398 research outputs found
Transnational science and collaborative networks. The case of Genetics and Radiobiology in Mexico, 1950-1970
The transnational approach of the science and technology studies (S&TS) abandons the nation as a unit of analysis in order to understand the development of science history. It also abandons Euro-US-centred narratives in order to explain the role of international collaborative networks and the circulation of knowledge, people, artefacts and scientific practices. It is precisely under this perspective that the development of genetics and radiobiology in Mexico shall be analyzed, together with the pioneering work of the Mexican physician-turned-geneticist Alfonso León de Garay who spent two years in the Galton Laboratory in London under the supervision of Lionel Penrose. Upon his return de Garay funded the Genetics and Radiobiology Program of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy based on local needs and the aim of working beyond geographical limitations to thus facilitate the circulation of knowledge, practices and people. The three main lines of research conducted in the years after its foundation that were in line with international projects while responding to the national context were, first, cytogenetic studies of certain abnormalities, and the cytogenetics and anthropological studies of the Olympic Games held in Mexico in 1968; second, the study of the effects of radiation on hereditary material; and third, the study of population genetics in Drosophila and in Mexican indigenous groups. The program played a key role in reshaping the scientific careers of Mexican geneticists, and in transferring locally sourced research into broader networks. This case shows the importance of international collaborative networks and circulation in the constitution of national scientific elites, and also shows the national and transnational concerns that shaped local practices
Castes and Trees: Tracing the Link Between European and Mexican Representations of Human Taxonomy
The authors of this manuscript are interested mainly in meta-scientific studies, particularly in historical reflection on biology. Species in the Age of Discordance being the main theme of this special issue, and taking inspiration from the idea that “biological lineages move through time, space and each other”, we find it thought-provoking to show that just as biological lineages have histories, diverse conceptual categories have also been historically constituted. Moreover their visual representations have been discordant at different levels, such as the concepts of species and race. This article presents how the struggle to achieve a human taxonomy in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe had a fundamental visual component that reflects the discussions and theories that led to important discordances in the racial classification of Homo sapiens and in other species of hominins. Using as main visual artifacts the representation of evolutionary trees, the painting of castes, as well as the natural classification tree of the Mexican naturalist Manuel Ortega from 1877, the authors will show on the one hand how European ideas about human species and race in the scientific mainstream were deployed in the very distinctive situations of Mexico. On the other hand, it will be shown that visual culture was fundamental and decisive in establishing and disseminating scientific accounts of species and race, and how both concepts have interacted in the visual characterization of human diversity, both to define it and to restrain it
Evolution Representation in Mexican Textbooks
La evolución es la base de toda la biología moderna. Uno de los aspectos más sobresalientes de los estudios actuales sobre la historia de la evolución es el interés creciente por explorar su papel y alcance en ámbitos no científicos, por ejemplo, en la educación. Algunos académicos han explorado la manera en que la teoría de la evolución fue introducida a los salones de clases; sin embargo, son pocos los estudios realizados específicamente sobre el escenario mexicano. Desde hace ya varias décadas, historiadores, filósofos, sociólogos y psicólogos han dirigido grandes esfuerzos hacia la comprensión de la naturaleza de las imágenes visuales y su papel en la generación de conocimiento y en el entendimiento de conceptos. El campo denominado “Estudios Sociales de Imágenes y Visualización Científica” (Scientific Imaging and Visualization) trata cuestiones enfocadas con la dimensión social y las implicaciones de las imágenes científicas y el conocimiento visual. En este trabajo buscamos responder, en el caso particular de la teoría de la evolución, qué ocurre cuándo las imágenes viajan fuera del contexto académico y se difunden en otros contextos.Evolution is the basis of all modern biology. One of the most outstanding aspects of current studies on evolution history is the growing interest for exploring its role and scope in non-scientific environments, for example, in education. Some scholars have explored the way in which the evolution theory was introduced to classrooms; however, there are few studies on the Mexican scenario. Since several decades ago, historians, philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists have made big efforts to understand the nature of visual images.and their role in knowledge generation and in concept understanding as well. The filed called “Scientific Imaging and Visualization 2 deals with subjects focused on the social dimension and implications of scientific images and visual knowledge. In this research, we we are searching for giving an answer – in the specific case of evolution theory- to what happens when images travel outside an academic context and penetrate other contexts
Redes de colaboración y objetos híbridos: mujeres citogenetistas en México, 1960 - 1980
