229 research outputs found
Observations of the Gas Reservoir around a Star Forming Galaxy in the Early Universe
We present a high signal-to-noise spectrum of a bright galaxy at z = 4.9 in
14 h of integration on VLT FORS2. This galaxy is extremely bright, i_850 =
23.10 +/- 0.01, and is strongly-lensed by the foreground massive galaxy cluster
Abell 1689 (z=0.18). Stellar continuum is seen longward of the Ly-alpha
emission line at ~7100 \AA, while intergalactic H I produces strong absorption
shortward of Ly-alpha. Two transmission spikes at ~6800 Angstroms (A) and ~7040
A are also visible, along with other structures at shorter wavelengths.
Although fainter than a QSO, the absence of a strong central ultraviolet flux
source in this star forming galaxy enables a measurement of the H I flux
transmission in the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the vicinity of a high
redshift object. We find that the effective H I optical depth of the IGM is
remarkably high within a large 14 Mpc (physical) region surrounding the galaxy
compared to that seen towards QSOs at similar redshifts. Evidently, this
high-redshift galaxy is located in a region of space where the amount of H I is
much larger than that seen at similar epochs in the diffuse IGM. We argue that
observations of high-redshift galaxies like this one provide unique insights on
the nascent stages of baryonic large-scale structures that evolve into the
filamentary cosmic web of galaxies and clusters of galaxies observed in the
present universe.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJL (corrected typos
Genetic association of wool quality characteristics in United States Rambouillet sheep
Introduction: Fine wool production is an important source of revenue, accounting for up to 13% of total revenue in extensively managed wool sheep production systems of the United States. The Rambouillet are a predominant breed that excels in wool quality characteristics. Understanding the genetic basis of wool quality characteristics would aid in the development of genomic breeding strategies to facilitate genetic improvement.Methods: Wool characteristics and DNA were collected for rams enrolled in the North Dakota State University and University of Wyoming annual central performance ram tests over a three-year period (2019–2021, N = 313). The relationships of wool quality characteristics including grease fleece weight adjusted 365 days (wt. 365 adj.), clean fleece wt. 365 adj., staple length 365 adj., average fiber diameter, face wool cover, amount of skin wrinkles and belly wool were evaluated through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), Pearson correlation and ANOVA.Results: The GWAS identified four genome-wide significant genetic markers (p-value <1.19e-06) and five chromosome-wide significant markers (p-value <1.13e-05) on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 15, and 19. Significant markers were associated with genes notable for relevant wool biological functions, including the gene ABCC8 which codes for SUR1, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel known to affect hair growth and 60S ribosomal protein L17-like, previously found to be expressed during follicle formation. The strongest Pearson correlation coefficients were identified between clean fleece wt. 365 adj. and grease fleece wt. 365 adj. (r = 0.83) and between clean fleece wt. 365 adj. and staple length 365 adj. (r = 0.53). Additionally, clean fleece wt. 365 adj. was correlated with final body weight (r = 0.35) and scrotal circumference (r = 0.16). Staple length 365 adj. (p-value = 5e-04), average fiber diameter (p-value = .0053) and clean fleece wt. 365 adj. (p-value = .014) were significantly associated with belly wool score.Discussion: The results of this study provide important insight into the relationships between wool quality characteristics and report specific markers that Rambouillet sheep producers may use to help inform selection and breeding decisions for improved wool quality
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Total Knee Arthroplasty in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 2001-2013
OBJECTIVE:
To examine black-white and Hispanic-white differences in total knee arthroplasty from 2001 to 2013 in a large cohort of patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA) in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system.
METHODS:
Data were from the VA Musculoskeletal Disorders cohort, which includes data from electronic health records of more than 5.4 million veterans with musculoskeletal disorders diagnoses. We included white (non-Hispanic), black (non-Hispanic), and Hispanic (any race) veterans, age ≥50 years, with an OA diagnosis from 2001-2011 (n = 539,841). Veterans were followed from their first OA diagnosis until September 30, 2013. As a proxy for increased clinical severity, analyses were also conducted for a subsample restricted to those who saw an orthopedic or rheumatology specialist (n = 148,844). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine racial and ethnic differences in total knee arthroplasty by year of OA diagnosis, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, physical and mental diagnoses, and pain intensity scores.
