Prevalence of ESBL, AmpC β-lactamases and MRSA among uropathogens and its antibiogram

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in humans. Current knowledge on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is essential for appropriate therapy. Therefore the aim of the present study was to determine the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial strains, with special reference to ESBL, AmpC β-lactamase and MRSA production. A total of 325 clinical isolates were collected from UTI patients from various tertiary care hospitals over a period of 6 months (June 2011 to December 2011). The antimicrobial susceptibility to various drugs was studied by the disc diffusion method as guided by CLSI guidelines. Confirmation of the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC β- lactamase and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) production was done by an E-test respectively. Of the 325 isolates, 225 were characterized as gram negative and 77 isolates as S. aureus isolates. The majority (69.3 %) of the isolates were from females compared to males (30.7 %). Prevalence of ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase and the coexistence of the phenotype (ESBL+ AmpC β-lactamase) and MRSA in the urinary isolates were found to be 48.9 %, 20.4 %, 6.2 % and 27.5 % respectively. Ampicillin/sulbactam, norfloxacin should be no longer considered as first line of drugs for UTI, because of high resistance. Parentral drugs such as aminoglycosides, carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactum can be the alternative choice for complicated UTI. Also, control measures such as judicious use of antibiotics, formulation of infection committee may control the spread of resistance

Randomized Ensemble Approach with ID3 Algorithm For the Prediction datasets with Imbalance Problem

Nowadays, it is significant to make accurate prediction model by handling imbalance problem. When the larger dataset has been used in the prediction model, that data should be classified into classes which gives ‘0’ and ‘1’ to indicate negative and positive results. While classifying this target value, the larger number of instances can reside in one class and the remaining lower number of instances can be stored in another class. Because of this unequal distribution of data, the machine can be biased and there is high possibility to give wrong predictions. An inaccurate Dataset leads to misprediction. Hence, the imbalanced prediction dataset has been taken. This paper gives a proper information on Randomized ensemble approach with ID3 classifier for the imbalanced prediction dataset

Rotavirus infection

Q1Q1Artículo original1-16Rotavirus infections are a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children 200,000 deaths annually, mostly in low-income countries. Rotavirus primarily infects enterocytes and induces diarrhoea through the destruction of absorptive enterocytes (leading to malabsorption), intestinal secretion stimulated by rotavirus non-structural protein 4 and activation of the enteric nervous system. In addition, rotavirus infections can lead to antigenaemia (which is associated with more severe manifestations of acute gastroenteritis) and viraemia, and rotavirus can replicate in systemic sites, although this is limited. Reinfections with rotavirus are common throughout life, although the disease severity is reduced with repeat infections. The immune correlates of protection against rotavirus reinfection and recovery from infection are poorly understood, although rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A has a role in both aspects. The management of rotavirus infection focuses on the prevention and treatment of dehydration, although the use of antiviral and anti-emetic drugs can be indicated in some cases

Frequency and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern Of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases Producing E. Coli And Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated In A Tertiary Care Hospital

Infections due to extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have become an important clinical problem. Local knowledge of antimicrobial susceptibilities of these organisms is important for implementation of effective hospital anti-infective policies. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of ESBLs along with their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in Escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae isolates at a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore. A total of 243 clinical isolates comprising E. coli (n=157) and K. pneumoniae (n=86) were recovered from various clinical samples over a period of six months from June to November 2008. Antibiogram profile of these isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. All the isolates were screened for ESBL production as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The present findings revealed a high occurrence of multidrug resistance ESBL producing E. coli (61.1%) and K. pneumoniae (40.6%). Imipenem was highly active against ESBL producing isolates. Results indicate that routine ESBL detection should be made imperative and empirical use of third generation cephaolsporins must be discouraged

Extended Role of Student Nurse

Nurse’s play a vital role in health delivery system. Nurses always remain on the front lines for our care. And they need to be at the foundation of health care reform are always extending and expanding their services with the changing trends. Nowadays Innovations in health care, expanding health care services, the increasing needs of patients care & occurrence of new illness have been act as stimulus for new nursing roles and responsibility. Nursing is the largest among health care professions. Traditional role of nurses are concerned on curative aspect whereas expanded role of nurse is assumed by virtue of education & experiences and extended role of nurse focused on the services to the people and society. Possible rationales are behind this move helps to encourage nurses to extend their practice. These include cost effectiveness, improved patient care, the freeing of medical time and professional status enhancement. There is an issue of nurses competence and the legal and ethical implications are raised in extended nurse roles. It is advocated that health care professional nurses and doctors collaborate to ensure that appropriate standards of care are upheld. Nurses can extend their role during student period itself by engaging themselves in service learning opportunities given by Red Cross, NSS, Red Ribbon Club

Large radiopaque lesion in the posterior mandible: A challenging case

Radiopaque lesions of the jawbones are frequently encountered in dental radiographs. A variety of conditions such as chronic inflammation, soft tissue calcifications, fibrosseous lesions, odontogenic tumors, and bone neoplasms can manifest as radiopaque lesions on the jawbones. These radiopaque lesions are often difficult to distinguish from each other, hence making the formulation of differential diagnosis challenging. A thorough patient's history and clinical examination supplemented by appropriate investigations will enable the clinician in narrowing down the differential diagnosis and to identify the condition accurately. Presented here is a case of the large radiopaque lesion on posterior mandible surrounded by lytic areas in a 20-year-old male patient

Batch, repeated batch and continuous degradation of Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Red 120 dye by immobilized bacteria

504-510This study presents batch degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Red 120 (RR120) dyes using free cells of Aeromonas punctata and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resulting 100% degradation up to 100 ppm and 150 ppm of respective dye. Immobilized cells showed 100% degradation of RB5 dye (up to 150 ppm) and RR120 dye (up to 200 ppm). On repeated use of immobilized beads, both A. punctata and P. aeruginosa showed 100% degradation of respective dye (at 150 ppm conc.) up to 10 cycles. During continuous degradation, degradation efficiencies of both cultures decreased with increase in dye concentration and flow rate. Degradation efficiency of P. aeruginosa was better than A. punctata with different flow rate and dye concentration

Glycan Recognition in Human Norovirus Infections

Recognition of cell-surface glycans is an important step in the attachment of several viruses to susceptible host cells. The molecular basis of glycan interactions and their functional consequences are well studied for human norovirus (HuNoV), an important gastrointestinal pathogen. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), a family of fucosylated carbohydrate structures that are present on the cell surface, are utilized by HuNoVs to initially bind to cells. In this review, we describe the discovery of HBGAs as genetic susceptibility factors for HuNoV infection and review biochemical and structural studies investigating HuNoV binding to different HBGA glycans. Recently, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) were developed as a laboratory cultivation system for HuNoV. We review how the use of this novel culture system has confirmed that fucosylated HBGAs are necessary and sufficient for infection by several HuNoV strains, describe mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of infection that involve blocking of HuNoV binding to HBGAs, and discuss the potential for using the HIE model to answer unresolved questions on viral interactions with HBGAs and other glycans