Datos de nivel básico de cuatro insecticidas con diferentes mecanismos de acción para Anastrepha fraterculus y Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) = Baseline data of four insecticides with different modes of action for Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

La mosca de la fruta del Mediterráneo, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), y la mosca sudamericana de los frutos, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) son plagas de gran importancia económica en Argentina y el mundo. Una de las formas de control es el uso de insecticidas en pulverizaciones totales o en cebos. El uso reiterado de un determinado producto ejerce una fuerte presión de selección, pudiendo ocasionar la aparición de resistencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el dato de nivel básico de cuatro insecticidas con diferentes mecanismos de acción mediante bioensayos en laboratorio. Los productos utilizados fueron formulaciones comerciales de ciantraniliprol, clorpirifos, lambdacialotrina y spinosad. La concentración letal media se estimó mediante un análisis de la curva dosis-respuesta. Para ciantraniliprol y clorpirifós los machos y las hembras de ambas especies fueron igualmente susceptibles. Para lambdacialotrina se detectaron diferencias entre las dos especies; la CL50 de A. fraterculus (0,058 y 0,074 para machos y hembras respectivamente) fue menor que la de C. capitata (0,523 y 0,624 para machos y hembras respectivamente). Para spinosad, los machos de A. fraterculus fueron igualmente susceptibles que los machos y las hembras de C. capitata. Estos resultados generan valores de referencia para Argentina y evidencian la necesidad de completar este tipo de estudios con evaluaciones de poblaciones naturales sobre las cuales se ejerce control químico así como con ensayos en campo y semi-campo. Asimismo muestran la necesidad de completar este tipo de estudios con evaluaciones de los niveles de ingesta en las distintas concentracionesThe Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) are pests of major economic importance in Argentina and worldwide. One way to control them is the use of insecticide in sprays or baits. The repeated use of a particular product exerts a strong selection pressure and can lead to development of resistance. The aim of this study was to determine baseline data of four insecticides with different mechanisms of action through laboratory bioassays. The products used were commercial formulations of cyantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, lambdacyalothrin and spinosad. The mean lethal concentration was estimated by a dose-response curve analysis. Cyantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos were equally susceptible for males and females of both species. For lambdacyalothrin differences between the two species were detected; LC50 of A. fraterculus (0.058 and 0.074 for males and females respectively) was lower than that of C. capitata (0.523 and 0.624 for males and females respectively). For spinosad, A. fraterculus males were equally susceptible than males and females of C. capitata. These results generate reference values for Argentina and demonstrate the need to complete these studies with field evaluations of natural populations on which chemical control is exercised as well as with field and semi-field trials. It also shows the need to complete these studies in which the intake at different concentrations is measured.EEA FamailláFil: Juárez, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Carrizo, Beatriz Noemi. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá; ArgentinaFil: Musse, Rodrigo Cristián. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Varela, E. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Armiñana, Arturo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Milla, Fabian Horacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética. Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica; ArgentinaFil: Vera, María Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: de la Vega, Marcelo Horacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Argentin

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Communication interference in sympatrically occurring moth species

In moth species, females emit a species‐specific sex pheromone that is perceived over long distance by conspecific males. The species‐specificity in the chemical communication channel is achieved by a combination of unique components in specific ratios and sometimes also by interspecific behavioural antagonists to deter sympatrically occurring heterospecific males. In this study, we determined possible antagonistic effects in Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Dyar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) males to the major sex pheromone component of sympatrically occurring heliothine moths, Z11‐16:Ald, as well as to the sex pheromone of the sympatrically occurring Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Z11‐16:Ald and Z9‐14:Ald). We also explored whether other co‐occurring species are attracted to these pheromone blends. Our field experiments showed that the addition of Z11‐16:Ald alone or in combination with Z9‐14:Ald inhibited trap catches of H. gelotopoeon males and that this inhibition depended on the concentration of these compounds. In addition, other moth species were attracted to the blends. Together, our results confirm the antagonistic effect of heterospecific sex pheromone compounds of H. virescens to H. gelotopoeon.EEA Delta del ParanáFil: Juárez, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, María Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Argentina. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Patricia Carina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Goane, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Villagrán, María Elvira. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; ArgentinaFil: Arce, Osvaldo Ernesto Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Armiñana, A.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Páez Jerez, Paula Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: de la Vega, Marcelo Horacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Vera, María Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Groot, A.T.. Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Alemania. University of Amsterdam. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; Países Bajo