Documentos para una historia del tiempo social en Hispanoamérica

El anexo documental que hemos seleccionado para este dossier se compone de tres textos producidos en el último cuarto del siglo XVIII: las Instrucciones para los nuevos relojes astronómicos (ca. 1785-1790); el Informe del relojero de cámara Manuel Zerella y Ycoaga sobre el estado de la Real Escuela de Relojería de Madrid (1784); y la Real Cédula para la reforma del toque de campanas (1794). Ponemos entonces a disposición del público especializado este material inédito que sintetiza muy bien cómo suceden los cambios sobre un fenómeno continuocomo es el tiempo, textos que nos muestran las vías por las cuales una sociedad objetiva el tiempo según las necesidades y los parámetros de su presente.To conclude this dossier, we have selected, presented and transcribed three texts produced in the last quarter of the 18th century: The Instructions for the new astronomical clocks (c. 1785-1790); the Report of the camera watchmaker Manuel Zerella and Ycoaga on the status of the Royal School of Watchmaking in Madrid (1784); and the Real Cédula to reform the ringing of bells (1794). This unpublished material is now available to the specialized public as an example of how changes occur in a continuous phenomenon such as time. Three documents that show us some possibilities of how a society objectifies time according to the needs and parameters of its present

Common somatic symptoms, causal attributions of somatic symptoms and psychiatric morbidity in a cross-sectional community study in Santiago, Chile

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It has been suggested that individuals from non-western countries tend to deny or mask psychological symptoms of common mental disorders and to present with somatic symptoms. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the association between common mental disorders and somatic symptoms in a representative sample of the general population of Santiago, Chile</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>This was a cross-sectional study of a stratified random sample of 3807 subjects living in private households in Santiago, Chile. Psychiatric disorders were assessed with the revised Clinical Interview Schedule. We found a strong association between the presence of somatic symptoms and psychiatric disorders (odds ratio 3.20, [95% confidence interval 2.52 - 4.05]). In addition, subjects who attributed their somatic symptoms to psychological or mixed psychological/physical causes were more likely to be cases compared to subjects who made physical attributions only (odds ratios 7.10 [95% CI 4.49-11.25] and 9.27 [6.00-14.34] respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The study confirms previous observations from more selected samples that subjects of Hispanic origin are generally aware of the link between somatic symptoms and psychological ill-health and do not hide or "mask" their psychological symptoms.</p

Early Childhood Father Absence and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Girls from a UK Cohort:The Mediating Role of Early Menarche

# The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Absence of the biological father in early childhood has been linked to depressive symptoms in mid-adolescent girls. Earlier studies have linked father absence to early timing of menarche, and early menarche is a risk factor for increased depressive symptoms in adolescence. No studies, however, have examined whether the association between father ab-sence and depressive symptomsmay be explained by the early onset of menarche. This study investigated whether age at menarche mediates the association between father absence in early childhood (birth to 5 years) and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls aged 14 years. The study sample comprised 7056 girls from a large UK birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) who provided data on age at onset of menarche and depressive symptoms assessed using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire at 14 years. Mothers provided data on father absence from the birth of the study child up to 10 years. Using structural equation modelling, we found that 15 % of the total estimated associ-ation between father absence in early childhood and depres-sive symptoms at 14 years was explained by early age at menarche. In addition to the mediated effect, father absence was linked to an 11 % increase in depressive symptoms in adolescence. The findings suggest that early age at menarche is one of the pathways linking early childhood father absence and depressive symptoms in mid-adolescent girls. Preventive strategies could be targeting young girls at risk for depressive symptoms as a function of stressful family factors (e.g., bio-logical father absence) and earlier menarche

Association between School Membership and Substance Use among Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Substance use among adolescents is a major problem worldwide, producing many health and economic consequences. Even though there are well-known personal, familial, and social factors associated with drug use, less is known about the effect of school-related factors. School membership is a recognized variable affecting academic performance among students; however, its effect on substance use is less understood. AIMS: The primary aim of this study was to explore the association between school membership and cigarette, alcohol, and cannabis use among a representative sample of secondary students from municipal state-funded schools in Santiago of Chile, and secondly, to test the hypothesis that depressive or anxiety symptoms mediate this association. METHODS: A total of 2,508 students from 22 state-funded schools in Santiago, Chile, answered a questionnaire. This instrument included an abbreviated version of the psychological sense of school membership (PSSM), questions regarding the use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis and scales of psychological functioning (depression, anxiety, self-concept, and problem-solving). The association analyses were performed using adjusted regression models for each outcome using all independent variables while controlling for gender and age. For the mediation effect, a combination of ordinary least square and logistic regression analyses was conducted. RESULTS: There was an association between a strong PSSM and low risk for smoking (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.46-0.72), drinking (0.65; 95% CI: 0.51-0.83), and cannabis use (0.52; 95% CI 0.37-0.74). We also found that depressive and anxiety symptoms do not fully mediate the association between school membership and any substance use, and 73% of this effect in the case of smoking, 80% in the case of drinking, and 78.5% in the case of cannabis use, was direct. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Latin America exploring the association between school membership and substance use among secondary students. School membership seems to be an important and independent factor to be included in preventive interventions. Therefore, these results support future research aiming to test interventions at increasing the sense of school membership to prevent substance use among adolescents. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN19466209. Retrospectively registered

