Desafios da regulação sanitária para a segurança dos alimentos adquiridos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar | Health regulation challenges for safety of food acquired from family farms for school meals

Este trabalho objetivou determinar os parâmetros higiênico-sanitários que municípios utilizam para a compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar para alimentação escolar e discutir os desafios para a estruturação da regulação sanitária destes alimentos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da análise de chamadas públicas (n = 122) e entrevistas (n = 63) realizadas com os responsáveis técnicos pelo programa de municípios do estado de São Paulo. Encontrou-se que os parâmetros higiênico-sanitários descritos nas chamadas públicas e nos relatos dos nutricionistas são inconsistentes em diferentes aspectos, principalmente pelo não cumprimento da legislação sanitária brasileira em vigor. As descrições das características microbiológicas, físico-químicas, microscópicas e toxicológicas, assim como as condições de transporte apareceram como as principais fragilidades. Observou-se que os requisitos de qualidade eram menos exigidos pelos responsáveis técnicos do que eram descritos nas chamadas públicas, para a maioria dos grupos alimentares. Como desafios apontados pelo estudo têm-se: 1) o alinhamento das especificações das chamadas públicas com os critérios exigidos no recebimento dos alimentos; 2) definição dos critérios exigidos para cada grupo alimentar de forma a atender à legislação sanitária em vigor; 3) realização da inspeção sanitária dos produtos de origem animal pelos órgãos locais competentes e 4) adequação da legislação sanitária para produtos da agricultura familiar. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This study sought to determine the hygienic and sanitary parameters that municipalities use to purchase food from family farms for school meals and to discuss the challenges for structuring the health regulation of these foods. The data were obtained through analysis of public calls for bids (n = 122) and interviews (n = 63) conducted with the technicians responsible for the program in municipalities within the state of São Paulo. It was found that the hygienic and sanitary parameters described in the public calls for bids and nutritionist reports are inconsistent in different aspects, primarily due to their non-compliance with Brazilian health legislation. The descriptions of the microbiological, physicochemical, microscopic, and toxicological characteristics, as well as the transport conditions appeared as the main limitations. It was observed that for most food groups the quality requirements demanded by the technical experts were lower than those described in the public calls for bids. The challenges identified by the study were as follows: 1) aligning the specifications of the public calls for bids with the required criteria when receiving the food, 2) defining the criteria required for each food group in order to comply with health legislation, 3) relevant local agencies performing a health inspection of animal products, and 4) adapting health legislation for family farm products

Desafios da regulação sanitária para a segurança dos alimentos adquiridos da Agricultura Familiar para o PNAE

This study sought to determine the hygienic and sanitary parameters that municipalities use to purchase food from family farms for school meals and to discuss the challenges for structuring the health regulation of these foods. The data were obtained through analysis of public calls for bids (n = 122) and interviews (n = 63) conducted with the technicians responsible for the program in municipalities within the state of São Paulo. It was found that the hygienic and sanitary parameters described in the public calls for bids and nutritionist reports are inconsistent in different aspects, primarily due to their non-compliance with Brazilian health legislation. The descriptions of the microbiological, physicochemical, microscopic, and toxicological characteristics, as well as the transport conditions appeared as the main limitations. It was observed that for most food groups the quality requirements demanded by the technical experts were lower than those described in the public calls for bids. The challenges identified by the study were as follows: 1) aligning the specifications of the public calls for bids with the required criteria when receiving the food, 2) defining the criteria required for each food group in order to comply with health legislation, 3) relevant local agencies performing a health inspection of animal products, and 4) adapting health legislation for family farm products.Este trabalho objetivou determinar os parâmetros higiênico-sanitários que municípios utilizam para a compra de alimentos da Agricultura Familiar para alimentação escolar, e discutir os desafios para a estruturação da regulação sanitária destes alimentos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da análise de chamadas públicas e entrevistas realizadas com os responsáveis técnicos pelo programa de municípios do estado de São Paulo. Encontrou-se que os parâmetros higiênico- sanitários descritos nas chamadas públicas e nos relatos dos nutricionistas são inconsistentes em diferentes aspectos, principalmente pelo não cumprimento da legislação sanitária brasileira em vigor. As descrições das características microbiológicas, físico-químicas, microscópicas e toxicológicas, assim como as condições de transporte apareceram como as principais fragilidades. Observou-se que os requisitos de qualidade eram menos exigidos pelos responsáveis técnicos do que eram descritos nas chamadas públicas, para a maioria dos grupos alimentares. Como desafios apontados pelo estudo têm-se: 1) o alinhamento das especificações das chamadas públicas com os critérios exigidos no recebimento dos alimentos; 2) definição dos critérios exigidos para cada grupo alimentar de forma a atender à legislação sanitária em vigor; 3) realização da inspeção sanitária dos produtos de origem animal pelos órgãos locais competentes; e 4) adequação da legislação sanitária para produtos da agricultura familiar

Análise de transcriptoma de experimentos de RNA- Seq com e sem repetições biológicas: revisão.

