Avaliação do impacto do tipo de substrato e métodos de extração nas propriedade biológicas de extratos de cogumelos : Pleurotus Citrinopileatus Var. Cornucopiae e Pleurotus Salmoneo Stramineus

A utilização e o consumo dos cogumelos têm vindo a aumentar devido à constatação de que estes contêm compostos bioativos com propriedades biológicas (atividade antioxidante, antimicrobiana, antidiabética, anti-hipertensiva, prebióticas, entre outras). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto do tipo de substrato e métodos de extração nas propriedades antioxidante, antidiabética, anti-hipertensiva e prebiótica de extratos de duas espécies de cogumelos, o Pleurotus citrinopileatus var. cornucopiae e o Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus. Ambas as espécies foram produzidas recorrendo a dois métodos de produção distintos: cultivo no substrato padrão (I) e cultivo no substrato alternativo (II) composto por mistura de substrato padrão com borras de café, 1:1. Os cogumelos resultantes foram colhidos, desidratados e submetidos a três métodos de extração diferentes, designadamente extração aquosa, enzimática e etanólica, para avaliar o impacto do método de extração nas propriedades biológicas dos extratos de cogumelos. Na produção do cogumelo P. salmoneo stramineus verificou-se uma quebra de 86% no rendimento de produção no substrato II e uma produção morfologicamente atípica. A sua composição (teor em proteínas, gordura, açúcares e matéria orgânica) não variou em função do método de produção. Por outro lado o rendimento de produção, a morfologia e a composição não variou para o Pleurotus citrinopileatus var. cornucopiae. Na preparação dos extratos, o rendimento foi mais elevado nas extrações aquosa (60-67%) e enzimática (58-63%). Na extração etanólica houve um rendimento mais baixo (25-32%), no entanto foi este extrato que apresentou o maior teor de açúcares totais (191 - 299 μg/mg de extrato). Os extratos das duas espécies de cogumelos não apresentaram atividade antidiabética (30%) em comparação com o controlo positivo (89%), no entanto o extrato aquoso de P. citrinopileatus var. cornucopiae I apresentou uma boa atividade antihipertensiva (IC50 = 123,3 μg/mL). Nos extratos etanólicos de P. salmoneo stramineus não se detetou esta atividade. Os extratos aquosos e etanólicos das duas espécies de cogumelos apresentaram atividade prebiótica semelhante à do controlo positivo frutooligossacarídeo (FOS) e não se verificou diferenças entre métodos de produção (I e II). Verificou-se a presença de atividade antioxidante, e esta foi mais elevada em extratos de P. citrinopileatus var. cornucopiae I (2,37 - 11,86 mg de ácido equivalente por gramas de extrato liofilizado).The use and consumption of mushrooms have been increasing due to the fact that they contain bioactive compounds with biological properties (antioxidant activity, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, prebiotic, among others). In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of substrate type and extraction methods in antioxidant properties, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and prebiotic extracts of two species of mushrooms, Pleurotus citrinopileatus var. cornucopiae and Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus. Both species were produced using two different production methods: growing in standard substrate (I) and the alternative cultivation substrate (II) composed of standard substrate mixture with coffee grounds, 1: 1. The resulting mushrooms were collected, dried and subjected to three different extraction methods , particularly aqueous, enzymaticassisted and ethanolic, to evaluate the impact of the extraction method on the biological properties of mushroom extracts. In the production of P. salmoneo stramineus mushrooms there was a decrease of 86 % in the production yield from substrate II and a morphologically atypical production. Its composition (protein, fat, sugars and organic matter contents) did not vary according to the type of production. Moreover the production yield, morphology and composition did not change for the Pleurotus citrinopileatus var. cornucopiae. When preparing the extracts, the yield was higher in aqueous (60 - 67 %) and enzyme-assisted (58 - 63 %) extractions. In the ethanol extraction a lower yield (25 - 32 %) was reported, however it was this extract that had the highest total sugars content (191 - 299 mg / mg extract). The extracts of the two species of mushrooms did not show antidiabetic activity (30 %) compared to the positive control (89 %), however an aqueous extract of P. citrinopileatus var. cornucopiae I had a good anti-hypertensive activity (IC50 = 123,3 mg/mL). This activity was not detected in ethanol extracts of P. salmoneo stramineus. The water and ethanol extracts of the two mushroom species under study showed prebiotic activity similar to that of commercial positive control fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and there was no difference between production methods (I and II). Antioxidant activity was detected in all extracts, and it was higher in P. citrinopileatus var. cornucopiae I extracts (2.37 to 11.86 mg equivalent acid per gram of lyophilized extract)

