Oil-in-water microemulsion droplets of TDMAO/decane interconnected by the telechelic C18-EO150-C18: clustering and network formation

The effect of a doubly hydrophobically end-capped water soluble polymer (C18-PEO150-C18) on the properties of an oil-in-water (O/W) droplet microemulsion (R [similar] 2.85 nm) has been studied as a function of the amount of added telechelic polymer. Macroscopically one observes a substantial increase of viscosity once a concentration of [similar]5 hydrophobic stickers per droplet is surpassed and effective cross-linking of the droplets takes place. SANS measurements show that the size of the individual droplets is not affected by the polymer addition but it induces attractive interactions at low concentration and repulsive ones at high polymer content. Measurements of the diffusion coefficient by DLS and FCS show increasing sizes at low polymer addition that can be attributed to the formation of clusters of microemulsion droplets interconnected by the polymer. At higher polymer content the network formation leads to an additional slow relaxation mode in DLS that can be related to the rheological behaviour, while the self-diffusion observed in FCS attains a lower plateau value, i.e., the microemulsion droplets remain effectively fixed within the network. The combination of SANS, DLS, and FCS allows us to derive a self-consistent picture of the evolution of structure and dynamics of the mixed system microemulsion/telechelic polymer as a function of the polymer content, which is not only relevant for controlling the macroscopic rheological properties but also with respect to the internal dynamics as it is, for instance, relevant for the release and transport of active agents

Tunable viscosity modification with diluted particles: When particles decrease the viscosity of complex fluids

While spherical particles are the most studied viscosity modifiers, they are well known only to increase viscosities, in particular at low concentrations. Extended studies and theories on non-spherical particles find a more complicated behavior, but still a steady increase. Involving platelets in combination with complex fluids displays an even more complex scenario that we analyze experimentally and theoretically as a function of platelet diameter, to find the underlying concepts. Using a broad toolbox of different techniques we were able to decrease the viscosity of crude oils although solid particles were added. This apparent contradiction could lead to a wider range of applications.Comment: 13+7 pages, 6+7 figure

A self-assembly toolbox for thiophene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes: surfactants, solvent and copolymerisation.

Targeted control of the aggregation, morphology and optical properties of conjugated polymers is critical for the development of high performance optoelectronic devices. Here, self-assembly approaches are used to strategically manipulate the order, conformation and spatial distribution of conjugated polymers in solution and subsequently prepared thin films. The supramolecular complex organisation of phosphonium-functionalised homo- (P3HTPMe3) and diblock (P3HT-b-P3HTPMe3) ionic conjugated polythiophenes upon solvent-mediation and co-assembly with oppositely charged surfactants is investigated. UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to probe the organisation and photophysical response of the aggregates formed. Subtle differences in the surfactant mole fraction and structure, as well as the solvent polarity, yield differences in the nature of the resultant homopolyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes. In contrast, only moderate structural transformations are observed for the amphiphilic diblock copolyelectrolyte, emphasising the structure "anchoring" effect of a neutral polymer block when amphiphilic copolymers are dissolved in polar solvents. These results highlight the versatility of self-assembly to access a range of nanomorphologies, which could be crucial for the design of the next generation of organic optoelectronic devices

Structure and domain dynamics of human lactoferrin in solution and the influence of Fe(III)-ion ligand binding

BackgroundHuman lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein of the innate immune system consisting of two connected lobes, each with a binding site located in a cleft. The clefts in each lobe undergo a hinge movement from open to close when Fe3+ is present in the solution and can be bound. The binding mechanism was assumed to relate on thermal domain fluctuations of the cleft domains prior to binding. We used Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy to determine the lactoferrin structure and domain dynamics in solution.ResultsWhen Fe3+ is present in solution interparticle interactions change from repulsive to attractive in conjunction with emerging metas aggregates, which are not observed without Fe3+. The protein form factor shows the expected change due to lobe closing if Fe3+ is present. The dominating motions of internal domain dynamics with relaxation times in the 30–50 ns range show strong bending and stretching modes with a steric suppressed torsion, but are almost independent of the cleft conformation. Thermally driven cleft closing motions of relevant amplitude are not observed if the cleft is open.ConclusionThe Fe3+ binding mechanism is not related to thermal equilibrium fluctuations closing the cleft. A likely explanation may be that upon entering the cleft the iron ion first binds weakly which destabilizes and softens the hinge region and enables large fluctuations that then close the cleft resulting in the final formation of the stable iron binding site and, at the same time, stable closed conformation

Assembly of small molecule surfactants at highly dynamic air-water interfaces

Small-angle neutron scattering has been used to probe the interfacial structure of foams stabilised by small molecule surfactants at concentrations well below their critical micelle concentration. The data for wet foams showed a pronounced Q−4 dependence at low Q and noticeable inflexions over the mid Q range. These features were found to be dependent on the surfactant structure (mainly the alkyl chain length) with various inflexions across the measured Q range as a function of the chain length but independent of factors such as concentration and foam age/height. By contrast, foam stability (for C < CMC) was significantly different at this experimental range. Drained foams showed different yet equally characteristic features, including additional peaks attributed to the formation of classical micellar structures. Together, these features suggest the dynamic air–water interface is not as simple as often depicted, indeed the data have been successfully described by a model consisting paracrystalline stacks (multilayer) of adsorbed surfactant layers; a structure that we believe is induced by the dynamic nature of the air–water interface in a foam