Recent studies on the history of science have emphasized the transnational approach that problematizes classic Eurocentric narratives, interpretations of cultural diffusion, and the rigid opposition of the categories of “center” and “periphery” to explain the dynamics of transnational circuits and the circulation of knowledge, people, artifacts, and scientific practices. This paper attempts to contribute to this direction by showing that the work carried out by Mexican geneticists in the 1960s and 1970s, especially the work on cytogenetics, cannot be characterized as peripheral because knowledge generated locally in Mexican and foreign institutions was able to circulate and become part of the consolidation of cytogenetics on a global scale, participating in international collaborative networks. This article addresses the trajectories of the Mexican biologist and geneticist María Cristina Cortinas, and to a lesser extent those of the Argentineborn Mexican physician and geneticist Susana Kofman. They shared a medical and research agenda and a time and place, participating in the early diagnosis of genetic diseases and revealing the correlation between clinical observations and the karyotype. This manuscript focuses on chromosomes as hybrid scientificobjects that circulated between clinic and laboratory and on the local contexts, material cultures and specific practices that allowed these Mexican women geneticists to take part in the production and transmission of knowledge in the 1960s and 1970s, attributed to their participation in national and international scientific collaborative networks.Estudios recientes sobre la historia de la ciencia han enfatizado el enfoque transnacional que problematiza las narrativas eurocéntricas clásicas, las interpretaciones de difusión cultural y la oposición rígida de las categorías de «centro» y «periferia», para explicar la dinámica de los circuitos transnacionales y la circulación de conocimientos, personas, artefactos y prácticas científicas. El presente escrito intenta abonar en esta dirección al mostrar que el trabajo realizado por los genetistas mexicanos en los mil novecientos sesenta y setenta, en especial los trabajos de citogenética, no pueden caracterizarse como periféricos, pues al formar parte de redes de colaboración internacional, el conocimiento generado localmente en instituciones mexicanas y extranjeras logró circular y formar parte de la consolidación de la citogenética a escala global. En este artículo se abordarán las trayectorias de la bióloga y genetista mexicana María Cristina Cortinas, y en menor medida la de la médica y genetista mexicana de origen argentino Susana Kofman. Ellas compartieron agenda médica y de investigación además de tiempo y lugar, participaron en el diagnóstico temprano de enfermedades genéticas y revelaron la correlación entre las observaciones clínicas y el cariotipo. Este manuscrito se centrará, por un lado, en los cromosomas como objetos científicos híbridos que circularon entre la clínica y el laboratorio; por el otro, se abordarán los contextos locales, las culturas materialesy las prácticas específicas que permitieron a estas mujeres genetistas mexicanas ser parte de la producción y transmisión de conocimiento en los años mil novecientos sesenta y setenta, gracias a su pertenencia a redes científicas de colaboración nacionales e internacionales
Factores que inciden en el rendimiento académico y la permanencia de los estudiantes de la UNED
Investigadores principales de los proyectos recopilados en el documento: Rodrigo Alfaro Monge, Anabelle Castillo López, Giuseppa D’Agostino Santoro, Cristina D’Alton Kilby, Delfilia Mora Hamblin, Ana María Rodino Pierri, Walter Solano Gutiérrez, Roy Umaña Carillo, Alfonso Villalobos Pérez. Investigadores colaboradores: Guiselle Bolaños Mora, Lester Osorno Membreño, Ilse Gutiérrez, Schwanhauser, Carlos Urroz Madrigal.Este trabajo constituye una síntesis de los distintos informes de investigación producidos en el marco del programa de investigación: Factores que inciden en el rendimiento académico y la permanencia de los estudiantes de la UNED, llevado a cabo entre los años 2002 y 2007 por el Centro para el Mejoramiento de los Procesos Académicos (CEMPA) y las diferentes Escuelas de la UNED, con el fin de caracterizar los hábitos, condiciones de vida y estrategias de estudio de los alumnos, y determinar la influencia de estas variables sobre su rendimiento académico y permanencia en la institución. Esta síntesis resalta los hallazgos más relevantes de cada una de las etapas de investigación y sugiere algunas Conclusiones y recomendaciones para estudios futuros
Across borders : science and technology during the Cold War. An introduction
The five papers included in this dossier aim to contribute to a further
understanding of the role of across-the-border travels, itineraries, and
transactions that characterized technoscientific practices during the Cold
War. They do so by broadening the geographical scope of historical studies,
and contextualizing the local within the global events, concerns, and policies
of the period, especially through the role of international agencies in the
construction of almost-global networks of science. The papers also share
a way of seeing, of interrogating the global projects and goals in their local
happening and the tensions produced between them. The result, we must
say, is not a triumphalist view of science and technical assistance, but one of
mixed results. Personal agendas are furthered, development programs fail,
the scientific community is seldom truly international, while at the same
time the growth of international networks allowed the training of a new
generation of scientists around the world, and the incorporation of places,
technologies, and actors transformed Cold War technoscientific practices
by introducing different local priorities and ways of doing
Genética en México y sus instituciones en la primera mitad del siglo XX