CreativeLab_Sci&Math: BAD Plastics | Poluição por plásticos de uso único

Neste trabalho apresenta-se um relato de prática concretizado entre as UC de Didática das Ciências Físicas e Naturais I e de Didática da Matemática I, do curso de Mestrado em Ensino do 1 º CEB e de Matemática e Ciências Naturais no 2 º CEB, da Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Santarém. Essas UC procuram envolver os futuros professores em práticas interdisciplinares durante a sua formação. Um exemplo dessas práticas é a proposta de trabalho CreativeLab_Sci&Math BAD Plastics que, no ano letivo 2023/24, explorou a poluição por plásticos de uso único, através da abordagem STEAM. As participantes foram cinco futuras professoras. O trabalho, enquadrado no Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 14: Conservar e usar de forma sustentável os oceanos, os mares e os recursos marinhos, também procurou promover o desenvolvimento de competências de sustentabilidade nos futuros professores, em conformidade com as orientações da GreenComp.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) based on sulphur for silicon surfaces as alternative lubricants

Encontro realizado na Universidade Nova de Lisboa de 24-27 de junho de 2019.Deep eutectic mixtures composed of hydrogen-bond donors and hydrogen-bond acceptors, the so-called DESs, have recently being proposed as possible “green” alternatives to mineral oils and ionic liquids (ILs) in the lubrication of steel surfaces. DESs have similar physical properties to ILs but have the advantage of being cheaper and easier to prepare. In this work, new DESs containing sulphur units in their structure were prepared and tested in the lubrication of silicon surfaces which are relevant for nano/microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS). The following new DESs were prepared: dibutil-ethyl sulfonium ethylsulfate: polyethylene glycol ([S4,4,2][EtSO4]:PEG), ethyl-tetrahydrothiophenium ethylsulfate: polyethylene glycol ([C2-THT][EtSO4]:PEG, cis-1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium canforsulfonate: polyethylene glycol ([C2MIM][(S)-CSA]:PEG), and 1,3-dimethylpiridinium methyl sulfate: polyethylene glycol ([C1-3-pic][MeSO4]:PEG). Other DES, already known, were tested for comparison purposes: tetrabutylammonium bromide: ‎tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide ([N4,4,4,4][Br]:Sulfolane), choline chloride: polyethylene glycol (ChCl:PEG), and tetrabutylammonium bromide: polyethylene glycol ([N4,4,4,4][Br]:PEG). All DESs were characterized in terms of their water content, viscosity, wettability, and tribological properties. The friction coefficients were measured in a nanotribometer using steel spheres against Si surfaces. The new DES prepared from ILs based on the sulfur-containing anions showed good tribological performance, but the best results were obtained with [C2MIM][(S)-CSA]:PEG and [C1-3-pic][MeSO4]:PEG which reduced the friction coefficients to values < 0.1, typical of excellent lubrication conditions.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT-Portugal) and COMPETE (FEDER), within projects UID/QUI/00100/2013, UID/NAN/50024/2013 and PTDC/CTM-POL/3698/2014info:eu-repo/semantics/draf

Recurrent Gastrointestinal Bleeding from Dieulafoy’s Lesions in a Patient with Type 1 von Willebrand Disease: A Rare Association

Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most prevalent hereditary bleeding disorder, affecting 0.6–1.3% of the population. While gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasia is a well-known complication of vWD, the same is not true for Dieulafoy’s lesions (DLs). We report the case of a 21-year-old black male with type 1 vWD and 2 previous hospital admissions for severe anemia with no visible blood loss. In both episodes, DLs were identified and treated endoscopically, one in the stomach and another in the duodenum. The patient presented to the emergency department in September 2016 with dizziness, fatigue, and again no visible blood loss. He was hemodynamically stable, and laboratory workup showed a hemoglobin level of 3.4 g/dL. After transfusion of packed red blood cells, intravenous iron, and von Willebrand factor/factor VIII concentrate infusions, the patient underwent upper endoscopy and colonoscopy, which were normal. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy showed dark blood and a fresh clot in the proximal jejunum. At this site, push enteroscopy identified a pulsatile vessel with an overlying minimal mucosal defect, consistent with a DL, type 2b of the Yano-Yamamoto classification, which was successfully treated with adrenaline and 2 hemoclips. The patient remains stable after 18 months of follow-up, with a hemoglobin level of 13.2 g/dL. This is a case of recurrent severe occult gastrointestinal bleeding from multiple DL in a young patient with vWD who is otherwise healthy. Three other cases of DL bleeding in the setting of vWD have been reported in the literature, suggesting a possible association between these 2 entities

