Optimization Of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment By Applying RSM And ANN

AbstractThe optimization of the COD removal from palm oil mill effluent (POME) has done. The correlation of concentration and pH of POME, and Trans membrane pressure (TMP) of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane was optimized by response surface method using a second order polynomial model with Box Behken design consist of 17 runs. To determine whether the model was adequate for representing the experimental data; it was indicated by the ANNOVA table (p-value, lack of fit and R2 values).  The main factor influenced the COD removal was concentration and pH of POME.  The optimum conditions were determined from 3D response surface and 2D contour graphs i.e. 28.30% of POME concentration at pH 10.75 and TMP 0.69 kPa to yield 24.1372 mg/L of COD value. The results demonstrate that the response surface method effective to minimize the number of experiment. Keywords: POME; RO membrane; RSM; ANN; CO

Application of Response Surface Method in Reverse Osmosis Membrane to Optimize BOD, COD and Colour Removal from Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is typically non-biodegradable and has high concentration of organic matter that represented as COD, BOD and Colour values. The correlation of concentration and pH of POME, and Trans membrane pressure (TMP) of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane was optimized by response surface method using a second order polynomial model with central composite design (CCD) which is a part model of response surface method (RSM) in Design-Expert® software. The main limits that influenced the parameters removal i.e. concentration of POME, pH of solution and transmembrane pressure were empirically determined at laboratory level and successfully optimized using RSM. The best conditions were determined from 3D response surface and 2D contour graphs i.e. 10.05% of POME concentration at pH 3.0 and TMP 0.50 kPa to yield the last values of COD, BOD and Colour i.e. 24.1372 mg/L,  24.33 mg/L and 11.76 PtCo, respectively.  The results show that the response surface method effective to reduce the number of experiment

Adsorption of organic water pollutants by clays and clay minerals composites: A comprehensive review

Clays and clay minerals are inexpensive, non-toxic, and naturally occurring minerals that have been utilized in water remediation as adsorbents. However, clays and clay minerals and those modified with heat, surfactants, acids, or organic-inorganic modifiers exhibit low adsorption capacity and re-generation ability towards organic water pollutants. The development of clays and clay minerals composites has gained considerable attention in recent years due to their enhanced adsorption capacity, ease of recovery from aqueous solution and improved physiochemical properties relative to raw and modified clays and clay minerals. This review aims to assess recent literature on clays and clay minerals composites including bentonite, montmorillonite and kaolinite intercalated with carbonaceous, metals, metal oxides, chitosan and polymeric materials and appraise their adsorption performance towards organic water pollutants. The review examines the effect of the composites' physicochemical properties on the adsorption performance and evaluates the adsorption mechanism as well as regeneration methods. The review also attempts to highlight the current progress in this area by assessing the outcomes of recently published articles and outline the research gaps for future research.This publication was made possible by an Award [GSRA6-2-0516-19029] from Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The contents herein are solely the responsibility of the author[s]. Open access funding is provided by the Qatar National Library.Scopu

Adsorption of 4-Nitrophenol onto Iron Oxide Bentonite Nanocomposite: Process Optimization, Kinetics, Isotherms and Mechanism

Despite its importance in chemical industry, 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is a persistent organic pollutant that has serious effects on the ecosystem. In the present study, Box–Behnken design in response surface methodology was used to optimize the adsorption process parameters for the maximum 4-NP removal at 30 ℃ using Fe3O4/Bt NC. The regression model results suggested that the optimum adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH and contact time were 0.3182 g, 85 mg/L, 11 and 137.2 min, respectively. The regression model showed an optimum removal of 100%, while 99.5% removal was obtained from batch experiments at the optimum conditions suggested by the regression model, which confirm the model validity. The adsorption data best fitted to Freundlich isotherm model and Pseudo second-order kinetic model suggesting the existence of physical and chemical interaction between the fabricated composite and 4-NP. FTIR analysis suggested that the adsorption mechanism included an electrostatic attraction and the formation of new chemical bonds. Obtained results suggest that Fe3O4/Bt NC can be an effective adsorbent for complete 4-NP removal at the indicated optimum conditions.This research was made possible by an NPRP Grant # 10-0127-170270 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. The author Dina Ewis acknowledged the financial support of QNRF through the Graduate Sponsorship Research Award (GSRA) number GSRA#6-2-0516-19029.Scopu