Physicochemical approach to understanding the structure, conformation, and activity of mannan polysaccharides

Extracellular polysaccharides are widely produced by bacteria, yeasts, and algae. These polymers are involved in several biological functions, such as bacteria adhesion to surface and biofilm formation, ion sequestering, protection from desiccation, and cryoprotection. The chemical characterization of these polymers is the starting point for obtaining relationships between their structures and their various functions. While this fundamental correlation is well reported and studied for the proteins, for the polysaccharides, this relationship is less intuitive. In this paper, we elucidate the chemical structure and conformational studies of a mannan exopolysaccharide from the permafrost isolated bacterium Psychrobacter arcticus strain 273-4. The mannan from the cold-adapted bacterium was compared with its dephosphorylated derivative and the commercial product from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Starting from the chemical structure, we explored a new approach to deepen the study of the structure/activity relationship. A pool of physicochemical techniques, ranging from small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic and static light scattering (DLS and SLS, respectively) to circular dichroism (CD) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), have been used. Finally, the ice recrystallization inhibition activity of the polysaccharides was explored. The experimental evidence suggests that the mannan exopolysaccharide from P. arcticus bacterium has an efficient interaction with the water molecules, and it is structurally characterized by rigid-rod regions assuming a 14-helix-type conformation

ETUDE DE L'INFLUENCE DE LA TEMPERATURE ET DE LA PRESSION SUR LA STRUCTURE ET LA DYNAMIQUE DE L'INHIBITEUR DE LA TRYPSINE PANCREATIQUE BOVINE.<br />UNE ETUDE PAR DIFFUSION DE NEUTRONS

The subject of this PhD thesis concerns a protein belonging to the enzymatic catalysis : the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor or BPTI which is a model system much studied by several techniques but less by neutron scattering. It is a small protein ( 58 amino acid residues, a molecular weight of 6500 Da) which has a very high stability since it cannot be denatured at temperatures below 95°C or at pressures below 14 kbar. This stability is due to the presence of three disulphide bridges and three salt bridges. We have studied the structure and the dynamics of native state and thermal and pressure denatured states of BPTI by neutron scattering technique. By small angle neutron scattering we have observed an increase of the radius of gyration of the protein in solution at 95°C and a reduction of this radius under 6000 bar. The ellipsoidal shape of the molecule in the native state do not change between 22°C and 95°C but we have observed an increase of the volume of BPTI. Indeed, the shape of BPTI is modified from an ellipsoidal one to a spherical one at 3000 bar, while it is well represented by a micelle when applied pressure values reach 5000 and 6000 bar.Further experiments by infrared spectroscopy and by UV-visible spectroscopy as a function of temperature and pressure allowed us to confirm our results. Quasielastic neutron scattering allowed us to observe an opposite effect of temperature and pressure on global motions and internal dynamics of BPTI in solution. Increasing temperature induces a faster dynamics of these global and internal Motions whereas increasing pressure induces a slowing down of these motions.Ce travail de thèse porte sur une protéine de la catalyse enzymatique : l'inhibiteur de la trypsine pancréatique bovine ou BPTI qui est un système modèle très étudié par différentes techniques mais peu par diffusion de neutrons. Il s'agit d'une petite protéine (58 résidus d'acides aminés, poids moléculaire de 6500 Da) qui possède une très grande stabilité puisqu'elle ne peut être dénaturée à des température inférieures à 95°C ou à des pressions inférieures à 14 kbar. Cette stabilité est due à la présence de trois ponts disulfures et de trois ponts salins. Nous avons étudié la structure et la dynamique de l'état natif et des états dénaturés par la température et par la pression, du BPTI, par la technique de diffusion de neutrons. La diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles nous a permis d'observer une augmentation du rayon de giration de la protéine en solution à 95°C et une réduction de ce rayon à 6000 bar. La forme ellipsoïdale de la molécule à l'état natif n'est pas modifiée entre 22°C et 95°C mais présente une augmentation du volume du BPTI. De plus, la forme du BPTI est modifiée depuis une forme ellipsoïdale dans l'état natif, vers une forme globulaire à 3000 bar et micellaire lorsque la pression atteint 5000 et 6000 bar. Des expériences complémentaires par spectroscopie infrarouge et UV-visible, en température et en pression, ont permis de confirmer ces résultats. La diffusion quasiélastique de neutrons a permis d'observer un effet antagoniste de la température et de la pression sur les mouvements globaux et sur la dynamique interne du BPTI en solution. L'augmentation de la température a pour effet d'induire des mouvements globaux et internes plus rapides tandis que l'augmentation de la pression induit un ralentissement de ces mouvements