The discovery of nucleic acids opened new frontiers of knowledge, enablingresearchers to access an enormous amount of data, through large-scale sequencing methodologiesand bioinformatics tools. Amongst these new possibilities, RNA-Seq has been used to identify andquantify RNA molecules. To obtain more accurate biological responses from RNA-Seq data somequestions should be considered such as experimental design, type ofsynthesized library, size ofthefragments generated, number ofbiological replicates, depth, and coverage ofthe sequencing, speciesgenome availability and, the choice of software to properly perform the computational analyzes.Accurate bioinformatics analyzes allow the selection ofgenes with a lower error rate, increasing thevalidation assertiveness via RT-qPCR and thus, reducing costs. The objective of this review was topresent the analysis stages of RNA-Seq data, from experimental design to systems biology,considering relevant points, as well as to pointed out some software currently available to carry theseanalyzes out. Besides, with this review, we aimed to help the academic community to understand allsteps and biases involved in RNA-Seq data analysis, from experiments with or without biologicalreplicates.A descoberta de ácidos nucléicos abriu novas fronteiras de conhecimento, permitindoque os pesquisadores acessassem uma enorme quantidade de dados, através de metodologias desequenciamento em larga escala e ferramentas de bioinformática. Entre essas novas possibilidades,o RNA-Seq (sequenciamento de RNA) tem sido usado para identificar e quantificar moléculas deRNA. Para obter respostas biológicas mais precisas a partir dos dados de RNA-Seq, algumasquestões devem ser consideradas, como o desenho experimental, o tipo de biblioteca sintetizada, otamanho dos fragmentos gerados, o número de repetições biológicas, a profundidade e cobertura dosequenciamento, a disponibilidade do genoma da espécie e, a escolha dos softwares para executaradequadamente as análises computacionais. Análises bioinformáticas precisas permitem a seleçãode genes com menor taxa de erro, aumentando a assertividade da validação via RT-qPCR e, assim,reduzindo custos. O objetivo desta revisão foi apresentar as etapas de análise de dados de RNA-Seq,desde o projeto experimental até a biologia dos sistemas, considerando pontos relevantes, bemcomo apontar alguns softwares atualmente disponíveis para realizar essas análises. Além disso, comesta revisão, objetivamos ajudar a comunidade acadêmica a compreender todas as etapas e viesesenvolvidos na análise de dados de RNA-Seq, a partir de experimentos com ou sem réplicasbiológicas

Benefits of the flipped classroom in health education - a systematic review / Benefícios da sala de aula virada ao contrário na educação sanitária - uma revisão sistemática interrelationship

Introduction: The flipped classroom method is characterized by its contents presentation to the learners before classes and online, reserving the face-to-face meetings to deepen and apply these contents. Objective: To search through literature for the most recent flipped classroom method benefits in the health area. Method: The guidelines for the preparation of systematic reviews were followed, collecting relevant studies, searching for published data sources, selecting the terms for the research, evaluating the eligibility of studies, and extracting relevant data. Results and Discussion: 20 articles published between 2016 and 2020 were selected from the PUBMED, SCIELO, ERIC and MEDLINE databases, according to the eligibility criteria. The main benefits of flipped classroom for students were language development, greater interaction between learners, greater engagement in activities and involvement in projects, flexibility in learning styles, better use of time and better performance in assessments. The professors agreed with such benefits but pointed out that a longer time for the preparation of activities would be a limitation. Conclusion: Flipped classroom method has shown itself to be a promising strategy with many health benefits. More research is needed on its implementation in the current context of the Coronavirus Pandemic in 2020. 

