102 research outputs found

    Rising from the shadows: selective foraging in model shoot parasitic plants

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    Despite being sessile, plants nonetheless forage for resources by modulating their growth. Adaptative foraging in response to changes in resource availability and presence of neighbours has strong implications for performance and fitness. It is an even more pressing issue for parasitic plants, which draw resources directly from other plants. Indeed, parasitic plants were demonstrated over the years to direct their growth towards preferred hosts and invest resources in parasitism relative to host quality. In contrast to root parasites that rely mostly on chemical cues, some shoot parasites seem to profit from the ability to integrate different types of abiotic and biotic cues. While significant progress in this field has been made recently, there are still many open questions regarding the molecular perception and the integration of diverse signalling pathways under different ecological contexts. Addressing how different cues are integrated in parasitic plants will be important when unravelling variations in plant interaction pathways, and essential to predict the spread of parasites in natural and agricultural environments. In this review, we discuss this with a focus on Cuscuta species as an emerging parasitic model, and provide research perspectives based on the recent advances in the topic and plant–plant interactions in general

    Renormalization of the singular attractive 1/r41/r^4 potential

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    We study the radial Schr\"odinger equation for a particle of mass mm in the field of a singular attractive g2/r4g^2/{r^4} potential with particular emphasis on the bound states problem. Using the regularization method of Beane \textit{et al.}, we solve analytically the corresponding ``renormalization group flow" equation. We find in agreement with previous studies that its solution exhibits a limit cycle behavior and has infinitely many branches. We show that a continuous choice for the solution corresponds to a given fixed number of bound states and to low energy phase shifts that vary continuously with energy. We study in detail the connection between this regularization method and a conventional method modifying the short range part of the potential with an infinitely repulsive hard core. We show that both methods yield bound states results in close agreement even though the regularization method of Beane \textit{et al.} does not include explicitly any new scale in the problem. We further illustrate the use of the regularization method in the computation of electron bound states in the field of neutral polarizable molecules without dipole moment. We find the binding energy of s-wave polarization bound electrons in the field of C60_{60} molecules to be 17 meV for a scattering length corresponding to a hard core radius of the size of the molecule radius (∌3.37\sim 3.37 \AA). This result can be further compared with recent two-parameter fits using the Lennard-Jones potential yielding binding energies ranging from 3 to 25 meV.Comment: 8 page

    The RMS Charge Radius of the Proton and Zemach Moments

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    On the basis of recent precise measurements of the electric form factor of the proton, the Zemach moments, needed as input parameters for the determination of the proton rms radius from the measurement of the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen, are calculated. It turns out that the new moments give an uncertainty as large as the presently stated error of the recent Lamb shift measurement of Pohl et al.. De Rujula's idea of a large Zemach moment in order to reconcile the five standard deviation discrepancy between the muonic Lamb shift determination and the result of electronic experiments is shown to be in clear contradiction with experiment. Alternative explanations are touched upon.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, final version includes discussion of systematic and numerical error

    Impacts of entomopathogenic fungi on biology and behaviour of the invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)

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    Halyomorpha halys StĂ„l, la punaise diabolique, est une espĂšce invasive prĂ©occupante en provenance d’Asie de l’Est. En moins de 15 annĂ©es, elle a colonisĂ© prĂšs de l’ensemble des Etats-Unis d’AmĂ©rique, occasionnant des pertes de rendement considĂ©rables dans les vergers et les cultures en champs ainsi que des nuisances dans les habitations durant l’hiver. La punaise diabolique a Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©e en Suisse en 2007, et il est Ă  craindre qu’elle colonise la presque totalitĂ© de l’Europe d’ici 2020. Cette Ă©tude a pour objectif de prĂ©venir l’installation de la punaise diabolique dans les pays europĂ©ens en se focalisant sur le contrĂŽle biologique. Des scientifiques amĂ©ricains ont dĂ©veloppĂ© une stratĂ©gie « attirer et tuer » basĂ©e sur la phĂ©romone d’agrĂ©gation de la punaise diabolique et des pesticides. D’autres ont montrĂ© l’efficacitĂ© d’un champignon pathogĂšne d’insectes (Beauveria bassiana strain GHA. Afin d’établir un contrĂŽle rapide du ravageur en Europe, compatible avec l’agriculture biologique, une idĂ©e serait de combiner l’effet attractif de la phĂ©romone d’agrĂ©gation et l’application de spores de B. bassiana. Dans cette Ă©tude, l’impact du champignon sur la mortalitĂ© de l’insecte et son autodissĂ©mination sont Ă©valuĂ©s