RESULTS:
We identified 12,087 total knee arthroplasty procedures in a sample of 473,170 white, 50,172 black, and 16,499 Hispanic veterans. In adjusted models examining black-white and Hispanic-white differences by year of OA diagnosis, total knee arthroplasty rates were lower for black than for white veterans diagnosed in all but 2 years. There were no Hispanic-white differences regardless of when diagnosis occurred. These patterns held in the specialty clinic subsample.
CONCLUSION:
Black-white differences in total knee arthroplasty appear to be persistent in the VA, even after controlling for potential clinical confounders
Genetic diversity of United States Rambouillet, Katahdin and Dorper sheep
Background Managing genetic diversity is critically important for maintaining species fitness. Excessive homozygosity caused by the loss of genetic diversity can have detrimental effects on the reproduction and production performance of a breed. Analysis of genetic diversity can facilitate the identification of signatures of selection which may contribute to the specific characteristics regarding the health, production and physical appearance of a breed or population. In this study, breeds with well-characterized traits such as fine wool production (Rambouillet, N = 745), parasite resistance (Katahdin, N = 581) and environmental hardiness (Dorper, N = 265) were evaluated for inbreeding, effective population size (Ne), runs of homozygosity (ROH) and Wright’s fixation index ( FST) outlier approach to identify differential signatures of selection at 36,113 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
Results Katahdin sheep had the largest current Ne at the most recent generation estimated with both the GONe and NeEstimator software. The most highly conserved ROH Island was identified in Rambouillet with a signature of selection on chromosome 6 containing 202 SNPs called in an ROH in 50 to 94% of the individuals. This region contained the DCAF16, LCORL and NCAPG genes that have been previously reported to be under selection and have biological roles related to milk production and growth traits. The outlier regions identified through the FST comparisons of Katahdin with Rambouillet and Dorper contained genes with known roles in milk production and mastitis resistance or susceptibility, and the FST comparisons of Rambouillet with Katahdin and Dorper identified genes related to wool growth, suggesting these traits have been under natural or artificial selection pressure in these populations. Genes involved in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways were identified in all FST breed comparisons, which indicates the presence of allelic diversity between these breeds in genomic regions controlling cytokine signaling mechanisms.
Conclusions In this paper, we describe signatures of selection within diverse and economically important U.S. sheep breeds. The genes contained within these signatures are proposed for further study to understand their relevance to biological traits and improve understanding of breed diversity
Testing implementation facilitation of a primary care-based collaborative care clinical program using a hybrid type III interrupted time series design: a study protocol
Abstract
Background
Dissemination of evidence-based practices that can reduce morbidity and mortality is important to combat the growing opioid overdose crisis in the USA. Research and expert consensus support reducing high-dose opioid therapy, avoiding risky opioid-benzodiazepine combination therapy, and promoting multi-modal, collaborative models of pain care. Collaborative care interventions that support primary care providers have been effective in medication tapering. We developed a patient-centered Primary Care-Integrated Pain Support (PIPS) collaborative care clinical program based on effective components of previous collaborative care interventions. Implementation facilitation, a multi-faceted and dynamic strategy involving the provision of interactive problem-solving and support during implementation of a new program, is used to support key organizational staff throughout PIPS implementation. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation facilitation strategy for implementing and sustaining PIPS in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). The secondary aim is to examine the effect of the program on key patient-level clinical outcomes—transitioning to safer regimens and enhancing access to complementary and integrative health treatments. The tertiary aim is to determine the categorical costs and ultimate budget impact of PIPS implementation.
Methods
This multi-site study employs an interrupted time series, hybrid type III design to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation facilitation for a collaborative care clinical program—PIPS—in primary care clinics in three geographically diverse VHA health care systems (sites). Participants include pharmacists and allied staff involved in the delivery of clinical pain management services as well as patients. Eligible patients are prescribed either an outpatient opioid prescription greater than or equal to 90 mg morphine equivalent daily dose or a combination opioid-benzodiazepine regimen. They must also have an upcoming appointment in primary care. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research will guide the mixed methods work across the formative evaluation phases and informs the selection of activities included in implementation facilitation. The RE-AIM framework will be used to assess Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance of PIPS.