Lycopene-rich extract from red guava ( Psidium guajava L.) displays cytotoxic effect against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 via an apoptotic-like pathway

This study investigated a lycopene-rich extract from red guava (LEG) for its chemical composition using spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and computational studies. The cytotoxic activity of LEG and the underlying mechanism was studied in human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7), murine fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3), BALB/c murine peritoneal macrophages, and sheep blood erythrocytes by evaluating the cell viability with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and flow cytometry. Spectrophotometry analysis showed that LEG contained 20% of lycopene per extract dry weight. Experimental and theoretical ATR-FTIR suggests the presence of lycopene, whereas MS/MS spectra obtained after fragmentation of the molecular ion [M]+• of 536.4364 show fragment ions at m/z 269.2259, 375.3034, 444.3788, and 467.3658, corroborating the presence of lycopene mostly related to all-trans configuration. Treatment with LEG (1600 to 6.25μg/mL) for 24 and 72h significantly affected the viability of MCF-7 cells (mean half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]=29.85 and 5.964μg/mL, respectively) but not NIH-3T3 cells (IC50=1579 and 911.5μg/mL, respectively). Furthermore LEG at concentrations from 800 to 6.25μg/mL presented low cytotoxicity against BALB/c peritoneal macrophages (IC50≥800μg/mL) and no hemolytic activity. LEG (400 and 800μg/mL) caused reduction in the cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest, DNA fragmentation, modifications in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and morphologic changes related to granularity and size in MCF-7 cells; however, it failed to cause any significant damage to the cell membrane or display necrosis or traditional apoptosis. In conclusion, LEG was able to induce cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells probably via induction of an apoptotic-like pathway.The authors acknowledge the computational time provided by CENAPAD/SP on the project proj697. Alexandra Plácido is gratefully to FCT by her grant SFRH/BD/97995/2013, financed by POPH–QREN–Tipologia 4.1–Formação Avançada, subsidized by Fundo Social Europeu and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior. The work at REQUIMTE/LAQV received financial support from the European Union (FEDER funds through COMPETE) and National Funds (FCT) through project UID/QUI/50006/2013. Adriany das G. N. Amorim is grateful to CAPES by for the doctoral fellowship process no. 99999.004236/2014-09 in Federal University of Piauí (UFPI). Eder A. Barbosa is grateful to PNPD/CAPES for its post-doctoral fellowship.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Fístula arteriovenosa dural intracraniana da junção craniocervical com drenagem venosa perimedular espinhal: um raro relato de caso

Fístulas arteriovenosas durais (FAVDs) são lesões adquiridas, que consistem em uma ou mais conexões fistulosas no interior dos folhetos da dura-máter, com envolvimento das paredes de um seio venoso dural ou então das veias leptomeníngeas adjacentes. Sua incidência é de difícil determinação, no entanto, segundo estudos, ela é estimada em 10% a 15% de todas as malformações cerebrovasculares diagnosticadas por angiografia. Os fatores predisponentes ao desenvolvimento das FAVDs são o traumatismo cranioencefálico, tromboflebite cerebral, neurocirurgia prévia e infecções. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um caso de Fístula Arteriovenosa Dural Intracraniana em um paciente de 58 anos, ressaltando os aspectos imagenológicos, etiológicos, fisiopatológicos e, sobretudo, os tipos de classificação da doença e a terapia utilizada. W.S.D., sexo masculino, 58 anos, natural e procedente de São Paulo – SP, deu entrada no pronto-socorro de um hospital de referência da capital paulista queixando-se de parestesia de membros superiores (MMSS) há 3 meses. Foi realizado exame físico e anamnese de forma minuciosa, na qual o paciente negou cefaleia e outros sintomas associados. Foi submetido à investigação com uma ressonância magnética (RNM) da região cerebral e medular em ponderações T1 e T2, as quais demonstraram efeito tumefativo que comprometia a transição bulbo-medular e a medula cervical de C2, as quais encontravam-se edemaciadas. Além disso, estavam proeminentes os vasos leptomeníngeos nos hemisférios cerebelares, estes patognomônicos da FAVD. Ademais, foi observado hipersinal em T2, com padrão estriado/tigroide, típico de degeneração mielínica progressiva. O paciente apresentava agressivo refluxo venoso cortical com drenagem perimedular espinhal na veia cortical e, dessa forma, enquadrou-se na Classificação de Cognard tipo V, sendo considerado um paciente portador de FAVD maligna. Foi então realizado tratamento endovascular com embolização transarterial, o qual proporcionou fechamento completo da fístula e, dessa forma, o paciente obteve um prognóstico favorável. As fístulas arteriovenosas durais, por serem uma condição rara e com variadas manifestações clínicas, podem passar despercebidas pelo profissional médico. Dessa forma, é de fundamental importância o conhecimento da doença, com o intuito de proporcionar ao paciente um diagnóstico precoce e uma terapia eficaz