    Effective theories of scattering with an attractive inverse-square potential and the three-body problem

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    A distorted-wave version of the renormalisation group is applied to scattering by an inverse-square potential and to three-body systems. In attractive three-body systems, the short-distance wave function satisfies a Schroedinger equation with an attractive inverse-square potential, as shown by Efimov. The resulting oscillatory behaviour controls the renormalisation of the three-body interactions, with the renormalisation-group flow tending to a limit cycle as the cut-off is lowered. The approach used here leads to single-valued potentials with discontinuities as the bound states are cut off. The perturbations around the cycle start with a marginal term whose effect is simply to change the phase of the short-distance oscillations, or the self-adjoint extension of the singular Hamiltonian. The full power counting in terms of the energy and two-body scattering length is constructed for short-range three-body forces.Comment: 19 pages (RevTeX), 2 figure

    A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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    Study of three entomopathogenic fungi (Hyphomycetes) in mosquito control (Diptera: Culicidae)

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    Les moustiques (DiptĂšres : Culicidae) sont des vecteurs de zoonoses responsables de sĂ©rieux problĂšmes de santĂ© publique. Les perspectives d’utilisation de trois souches de champignons HyphomycĂštes (Aspergillus clavatus Desm., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, et Metarhizium. sp) envers une espĂšce vectrice importante (Culex quinquefasciatus Say) sont ici abordĂ©es. 1. Des essais en erlenmeyers ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s afin d’évaluer la productivitĂ© en spores des trois souches sur un substrat de son de blĂ© (un sous-produit agricole) par rapport Ă  du riz dĂ©cortiquĂ© (un produit alimentaire classiquement utilisĂ©) dans les trois Ă©tats possibles (solide, semi-solide et liquide). Quelle que soit la cĂ©rĂ©ale, les milieux solides se sont montrĂ© les plus productifs. Les observations suggĂšrent que des essais pourraient ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©s en fermentation solide ou sĂ©quentielle Ă  partir de son de blĂ©. 2. Des tests de toxicitĂ© classiques (au moyen de suspensions aqueuses de spores) ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©s afin d’évaluer le potentiel larvicide des champignons envers C. quinquefasciatus. Les DL50 et DL90 ont Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©es aprĂšs 72 heures de traitement Ă  1,35 x 10^8 et 5 x 10^8 spores/ml pour Aspergillus clavatus, 1,3 x 10^8 et 4 x 10^8 spores/ml pour Metarhizium anisopliae, 1,75 x 10^8 et 9,9 x 10^8 spores/ml pour Metarhizium sp. Des filaments mycĂ©liens sont apparus depuis des larves mortes Ă©mergĂ©es et ont produit des spores pour chacune des trois souches. Des spores ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© retrouvĂ©es dans le tube digestif d’adultes issus de larves survivantes. En comparaison, les CL50 et CL90 d’une prĂ©paration commerciale basĂ©e sur la bactĂ©rie Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (VectobacÂź, sĂ©rotype H14) ont Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©es aprĂšs 48 heures Ă  0,043 mg/l et 0,115 mg/l. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les champignons testĂ©s ne peuvent se suffire dans le rĂŽle d’agents de lutte efficaces aux doses testĂ©es et selon le protocole d’application. DiffĂ©rents axes de recherche sont proposĂ©s. 3. L’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’injection de solutions de spores dans l’hĂ©mocoele de larves de moustiques afin d’en Ă©valuer le pouvoir pathogĂšne a Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©. Des pourcentages de mortalitĂ© (corrigĂ©s) de 62%, 53% et 57% ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus aprĂšs 72 heures pour Aspergillus clavatus, Metarhizium anisopliae et Metarhizium sp. respectivement. Des expĂ©riences supplĂ©mentaires seraient nĂ©cessaires pour s’assurer qu’il s’agisse bien d’une rĂ©ponse directe liĂ©e Ă  l’effet toxique des champignons. 