Discussion
This implementation study will provide important insight into the effectiveness of implementation facilitation to enhance uptake of a collaborative care program in primary care, which targets unsafe opioid prescribing practices.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146542/1/13012_2018_Article_838.pd
Equity in healthcare: status, barriers, and challenges
Global health provides a challenge for primary care and general practice which will become increasingly important in the future as the prevalence of multimorbidity increases. There is increasing likelihood of survival from acute illnesses and increase an in the elderly population. This literature review focuses on the health inequities, the role of family medicine and the factors that are essential in overcoming these inequalities.
Health disparities refer to gaps in the quality of health and delivery of health care across racial, ethnic, gender and socioeconomic groups. The health disparities vary among different countries and the factors that lead to these disparities differ across the world. Family medicine plays a crucial role in bridging this gap and is an essential backbone of the society in developing nations as well as the wealthier nations in providing equity in health care to all people. There are many factors leading to inequity in health care. Family medicine should be recognized as a specialty across the world, as family medicine with its person centered care can bring about a global change in health care. This issue has to be taken up more seriously by the institutions like the WHO, UN and also individual governments along with the political parties to create uniformity in health care. In the current setting of the global economic and financial crisis, a truly global solution is needed. The WHO has come up with various strategies to solve the issue of financial crises and ensuring equity in health globally. This will ensure equal health care to all people especially the underprivileged in developing countries who do not have access to better healthcare due to lack of resources. This factor is a major contributor to the premature death of individuals at all stages of life from new born to the elderly and includes infant mortality and mortality due to chronic diseases. This is important in creating uniformity in health care across the world but has to be considered at a global level to have an impact
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Effects on Lamb Fecal Egg Count Estimated Breeding Values in Progeny-Tested Katahdin Sires
Publication history: Accepted - 14 April 2022; Published - 3 May 2022.Estimated breeding values (EBV) for fecal egg counts (FEC) at 42–90 days of age (WFEC) and
91–150 days of age (PFEC) for 84 progeny-tested Katahdin sires were used to identify
associations of deregressed EBV with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) using 388,000
SNP with minor-allele frequencies ≥0.10 on an Illumina high-density ovine array. Associations
betweenmarkers and FEC EBVwere initially quantified by single-SNP linear regression. Effects
of linkage disequilibrium (LD) were minimized by assigning SNP to 2,535 consecutive 1-Mb
bins and focusing on the effect of the most significant SNP in each bin. Bonferroni correction
was used to define bin-based (BB) genome- and chromosome-wide significance. Six bins on
chromosome 5 achieved BB genome-wide significance for PFEC EBV, and three of those
SNP achieved chromosome-wide significance after Bonferroni correction based on the
14,530 total SNP on chromosome 5. These bins were nested within 12 consecutive bins
between 59 and 71 Mb on chromosome 5 that reached BB chromosome-wide significance.
The largest SNP effects were at 63, 67, and 70Mb, with LD among these SNP of r2 ≤ 0.2.
Regional heritability mapping (RHM) was then used to evaluate the ability of different genomic
regions to account for additive variance in FEC EBV. Chromosome-level RHM indicated that
one 500-SNP window between 65.9 and 69.9Mb accounted for significant variation in PFEC
EBV. Five additional 500-SNP windows between 59.3 and 71.6 Mb reached suggestive (p <
0.10) significance for PFEC EBV. Although previous studies rarely identified markers for
parasite resistance on chromosome 5, the IL12B gene at 68.5 Mbcodes for the p40 subunit of
both interleukins 12 and 23. Other immunoregulatory genes are also located in this region of
chromosome 5, providing opportunity for additive or associative effects.This research was funded by the USDA NIFA Organic
Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative grants no. 2016-
51300-25723 and 2010-51300-21641, and USDA Southern SARE
grant no. LS08-204
Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts
Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas
This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing
molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin
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