RESUMENEl tema del presente trabajo apunta hacia la conformación del campo disciplinario de la genética en México, entendida como la creación de las instituciones alrededor y en las que las actividades científicas se llevaron a cabo. Este tipo de reconstrucción histórica permite entender cómo se estableció la genética en las instituciones mexicanas en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Se pretende analizar las condiciones científicas y las relaciones sociales que permitieron el establecimiento de la genética en México como una nueva disciplina a principios del siglo XX, y que se consolidó e institucionalizó posteriormente hacia la segunda mitad del mismo siglo. Se examinarán los efectos que tuvieron pequeñas comunidades durante la introducción de la genética en México, la aplicación, difusión y aceptación de la genética en el gremio de los agrónomos, particularmente el del Ingeniero Edmundo Taboada Ramírez en la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura.PALABRAS CLAVEALFONSO L. HERRERA, EDMUNDO TABOADA RAMÍREZ, ESCUELA NACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA, GENÉTICA Y AGRICULTURA, INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES AGRÍCOLAS, OFICINA DE CAMPOS EXPERIMENTALESABSTRACTThe theme of this work addresses the formation of genetics as a field of study in Mexico, which meant the creation of surrounding institutions in which scientific activities were carried out. This kind of historical reconstruction allows us to understand how genetics was established in Mexican institutions in the first half of the 20th century. It aims to analyze the scientific conditions and social relationships that allowed genetics to be established as a new discipline in Mexico at the start of the 20th century, as well as its later consolidation and institutionalization towards the second half of the same century. We shall examine the effects that small communities had during the introduction of genetics to Mexico, and application, dissemination and acceptance of genetics in the agronomist community, especially regarding Edmundo Taboada Ramírez at the National School of Agriculture.KEYWORDSALFONSO L. HERRERA, EDMUNDO TABOADA RAMÍREZ, NATIONAL SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, GENETICS AND AGRICULTURE, INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHE
Transnational science and collaborative networks : the case of Genetics and Radiobiology in Mexico, 1950-1970
The transnational approach of the science and technology studies (S&TS) abandons the nation as a unit of analysis in order to understand the development of science history. It also abandons Euro-US-centred narratives in order to explain the role of international collaborative networks and the circulation of knowledge, people, artefacts and scientific practices. It is precisely under this perspective that the development of genetics and radiobiology in Mexico shall be analyzed, together with the pioneering work of the Mexican physician-turned-geneticist Alfonso León de Garay who spent two years in the Galton Laboratory in London under the supervision of Lionel Penrose. Upon his return de Garay funded the Genetics and Radiobiology Program of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy based on local needs and the aim of working beyond geographical limitations to thus facilitate the circulation of knowledge, practices and people. The three main lines of research conducted in the years after its foundation that were in line with international projects while responding to the national context were, first, cytogenetic studies of certain abnormalities, and the cytogenetics and anthropological studies of the Olympic Games held in Mexico in 1968; second, the study of the effects of radiation on hereditary material; and third, the study of population genetics in Drosophila and in Mexican indigenous groups. The program played a key role in reshaping the scientific careers of Mexican geneticists, and in transferring locally sourced research into broader networks. This case shows the importance of international collaborative networks and circulation in the constitution of national scientific elites, and also shows the national and transnational concerns that shaped local practices
Redes de colaboración y objetos híbridos: mujeres citogenetistas en México, 1960s and 1970s
Estudios recientes sobre la historia de la ciencia han enfatizado el enfoque transnacional que problematiza las narrativas eurocéntricas clásicas, las interpretaciones de difusión cultural y la oposición rígida de las categorías de «centro» y «periferia», para explicar la dinámica de los circuitos transnacionales y la circulación de conocimientos, personas, artefactos y prácticas científicas. El presente escrito intenta abonar en esta dirección al mostrar que el trabajo realizado por los genetistas mexicanos en los mil novecientos sesenta y setenta, en especial los trabajos de citogenética, no pueden caracterizarse como periféricos, pues al formar parte de redes de colaboración internacional, el conocimiento generado localmente en instituciones mexicanas y extranjeras logró circular y formar parte de la consolidación de la citogenética a escala global. En este artículo se abordarán las trayectorias de la bióloga y genetista mexicana María Cristina Cortinas, y en menor medida la de la médica y genetista mexicana de origen argentino Susana Kofman. Ellas compartieron agenda médica y de investigación además de tiempo y lugar, participaron en el diagnóstico temprano de enfermedades genéticas y revelaron la correlación entre las observaciones clínicas y el cariotipo. Este manuscrito se centrará, por un lado, en los cromosomas como objetos científicos híbridos que circularon entre la clínica y el laboratorio; por el otro, se abordarán los contextos locales, las culturas materialesy las prácticas específicas que permitieron a estas mujeres genetistas mexicanas ser parte de la producción y transmisión de conocimiento en los años mil novecientos sesenta y setenta, gracias a su pertenencia a redes científicas de colaboración nacionales e internacionales
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