4. Des observations en microscopie optique et Ă©lectronique ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es afin d’étudier le mode d’action d’A. clavatus sur des larves de C. quinquefasciatus. Les coupes histologiques rĂ©vĂšlent que l’effet lĂ©tal observĂ© lors des tests de toxicitĂ© passe par l’ingestion des spores. Une analyse des toxines produites en dĂ©but de germination, de leur contribution Ă  la mortalitĂ© larvaire et de leur impact sur les organismes non-cibles devrait ĂȘtre menĂ©e. 5. Enfin, la spĂ©cificitĂ© du pouvoir pathogĂšne d’A. clavatus et M. anisopliae vis-Ă -vis des moustiques a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e en considĂ©rant un autre modĂšle biologique : le puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Aucun lien entre la gamme de doses testĂ©es et (1) la mortalitĂ© des adultes, (2) le dĂ©clin de leur descendance n’a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©. Des expĂ©riences supplĂ©mentaires devraient ĂȘtre effectuĂ©es. L’application des champignons envers d’autres insectes d’intĂ©rĂȘt agricole, vĂ©tĂ©rinaire ou mĂ©dical devrait Ă©galement ĂȘtre testĂ©e.Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are zoonotic vectors of medical and veterinary importance. The prospects for the use of three Hyphomycetes fungi (Aspergillus clavatus Desm., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, and Metarhizium sp.) towards an important vector species (Culex quinquefasciatus Say) are discussed. 1. Culture tests were performed in flasks to assess the spore productivity of the fungal strains on wheat bran (an agricultural by-product) and husked rice (a food product that is classically used) in solid, semi-solid and liquid-state media. Regardless of the substrate, solid-state media showed the highest productivity. The observations suggested that culture tests could be carried out in solid-state or sequential fermentation with wheat bran. 2. Classical toxicity tests using aqueous suspensions of spores were performed to assess their larvicidal potential against C. quinquefasciatus. The LD50 and LD90 were estimated after 72 hours of treatment with 1.35 x 10^8 and 5 x 10^8 spores/ml for Aspergillus clavatus, 1.3 x 10^8 and 4 x 10^8 spores/ml for Metarhizium anisopliae, 1.75 x 10^8 and 9.9 x 10^8 spores/ml for Metarhizium sp. Mycelial filaments appeared from dead larvae and produced spores in the case of each strain. Spores were also found in the gut of emerged adults from surviving larvae. In comparison, the LC50 and LC90 of a commercial formulation based on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Vectobac Âź, serotype H14) were estimated after 48 hours to 0.043 mg/l and 0.115 mg/l. The results showed that the fungi tested cannot be effective control agents at the tested doses and the applied protocol. Different axes of research are suggested. 3. The potentialities of the injection of spore suspensions into mosquito larvae in order to assess their pathogenicity have been considered. The percentages of corrected mortality were obtained after 72 hours for Aspergillus clavatus (62%), Metarhizium anisopliae (53%) and Metarhizium sp. (57%). Additional experiments would be needed to make sure whether it is well a direct response linked to the toxic effect of these fungi. 4. Optical and electron microscopy observations were conducted to study the mode of action of A. clavatus on C. quinquefasciatus larvae. Histological sections revealed that the lethal effect observed in toxicity tests is due to the ingestion of spores. An analysis of toxins produced at the beginning of germination, their contribution to larval mortality and their impact on non-target organisms should be carried out. 5. Finally, the specificity of the pathogenicity of A. clavatus and M. anisopliae against mosquitoes has been evaluated by considering another biological model: the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. No link between the range of tested doses and (1) mortality of adults, (2) the decline of their offspring was found. Additional experiments should be carried out. The application of these fungi to other insects of agricultural, veterinary or medical interest should also be tested

    Comparaison d’espùces d’Aspergillus pathogùnes d’insectes et de Metarhizium anisopliae dans la lutte contre les moustiques (Diptùres : Culicidae)