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 into formate/formic acid: A review of cell design and operation

The release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere is threatening the environment and ecosystems, resulting in major challenges to sustainable development for modern industry. In this context, CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2 ECR) is one of the most promising technologies to mitigate the effects of high CO2 content in the atmosphere. Electrochemical technology can convert CO2 into value-added chemicals including methanol, ethanol and formate. In this review, different mechanisms of CO2 electrochemical reduction into formate/formic acid are reviewed, highlighting the different cell designs. Also, the effect of cell design and operating parameters on the electrochemical reduction process are discussed. The review aims to highlight recent developments in the CO2 electrochemical cell design for formate production and provide guidelines for future advancements. Challenges of large-scale production and research gaps are also provided. 2023 The AuthorsThe authors would like to acknowledge the support of Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation) through Grant # NPRP 12 C-33923-SP-102 (NPRP12 C-0821-190017). The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.Scopu

Effective Heterogeneous Fenton-Like degradation of Malachite Green Dye Using the Core-Shell Fe3O4@SiO2 Nano-Catalyst

In this study, the application of the core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nano-catalysts for fenton-like degradation of malachite green dye has been presented. The nano-catalysts were prepared using a combination of solvothermal and sol-gel techniques and characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, TEM and VSM techniques. The effects of various reaction parameters on the degradation of malachite green dye using the prepared nano-catalysts were investigated. The optimal condition for pH, catalyst dosage and H2O2 amount were found to be at 6.7, 15 mg and 50 μL, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, a degradation efficiency of 96.18 % for malachite green dye was achieved using the catalyst within 30 minutes at 303 K with a pseudo first order rate constant of 0.1102 min−1. The plausible mechanism for MG degradation was determined to be the combination of adsorption and simultaneous decomposition via formation of hydroxyl radicals. The performance of the nano-catalyst was compared with other fenton-like catalysts reported in the literature. Finally, the magnetic properties of the Fe3O4@SiO2 catalysts was utilized for its successful recovery and application in multiple degradation cycles.This research was made possible by an NPRP Grant#10-0127-170270 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. The authors would like to acknowledge the help Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM) at Qatar University and Mr. Abdullah Al Ashraf for providing XRD test data. SEM/EDX tests was accomplished in the Central Laboratories unit, Qatar University.Scopu

Novel Fe0 Embedded Alginate Beads and Coated with CuO-Fe3O4 as a Sustainable Catalyst for Photo-Fenton Degradation of Oxytetracycline in Wastewater

A novel catalyst made of zero-valent iron (Fe0) well dispersed and immobilized on alginate beads and coated using CuO-Fe3O4 (CuO-Fe3O4-Fe0/Abs) was designed and fabricated as a sustainable catalyst to degrade oxytetracycline using a heterogeneous photo-Fenton process. The CuO-Fe3O4 component was incorporated as a thin layer to cover the beads during the cross-linking reaction to allow immobilization of Fe0 inside the bead structure. Characterization analyses such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the successful immobilization of Fe0 on the thin layer of CuO-Fe3O4 on the beads. The performance test of the catalysts showed that they effectively removed OTC from water through the Fenton and photo-Fenton process at a wide range of pH values (pH 3–8) under visible irradiation. The optimum conditions to completely degrade 20 mg/L antibiotics were achieved at pH 3.0 in the presence of 200 mg/L (CuO-Fe3O4-Fe0/Abs) catalyst within 60 min of reaction time because of the synergic effect associated with Fe0 Fenton reaction in the presence of CuO-Fe3O4. These results proved the high performance of the catalyst for the OTC degradation in wastewater satisfactorily fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The k value increases from 0.0476 for Cycle 1 to 0.0831 min−1 for Cycle 4 to indicate that chemical reaction indeed played the predominant role in the OTC degradation. It also had high stability with the controlled release of Fe0 into the solution to enhance its catalytic activity.This work was supported by the Long-term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS/1/2018/USM/01/1/3) provided by the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia

Nanocomposite material-based catalyst, adsorbent, and membranes for petroleum wastewater treatment

The advent of nanotechnology has provided an interesting approach in terms of the application of nanocomposite materials in different sectors of water and wastewater treatment. Various works have demonstrated the significant impact of nanomaterials in catalytic processes as well as membrane processes. In this chapter, nanocomposite material-based catalytic processes and nanoparticle-based sorption and membrane technologies for waste treatment will be highlighted. The contents of this chapter are segregated into three main sections, the first and second sections will focus on synthesis and improvement of nanocomposite material properties at atomic scales and the third section will focus on membranes and their modifications that have driven scientists to a broad field of research known as nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has successfully been used in various applications resulting in improved efficiency of product creation and utilization. For the petroleum and gas industries, various works have demonstrated the use of Nanotechnology especially for the treatment of the wastewater generated from different stages within the processing cycle. The uniqueness of the nanomaterials is very much dependent on the size-dependent specific properties, which can contribute towards higher performance and efficiency resulting in reduced overhead cost

Optimization of magnetic nanoparticles draw solution for high water flux in forward osmosis

In this study, bare iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method and used as a draw solute in forward osmosis. The synthesis conditions of the nanoparticles were optimized using the Box-Behnken method to increase the water flux of the forward osmosis process. The studied parameters were volume of ammonia solution, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained at reaction temperature of 30 °C, reaction time of 2.73 h and 25.3 mL of ammonia solution. The water flux from the prediction model was found to be 2.06 LMH which is close to the experimental value of 1.98 LMH. The prediction model had high correlation factors (R2 = 98.82%) and (R2adj = 96.69%). This study is expected to be the base for future studies aiming at developing magnetic nanoparticles draw solution using co-precipitation method.This research is made possible by graduate sponsorship research award (GSRA6-1-0509-19021) from Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF). Also, the authors would like to thank Qatar University for funding this project through Collaborative Grant (CG)—Cycle 05—ID492. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. The authors would like to thank Central Laboratories Unit (CLU) at Qatar University for generating TEM images.Scopu

Synthesis and characterisation of Co2+-incorporated ZnO nanoparticles prepared through a sol-gel method

The properties of ZnO nanoparticles were modified by doping them with cobalt ions (Co2+) in various compositions through a sol-gel route. The Co2+-doped ZnO nanoparticles were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential measurements. A hexagonal wurtzite-phase structure of Co2+-doped ZnO was observed, with a slight decrease in particle size as the Co2+ doping concentration increased. Absorption by Co2+-doped ZnO was found to shift to longer wavelengths, towards the visible region, which was also confirmed by photoluminescence analysis. The band gap of the Co2+-doped ZnO samples decreased from 3.19 to 2.66�eV�as the content of dopant Co2+ increased from 0.0 to 1.0�wt.%. The zeta potential results showed slight effects of Co2+ doping compared with undoped ZnO, indicating that Co2+ doping influences the optical properties and morphology of pure ZnO nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the Co2+-doped ZnO samples was evaluated for the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution under solar radiation. The Co2+-doped ZnO samples showed higher effective removal of the dye using the optimal doping of 0.50�wt.%, which produced higher efficiency (about 96%, compared with 80% for pure ZnO).This paper was made possible by a NPRP Grant # [ 5-1425-2-607 ] from the Qatar National Research Fund ? Qatar (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. Also, one of the authors (Muneer M. Ba-abbad) is grateful to the Hadhramout University of Science & Technology , Yemen for financial support for his PhD study.Scopu