoretical constructs and context for face-to-face interviews with 19 villagers, mothers of the child labor victims, teachers, human services workers, members of the Vietnam Women’s Union, and village leaders in research sites. Participants had minimal knowledge about human trafficking crimes and believed much of human trafficking crime was illegal organ trading. None of the 19 participants attended a human trafficking training session in their villages nor at the workplace. Due to the families’ financial difficulty, 14 had fallen victim to child labor, and their parents did not know that they were committing a criminal act. This study’s findings have implications for assisting policymakers and law enforcement officials and offering guidance that may help protect people in vulnerable communities. In light of these findings, we also encourage the Vietnamese government to bridge the gender inequality divide so that young girls in these remote communities can achieve an equal voice and equal justice that they deserve

Management current land use of perennial industrial crops by NDVI index: A case study in Chu Se District, Gia Lai Province, Vietnam: Research article

Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) - an effective tool for managing naturalresources, is quite common application in establishing thematic maps. However, the application of this modern technology in natural resource management has not yet been popular in Vietnam, particularly mapping the land use/cover. Currently, land use/cover map is constructed as traditional methods and gets limitations of management counting due to time-consuming for mapping andsynthesis the status of land use/cover. Hence, information on the map is often outdated and inaccurate.The main objective of this study is to upgrade the accuracies in mapping current perennialcrops in Chu Se District, Gia Lai Province in Vietnam by interpreted NDVI index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from Landsat 8-OLI (Operational Land Imager). The results of studyis satisfied the urgent of practical requirement and scientific research. There are 3 types of perennial industrial plants in the study area including rubber, coffee, and pepper, in which most coffee isgrown, with an area of over 10,000 hectares. The results also show that integration of remote sensing and GIS technology enables to map current management and distribution of perennial industrialplants timely and accurately. This application is fully consistent with the trend of the world, and in accordance with regulations of established land use/cover map, and the process could be appliedat other districts /towns or in higher administrative units.Viễn thám và hệ thông tin địa lý (GIS) là công cụ hữu hiệu để quản lý tài nguyên thiên nhiên, được ứng dụng khá phổ biến để thành lập các loại bản đồ. Tuy nhiên, việc áp dụng công nghệ hiện đại này trong lĩnh vực quản lý tài nguyên thiên nhiên ở Việt Nam chưa phổ biến, nhất là công tác xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng/độ phủ đất. Việc xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng hiện nay vẫn theo phương pháp truyền thống, thường gặp nhiều hạn chế do thời gian tổng hợp và xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng kéo dài, dẫn đến thông tin trên bản đồ bị lạc hậu và không chính xác. Mục tiêu chính của nghiên cứu này là nâng cao độ chính xác kết quả giải đoán ảnh viễn thám Landsat 8 bằng chỉ số NDVI (chỉ số khác biệt thực vật) để thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất cây công nghiệp lâu năm ở huyện Chư Sê, tỉnh Gia Lai, Việt Nam. Từ đó quản lý hiện trạng sử dụng loại đất này phù hợp yêu cầu cấp bách thực tiễn sản xuất và nghiên cứu khoa học. Kết quả của nghiên cứu cho thấy có 3 loại hình cây công nghiệp trên địa bàn nghiên cứu gồm cây cao su, cà phê và hồ tiêu, trong đó cây cà phê được trồng nhiều nhất, với diện tích hơn 10.000 ha. Nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy, tích hợp công nghệ viễn thám và GIS cho phép quản lý hiện trạng và phân bố cây công nghiệp trong không gian một cách hiệu quả và nhanh chóng. Ứng dụng này hoàn toàn phù hợp với xu hướng của thế giới, đồng thời theo đúng quy định thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất, và quy trình này có thể thực hiện được ở cấp huyện/thị xã hoặc đơn vị hành chính cấp cao hơn

Spectral properties of the surface reflectance of the northern polar region of Mercury

We analyse MESSENGER reflectance measurements covering the northern polar region of Mercury, the least studied region of the northern mercurian hemisphere. We use observations from the Mercury Dual Imaging System Wide-Angle Camera (MDIS/WAC) and the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS/VIRS) to study the spectral dependence of the surface reflectance. The results obtained from the observations made by both instruments are remarkably consistent. We find that a second degree polynomial description of the measured reflectance spectra gives very good fits to the data and that the information that they carry can best be characterized by two parameters, the mean reflectance and the mean relative spectral slope, averaged over the explored range of wavelengths. The properties of the four main types of terrains known to form Mercury's regolith in the northern region, smooth plains (SP), heavily cratered terrain (HCT), fresh ejecta/materials and red pitted ground (RPG) are examined in terms of these two parameters. The results are compared, and found consistent with those obtained by earlier studies in spite of difficulties met in obtaining accurate reflectance measurements under the large incidence angle condition characteristic of polar regions. These results will help with the preparation of the BepiColombo mission and with supporting its observational strategy.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysic