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    Many mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species are vectors responsible for the transmission of infectious diseases of medical and veterinary importance. Risk for infection considerably increased during the last decades due to climate changes and increasing global trade. Vector control is essential for public health management. Integrated pest management is now promoted due to harmful side effects of the chemical insecticides classically used for mosquito control and insect resistance development. This PhD thesis takes part in the selection process of insect pathogenic fungi. Three biological models (Aspergillus clavatus Desmazieres, Aspergillus flavus Link, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin) were selected and investigated regarding their spore insecticidal activity, mode of action, and selectivity. Throughout this scheme, the use of agricultural materials and derivatives in fermentation processes was emphasized. Production methods and insecticidal potential of the fungi were first investigated. On the one hand, the two Aspergillus species were compared to M. anisopliae regarding their spore production when cultured on agro-industrial substrates (white rice and wheat bran) and their insecticidal effect on larvae of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Our results showed that both substrates are suitable to culture the three insect pathogenic fungal species; but wheat bran-based media increased from 3 to 7-fold the spore yields in solid-state compared to white rice-based media. Also, insect pathogenic Aspergillus species were suggested to yield in similar spore levels in such conditions (in a range of 10^9 spores per g of substrate) and be as virulent against mosquito larvae compared to M. anisopliae. On the other hand, a bioreactor design intended to support large-scale production on agricultural materials by combining the technological advantages of submerged and solid-state fermentations was implemented using A. clavatus. This system allowed facility in recuperation and purification of spores (confined on a packed solid substrate) that retained virulence against mosquito larvae; but also metabolites (contained in a circulating liquid medium) that showed insecticidal effect. The mechanisms responsible for the insecticidal effects of the spores, and their selectivity were then investigated. On the one hand, the invasion routes of A. clavatus spores on mosquito larvae were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Histological observations suggest that toxins secreted by active germinating spores of A. clavatus in the digestive tract altered the larval tissues, leading to necrosis and causing larval death. Fungal proliferation and sporulation then occurred during a saprophytic phase. Such action mode also probably occurred in the case of the two other species. On the other hand, the insecticidal activity of the fungi was assessed against the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Linnaeus. Adult A. pisum aphids were susceptible (increased mortality and decreased reproductive potential) to the three fungal species. As a consequence, these fungi would probably be able to infect a broad spectrum of insect hosts (whatever terrestrial or aquatic) once released in the environment. The implications of the results for mosquito control and application strategies are finally discussed, and perspectives for future works proposed.Plusieurs espĂšces de moustiques (Diptera : Culicidae) sont des vecteurs responsables de la transmission de maladies infectieuses d'importance mĂ©dicale et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire. Le risque d'infection a considĂ©rablement augmentĂ© au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies en raison de changements climatiques et du commerce international croissant. La lutte anti-vectorielle est essentielle pour la gestion de la santĂ© publique. La gestion intĂ©grĂ©e des populations de moustiques est dĂ©sormais promue en raison des effets secondaires nocifs des insecticides chimiques classiquement utilisĂ©s pour leur contrĂŽle et le dĂ©veloppement de rĂ©sistances vis-Ă -vis de ceux-ci. Cette thĂšse s'inscrit dans un processus de sĂ©lection de champignons pathogĂšnes d’insectes. Trois modĂšles biologiques (Aspergillus clavatus Desmazieres, Aspergillus flavus Link et Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin) ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©s et Ă©tudiĂ©s par rapport Ă  l’activitĂ© insecticide des spores, leur mode d'action, et leur sĂ©lectivitĂ©. Tout au long de ce processus, l'utilisation des matiĂšres agricoles et dĂ©rivĂ©s dans les procĂ©dĂ©s de fermentation a Ă©tĂ© envisagĂ©e. La production et le potentiel insecticide des champignons ont Ă©tĂ© tout d'abord Ă©tudiĂ©s. D'une part, les deux espĂšces d'Aspergillus ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©es Ă  M. anisopliae vis-Ă -vis de leur production en spores sur substrats agro-industriels (riz et son de blĂ©) et de leur effet insecticide sur les larves du moustique Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Nos rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les deux substrats peuvent supporter la culture des trois espĂšces pathogĂšnes d'insectes ; mais les milieux Ă  base de son de blĂ© ont permis, Ă  l’état solide, d’obtenir de 3 Ă  7 fois plus de spores comparativement aux milieux Ă  base de riz. Aussi, nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que des espĂšces d'Aspergillus pathogĂšnes d’insectes peuvent atteindre des niveaux de production en spores similaires Ă  M. anisopliae dans de telles conditions (dans une gamme de 10^9 spores / g de substrat) et ĂȘtre aussi virulentes contre des larves de moustiques. D’autre part, un design de biorĂ©acteur destinĂ© Ă  soutenir la production Ă  grande Ă©chelle sur des matiĂšres agricoles, en combinant les avantages technologiques des fermentations submergĂ©es et Ă  l'Ă©tat solide, a Ă©tĂ© implĂ©mentĂ© avec A. clavatus. Ce systĂšme a permis la rĂ©cupĂ©ration et la purification des spores (confinĂ©es sur un substrat solide) qui ont conservĂ© leur virulence contre les larves du moustique ; mais aussi de mĂ©tabolites (contenus dans un milieu liquide circulant) qui ont Ă©galement montrĂ© un effet insecticide. Les mĂ©canismes responsables des effets insecticides des spores et la sĂ©lectivitĂ© de celles-ci ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. D'une part, les voies d'invasion des spores d'A. clavatus sur les larves du moustique ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es en microscopie optique et Ă©lectronique. Les observations histologiques suggĂšrent que des toxines sĂ©crĂ©tĂ©es par les spores actives en germination dans le tube digestif ont altĂ©rĂ© les tissus larvaires, conduisant Ă  leur nĂ©crose et causant la mort de la larve. La prolifĂ©ration du champignon et la sporulation ont ensuite lieu au cours d’une phase saprophyte. Le mode d'action est probablement similaire dans le cas des deux autres espĂšces. D’autre part, l'activitĂ© insecticide des champignons a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e contre le puceron du pois, Acyrthosiphon pisum Linnaeus. Les pucerons adultes ont Ă©tĂ© sensibles (mortalitĂ© accrue et diminution du potentiel reproducteur) aux trois espĂšces de pathogĂšnes. En consĂ©quence, ces champignons seraient probablement capables d'infecter un large spectre d'insectes hĂŽtes (qu’ils soient terrestres ou aquatiques), une fois libĂ©rĂ©s dans l'environnement. Enfin, les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour les stratĂ©gies de contrĂŽle des moustiques et d'application des champignons sont discutĂ©es, et des perspectives pour des travaux futurs proposĂ©es

