Spatial Biodiversity of Birds in Land Covers of Wetlands on Jakarta’s North Coast

Wetlands are suitable habitats for the coastal bird community. One of the important wetlands is located on Jakarta’s North Coast. Here, this study aims to assess the spatial biodiversity of birds in various land covers of wetlands on Jakarta’s North Coast. In total, there were 23 species belonging to 12 bird families. Ardeidae, Rallidae, and Silviidae bird families have more species compared to other families. The biodiversity H' values in the wetlands dominated by mangrove cover were the highest, at 2.527, followed by the wetlands having less mangrove cover and more water bodies and fish ponds only having H’ values equal to 1.811. The arboreal, small-to-medium-sized birds belong to Nectariniidae, Ploceidae, Silviidae, and Dicaeidae were widely distributed across all land cover. In contrast, the wetlands characterized by mangrove cover dominance combined with muddy substrate coasts were dominated by mid-large water birds belong to Anatidae, Scolopacidae, Ciconiidae, Rallidae, Ardeidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, and Alcedinidae. It is recommended to protect the mangroves and reforest the wetlands with mangroves to provide more habitats for the coastal bird community.

Spatial Biodiversity of Birds in Land Covers of Wetlands on Jakarta’s North Coast

Wetlands are suitable habitats for the coastal bird community. One of the important wetlands is located on Jakarta’s North Coast. Here, this study aims to assess the spatial biodiversity of birds in various land covers of wetlands on Jakarta’s North Coast. In total, there were 23 species belonging to 12 bird families. Ardeidae, Rallidae, and Silviidae bird families have more species compared to other families. The biodiversity H' values in the wetlands dominated by mangrove cover were the highest, at 2.527, followed by the wetlands having less mangrove cover and more water bodies and fish ponds only having H’ values equal to 1.811. The arboreal, small-to-medium-sized birds belong to Nectariniidae, Ploceidae, Silviidae, and Dicaeidae were widely distributed across all land cover. In contrast, the wetlands characterized by mangrove cover dominance combined with muddy substrate coasts were dominated by mid-large water birds belong to Anatidae, Scolopacidae, Ciconiidae, Rallidae, Ardeidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, and Alcedinidae. It is recommended to protect the mangroves and reforest the wetlands with mangroves to provide more habitats for the coastal bird community.

Spatial Distributions and Model Selections of Commercial Estuarine Fish (Sciaenidae) Populations Related to Water Quality, Chl-a, and AML in Musi River mouth, South Sumatra

Estuary and river mouth are essential habitats for many commercial estuarine fishes, including the Sciaenidae family. While recently, estuaries have been threatened by anthropogenic marine litter (AML) transported from nearby land and river. An important type of AML is plastic litter since it takes a long degradation time. In the South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, one of the vital estuaries is the Musi estuary. This paper aims to map the spatial distributions of two Sciaenids, including Panna microdon and Otolithoides pama, and Sciaenid’s environmental covariates, including water quality, chlorophyll a, and plastic litters in Musi estuary and model the correlations of Sciaenids with their covariates. The maps were developed using GIS, and the model was validated using AIC methods. The data were collected from 3 river mouths in the west, central, and east of the Musi estuary. The data showed that the populations of both Sciaenids were higher in the east river mouth rather than in the west. Sciaenid populations were positively correlated with high salinity, DO, chlorophyll a, moderate transparency, and low temperature. A high load of AML’s frequency (7.54 items/m2) and weights (36.8 gram/m2) has reduced both Sciaenid populations in the central river mouth of the estuary. In contrast, low AML loads in the east have correlated with high Sciaenid populations. Model selection based on AIC values shows the best model for P.microdon retained an effect of AML weight with AIC values of 22.591 and 28.321 for O. pama. This concludes that the weight of plastic litter in estuary water was the main limiting factor for Sciaenid populations in Musi

Habitat and Distribution Modeling of Prehistoric Hippos (Hippopotamus sivalensis spp.) During Pleistocene in Java Island

Currently, there are only 2 extant species of hippos including common (Hippopotamus amphibius) and pygmy hippos (Choeropsis liberiensis) . But in prehistoric times, there were several species. During  Pleistocene these species were known to migrate to Java Island from Asian Continent and the species was Hippopotamus sivalensis spp. In this regard, this study aimed to model the habitat of H. sivalensis spp., ecology, and biodiversity of Hippopotamus sivalensis spp. based on the fossil record. The model was developed based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method using the R statistical package. The results showed that there were 7 populations of H. sivalensis spp. that lived at various altitudes with an average of 177 m above sea level (95% CI : 123-232 m). According to PCA, there were at least 2 separate populations of H. sivalensis spp. One population occupies the forest while another occupies a habitat close to the coast. Currently the habitat for H. sivalensis spp. already changed. Based on habitat modeling, H. sivalensis spp. inhabit streams with submerged aquatic plants and shrubs and trees growing along river banks

Newly described species of Endiandra (Lauraceae) from New Guinea.