Diseño de una guía para realizar el Análisis de Impacto de Negocio BIA en una empresa del sector comercial

Business Impact Analysis (BIA) es un elemento utilizado para determinar el impacto que podría tener una empresa, negocio u organización como resultado de un desastre o incidente. BIA es un proceso especializado para identificar los niveles de impacto, y se orienta a conocer qué podría verse afectado, así como las consecuencias de cualquier interrupción en los procesos de la compañía. El proyecto desarrollado tuvo como ámbito el diseño de una guía para aplicar un análisis de impacto de negocio en una empresa del sector comercial, y expone la metodología aplicada para lograr los objetivos propuestos; además, la explicación detallada de todos los instrumentos para conseguir los resultados y el objetivo que es buscado por BIA. Finalmente, hay una sección donde se explica el análisis de los resultados, así como las recomendaciones de este trabajo final de graduación.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado::Ciencias Sociales::Maestría Profesional en Auditoría en Tecnologías de la Informació

La cueca : un fenómeno latinoamericano

Utilizando como disparador el Módulo de Arte y Cultura de la Cátedra Virtual para la Integración Latinoamericana, el presente trabajo pretende dar cuenta, a partir del interés compartido durante la Sesión Presencial por parte de alumnos de la Universidad de Valparaíso y la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, de la actual convivencia del fenómeno músico-danzario llamado Cueca. Observamos tanto similitudes como diferencias a un lado y al otro de la cordillera, y nos interesó indagar sobre los orígenes de esta manifestación que tanto identifica a las regiones a las que pertenece, las características que adopta en cada zona, apoyándonos en nuestras experiencias personales como miembros de las comunidades en donde existe la Cueca, y profundizando en la búsqueda y constatación bibliográfica para poder determinar cómo surge y cómo se desarrolla tanto en Chile como en Argentina. Analizaremos la Cueca, sobre todo desde el aspecto de la danza, lugar del que no ignoramos su absoluta correspondencia con la música, pero desde el que nos sentimos más capacitados para dicho análisis

Identificacion y caracterizacion de la region promotora de un gen expresado en etapas tempranas del desarrollo de los organos reproductores masculinos en flores de Melandrium album