POPULATION GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CAMELLIA DILINHENSIS ON THE DI LINH PLATEAU OF VIETNAM REVEALED BY ISSR AND SCOT MARKERS

Genetic diversity of naturally distributed Camellia dilinhensis populations on the Di Linh plateau of Vietnam was assessed by the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) techniques separately and then by combining data from both techniques for satisfactory results. The genetic diversity parameters and genetic distances among individuals found with the ISSR technique (HeI = 0.1420, II = 0.2092, PPBI = 35.22%, GSCsI = 0.765–0.988, and AGSCI = 0.915) are lower than those found with the SCoT technique (HeS = 0.2100, IS = 0.381, PPBS = 52.27%, GSCsS = 0.644–0.985, and AGSCS = 0.866). Based on the combined data from both techniques, the level of genetic diversity of the investigated population is PPB = 43.77%, He = 0.1720, I = 0.2582, and the genetic similarities among individuals are GSCs = 0.764–0.973 with an average of AGSC = 0.894. The SCoT technique differentiated between individuals better and reflected a higher level of genetic diversity in the population than the ISSR technique, but the ISSR technique revealed more loci in Camellia dilinhensis plants than did the SCoT technique

Pension Reforms in Viet Nam: Voices of Local Citizenry

Many developing countries have reformed their national pension systems in response to ageing populations and to increase pension scheme participation. The World Bank has been active in pension reforms in developing countries since the 1990s, and Vietnamese pension reforms since 2004 have reflected many proposals of the World Bank – a leading international donor to Viet Nam since 1993. There have been many criticisms of the World Bank’s pension privatisation proposals for developing countries – for example, the World Bank did not take into account country-specific environmental factors such as financial market conditions and regulatory capacity, and it focused on economic growth rather than old-age poverty reduction. This research studies whether the Vietnamese pension reforms, with the World Bank as an active agent, have taken into account the concerns and expectations of an important stakeholder group: the Vietnamese people. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a survey of Vietnamese people. The findings from interviews and the survey were analysed with reference to the World Bank’s proposals for Viet Nam and changes in Vietnamese legislation. The aim of the research is to explore the extent to which the World Bank, with its global power, and the Vietnamese government, with its dependence on global finance and technical knowledge, have responded to concerns and expectations of Vietnamese people

Zur Situation der vietnamesischen Emigranten in Polen

Die vorliegende Arbeit beleuchtet der Situation der vietnamesischen Emigranten in Polen.Auf dieser Grundlage entsteht die Debatte, ob Vietnamesen in Polen als nationale Minderheit anerkannt werden sollten und welche von den rechtlichen Voraussetzungen bereits erfüllt sind

Dynamic Coculture of a Prevascularized Engineered Bone Construct

The generation of functional, vascularized tissues is a key challenge for the field of tissue engineering. Before clinical implantations of tissue engineered bone constructs can succeed, in vitro fabrication needs to address limitations in large-scale tissue development, including controlled osteogenesis and an inadequate vasculature network to prevent necrosis of large constructs. The tubular perfusion system (TPS) bioreactor is an effective culturing method to augment osteogenic differentiation and maintain viability of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC)-seeded scaffolds while they are developed in vitro. To further enhance this process, we developed a novel osteogenic growth factors delivery system for dynamically cultured hMSCs using microparticles encapsulated in three-dimensional alginate scaffolds. In light of this increased differentiation, we characterized the endogenous cytokine distribution throughout the TPS bioreactor. An advantageous effect in the ‘outlet’ portion of the uniaxial growth chamber was discovered due to the system’s downstream circulation and the unique modular aspect of the scaffolds. This unique trait allowed us to carefully tune the differentiation behavior of specific cell populations. We applied the knowledge gained from the growth profile of the TPS bioreactor to culture a high-volume bone composite in a 3D-printed femur mold. This resulted in a tissue engineered bone construct with a volume of 200cm3, a 20-fold increase over previously reported sizes. We demonstrated high viability of the cultured cells throughout the culture period as well as early signs of osteogenic differentiation. Taking one step closer toward a viable implant and minimize tissue necrosis after implantation, we designed a composite construct by coculturing endothelial cells (ECs) and differentiating hMSCs, encouraging prevascularization and anastomosis of the graft with the host vasculature. We discovered the necessity of cell to cell proximity between the two cell types as well as preference for the natural cell binding capabilities of hydrogels like collagen. Notably, the results suggested increased osteogenic and angiogenic potential of the encapsulated cells when dynamically cultured in the TPS bioreactor, suggesting a synergistic effect between coculture and applied shear stress. This work highlights the feasibility of fabricating a high-volume, prevascularized tissue engineered bone construct for the regeneration of a critical size defect