Two new species of Endiandra (Lauraceae), i.e. Endiandra areolata Arifiani and Endiandra lanata Arifiani are described from New Guinea. Both species have staminal glands, but their form is different in the two species.  Moreover, E. areolata Arifiani is characterized by its prominent areolation formed by the minor venation, and E. lanata Arifiani is easily recognized by the presence of a dense curly indument on its twig, leaves, inflorescences and flowers

APPLICATIONS OF CONVEX POLYGON AND KERNEL DENSITY ANALYSES TO MODEL THE HOME RANGES OF EQUATORIAL SPITTING COBRA Naja sputatrix (BOIE, 1827) IN GREEN AREAS OF UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA CAMPUS, WEST JAVA

Naja sputatrix (Boie, 1827) or known as equatorial spitting cobra is one of venomous snake inhabiting wide green areas include Universitas Indonesia Campus. Currently the existence and conservation of cobra is threatened, then it is important to study cobra possible home ranges. This research is aiming to model the home range of equatorial spitting cobra in green areas of Universitas Indonesia Campus. The model was developed using the applications of Convex Polygon and Kernel Density. The Convex Polygon analysis shows that approximately 114.53 Ha or equals to 35.79% of green areas of Universitas Indonesia Campus was the home ranges of the cobra. While, based on the Kernel Density analysis, it confirms that up to 307.65 Ha or equals to 96.14% of green areas of Universitas Indonesia Campus were potentials as the home ranges of the cobra. Then it can be concluded that at least 30-90% of green areas of Universitas Indonesia Campus should be conserved to support the presences of N. sputatrix

MODELLING THE POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF SAWO KECIK (MANILKARA KAUKI (L.)) DUBARD USING MAXENT TO SUPPORT CONSERVATIONS OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL VEGETATIONS IN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA PROVINCE

Modelling the potential distributions of Sawo Kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.)) Dubard using MaxEnt to support conservations of historical and cultural vegeta-tions in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province. Reinwardtia 22(1): 55‒67. — Sawo kecik or Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard, of the Sapotaceae family as it is formally known, is one of the species with significant cultural values in Yog-yakarta Province (DIY) culture because it symbolizes social righteousness. In connection with this, Yogyakarta's mu-nicipal and district governments have been encouraged to plant sawo kecik. Despite these efforts, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the possible range of this species, and this knowledge is essential to promoting the conservation of M. kauki in DIY. With the help of isothermality, precipitation of driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipita-tion of driest quarter, and precipitation of warmest quarter data, this study tries to simulate the probable distributions of M. kauki throughout cities and districts in DIY. The model estimated 1,275 km2 of DIY areas was suitable for M. kauki that concentrated in the central parts, spanning from the west to the east of DIY. Yogyakarta City followed by Sleman District has the largest areas categorized from high to very high suitable for M. kauki. While, Gunung Kidul followed by Kulonprogo Districts have the largest areas categorized as low suitable. To conclude, M. kauki can adapt areas with moderate precipitation as low as 20 mm during driest month and as low as 100 mm during driest quarter. During warmest quarter, M. kauki requires precipitation with value of 700 mm. The conservation effort and M. kauki planting should then concentrate on Yogyakarta City and Sleman District since such locations are thought to have high appropriateness for the species

PERILAKU KUNJUNGAN LEBAH XYLOCOPA LATIPES FABR. DAN X. CONFUSA L.P. (HYMENOPTERA: XYLOCOPIDAE) PADA BUNGA BANGKUANG PACHYRRISUS EROSUS DI DAERAH BOGOR

This study concern

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY OF ENDEMIC BLACK-WINGED STARLING Acridotheres melanopterus tricolor (HORSFIELD, 1821) RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN A TROPICAL SAVANNA OF INDONESIA

The black-winged starling (Acridotheres melanopterus tricolor) is a bird species in Southeast Asia, and this species still exists within Indonesia's tropical savanna landscape. This study aims to estimate the population density of the A. m. tricolor and to model the relationship between this species density and its environmental factors in several land cover types in the Baluran National Park savanna landscape in Java. The environmental factors were Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), land cover size, and distance to river obtained from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and analyzed using Geographical Information System (GIS). General Additive Models (GAM) combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the correlation of bird density with environmental factors. Based on the results, the average density of the A. m. tricolor was eight (8) inds./km2. The correlation model showed a significant positive relationship between bird density and NDVI and a significant negative relationship for distance to river factors, while land cover size did not significantly correlate with the bird density. These findings suggest that vegetation and access to water sources remain a relatively important environmental factors for supporting A. m. tricolor populations and this species conservation in the tropical landscape. The novelty of this research is satellite imagery and GIS usage to elaborate the landscape and habitat of A. m. tricolor. In addition, this study also contributes to modelling the most overarching environmental factors of A. m. tricolor in Indonesia's tropical savanna landscape