    Development of entomopathogenic fungi in mosquito control: which kind of production for which efficiency?

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    Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are zoonotic vectors responsible for numerous infectious diseases of medical and veterinary importance such as filariasis, malaria and encephalitis. As part of an integrated vector control, entomopathogenic fungi could be developed as biopesticides in two ways: spores and metabolites recognized as effective virulence factors. Solid-state fermentation enhances spore production and induces the secretion of metabolites quantitatively and qualitatively different from submerged fermentation, which impairs fungal metabolic efficiency. In this context, we showed high spore productivity of solid-state media based on agro-industrial substrates as wheat bran. Spores remained pathogenic, as revealed by classical toxicity tests and electron microscopy. However, the absence of free water makes culture parameter variations difficult to control in large-scale. Recently, we performed a bioreactor design intended for simultaneous spore and metabolite production, combining the technological advantages of submerged and solid-state fermentations. Biofilm fermentation (i.e. growth of fungal biomass on an inert support immerged in a nutrient medium) is a tremendous production system favouring the secretion of insecticidal metabolites in the liquid medium as we showed recently. This is also an interesting tool to provide an overview of the complexity of the metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of extracellular metabolites secretion because corresponding genes are reported to be differentially expressed from classical fermentation systems. Researches in vector control are currently intensified. In this context, the identification of genes and metabolites specifically expressed during biofilm fermentation will help to develop new technologies related both to the design of bioreactor and the production of insecticidal proteins
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