67 p.La planta Melandrium album (Silene latifolia), es una especie dioica en la que los individuos producen flores estaminadas o pistiladas. Este dimortismo sexual esta asociado a la presencia o ausencia del cromosoma sexual Y, en forma análoga a lo observado en mamíferos. Puesto que en esta especie, los programas de organogesis masculino y femenino están claramente disectados, ella es el modelo adecuado para analizar a nivel molecular el programa de desarrollo de las estructuras masculinas de la flor, en ausencia de los eventos implicados en la diferenciación femenina. En especies hemafroditas, el desarrollo de los órganos reproductores sexuales masculinos ocurre a nivel del tercer verticilo floral. La correcta diferenciación de estambres y anteras en este tejido esta bajo la modulación de los denominados genes de identidad de órganos. Tales genes han sido identificados y caracterizados, determinándose que codifican para factores de transcripción específicos, las proteínas MADS. Tales factores reconocen secuencias blanco especificas en los genes bajo su control y actúan en el desarrollo de las estructuras florales, de acuerdo a lo que se ha denominado el modelo ABC. Genes de identidad de órganos, ortólogos a los identificados en plantas hermafroditas, han sido también identificados en M album, sugiriendo un mecanismo regulatorio similar al modelo ABC. Sin embargo, ello no ha sido confirmado aún, por cuanto no se han aislado genes blanco para las proteínas MADS en esta especie. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido el aislamiento y caracterizaci6n de la region promotora de un gen expresado en etapas muy tempranas del desarrollo de estambres y anteras en M album. Se seleccionó como sustrato de este análisis al gen identificado como K4. El cDNA correspondiente a este gen fue obtenido desde flores en estadios premeioticos mediante la técnica de "differential display" de mRNAs. El análisis de la expresión de este gen mediante RT-PCR, ha establecido que este gen es transcrito en las etapas preesporogenicas del desarrollo floral. El análisis de la secuencia del cDNA K4, ha revelado una homologia de un 95% con el CCLS65, un cDNA obtenido desde flores macho en estadios preemeioticos del desarrollo. De aquí en adelante el gen K4 se denominara MROS65. A partir de la secuencia determinada para el cDNA K4, se sintetizó un oligonucleotido de 30 bases, complementario al extremo 5' de la región codificadora de este gen. Tal oligonucleotido fue empleado para amplificar, desde el DNA cromosomal, el fragmento "río arriba" a la región codificadora del gen MROS65. La técnica de "Single Specific Primer" o SSP-PCR, fue adaptada y utilizada para tal efecto. Tres bandas de amplificación, una de 600 pb y dos de 400 pb aproximadamente, fueron visualizadas. Tales fragmentos de DNA fueron clonados en el T-vector pBlueScript II SK(-) y su secuencia nucleotidica fue establecida. El análisis de las secuencias indicó que el clon pSKT65-1, que contiene una Banda de 351 pb posee elementos típicos de promotores eucarióticos, tales como "TATA box" y "CCAT box". Sin embargo, la característica mas interesante es la presencia en este fragmento de la secuencia CATTTTGG, muy similar a aquella definida como consenso para el sitio de unión de la proteína MADS AGAMOUS (CC(A/T)4NNGG o CC(A/T)6GG). Puesto que, de acuerdo al modelo ABC, AGAMOUS es uno de los genes de identidad de órganos involucrados en la modulación del desarrollo de estambres y anteras en el tercer verticilo floral de Arabidopsis thaliana, y que el correspondiente gen ortólogo SI,MI ha sido identificado en M album, este hallazgo sugiere que MROS65 podría ser un gen Blanco de la regulación por factores de transcripción MADS. La confirmación de lo anterior a través de experimentos de unión del factor SLM1 a este fragmento de DNA, conjuntamente con un análisis mediante delecciones y/o mutagenesis, es la continuación de esta línea de estudios

Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: An Observational Single-Center Study of 306 Cases

Background: Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a scarring alopecia that predominantly affects postmenopausal women; (2) Methods: A retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted in the Hospital General Universitario in Ciudad Real, Spain, including all patients diagnosed with FFA between 2010 and 2021; (3) Results: A total of 306 patients (296 women and 10 men) were included in our study. The mean age of onset was 59.5 years. The severity of this disease was evenly distributed between mild (147 patients) and severe (149 patients) forms. There was a positive, statistically significant, medium correlation between the severity of the disease and its time of progression. Moreover, hypothyroidism was present in 70 patients (22.9%) and classic signs of concomitant lichen planopilaris were observed in just 30 patients (9.8%), while other forms of lichen planus were uncommon. The estimated prevalence in our population is 0.15% and the incidence is 15.47 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants; (4) Conclusions: The time of progression was positively correlated with the severity of FFA. However, the presence of clinical signs, such as inflammatory trichoscopic signs, was not associated with the progression of this condition

Influence of school-related factors on smoking among Chilean adolescents: a cross-sectional multilevel study.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent tobacco smoking is a major health concern in Chile. Schools may be able to influence adolescent behaviour regarding smoking; however, this topic has received limited research attention in Latin-American countries. Moreover, the prevalence of cigarette smoking varies between schools, and some of this variability may be explained by school factors. This article examines the inter-school variability in student smoking in a large sample of Chilean schools and identifies the school- and student-level characteristics associated with cigarette smoking. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used self-reported student-level data from 45,273 students from 1462 schools and official data from these schools provided by the Chilean Ministry of Education (2007). Student smoking behaviour was used as an outcome, and individual-level and school-level features were used as explanatory variables. Logistic multilevel modelling was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The mean prevalence of smoking in the 1462 schools was 39.9 %. The null model indicated that 8 % of the variance in smoking behaviour was explained by schools; and in the final model, controlled by individual- and school-level variables, the variance explained by schools dropped to 2.4 %. The main school-level variables explaining the school influence were school bonding, school truancy and school achievement. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine the extent to which student smoking varies between Chilean schools and to identify some of the school factors associated with this inter-school variability. Although most variation in smoking prevalence lies between students within schools, there is sufficient between-school variation to be of interest to educators and policy makers