cEpiderm, a Canine Skin Analog Suitable for In Vivo Testing Replacement

Skin is one of the organs most tested for toxicity and safety evaluation during the process of drug research and development and in the past has usually been performed in vivo using animals. Over the last few years, non-animal alternatives have been developed and validated epidermis models for human and rat skin are already available. Our goal was to develop a histotypical canine skin analog, suitable for non-animal biocompatibility and biosafety assessment. Canine keratinocytes were seeded in an air-lift culture using an adapted version of the CELLnTEC protocol. Corrosion and irritation protocols were adapted from human EpiSkinTM. For histological analysis, sample biopsies were fixed in neutral-buffered formalin, and paraffin slices were routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A canine multilayer and stratified epidermal-like tissue (cEpiderm), confirmed by histological analysis, was obtained. The cEpiderm tissue exhibited normal morphological and functional characteristics of epidermis, namely impermeability and an adequate response to stressors. The cEpiderm is a promising canine skin model for non-animal safety testing of veterinary pharmaceuticals and/or cosmetics, significantly contributing to reducing undesirable in vivo approaches. cEpiderm is therefore a valid canine skin model and may be made commercially available either as a service or as a product

Histological inflammation in the endoscopically uninflamed mucosa is associated with worse outcomes in limited ulcerative colitis

Background: The Montreal classification categorizes patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) based on their macroscopic disease extent. Independent of endoscopic extent, biopsies through all colonic segments should be retrieved during index colonoscopy. However, the prognostic value of histological inflammation at diagnosis in the inflamed and uninflamed regions of the colon has never been assessed.Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of newly diagnosed patients with treatment-naïve proctitis and left-sided UC. Biopsies from at least 2 colonic segments (endoscopically inflamed and uninflamed mucosa) were retrieved and reviewed by 2 pathologists. Histological features in the endoscopically inflamed and uninflamed mucosa were scored using the Nancy score. The primary outcomes were disease complications (proximal disease extension, need for hospitalization or colectomy) and higher therapeutic requirements (need for steroids or for therapy escalation).Results: Overall, 93 treatment-naïve patients were included, with a median follow-up of 44 months (range, 2-329). The prevalence of any histological inflammation above the endoscopic margin was 71%. Proximal disease extension was more frequent in patients with histological inflammation in the endoscopically uninflamed mucosa at diagnosis (21.5% vs 3.4%, P = 0.04). Histological involvement above the endoscopic margin was the only predictor associated with an earlier need for therapy escalation (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.05- 13.0); P = 0.04) and disease complications (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-20.9; P = 0.04).Conclusions: The presence of histological inflammation in the endoscopically uninflamed mucosa at the time of diagnosis was associated with worse outcomes in limited UC.peer-reviewe

Uso de drogas e o aumento das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis: uma revisão sistemática: Drug use and the increase in sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review

Populações de usuários de drogas têm sido associadas a epidemias de infecções ou Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, especialmente a infecção pelo HIV (que está associada a drogas injetáveis, uso de equipamentos contaminados para drogas injetáveis e sexo inseguro). A droga mais associada às DSTs é a cocaína fumável de base livre (crack), devido ao aumento dos comportamentos sexuais de risco. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender o impacto do uso de drogas no aumento das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Para isso, adotou-se como metodologia a revisão sistemática de literatura, realizando buscas nas bases de dados Scielo, Pubmed e BVS/Medline a partir do uso de descritores DeCS/MeSH e aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão. A partir da análise e interpretação dos dados, concluiu-se que que pessoas que fazem uso abusivo de drogas lícitas ou ilícitas, sejam elas mulheres, homens, adolescentes, jovens, adultos, idosos, em situação de rua ou não, tendem a desenvolver comportamentos vulneráveis que pode resultar em IST. Somado a isso, enquanto comportamento de risco, tem-se a preferência por não usar preservativo, seja em relações sexuais com pessoas monogâmicas como com dois ou mais parceiros. Nesses casos, tanto o uso exacerbado de drogas como a falta de informação sobre comportamento sexual demonstram-se insuficientes

Improving the lubrication of silicon surfaces using ionic liquids as oil additives: the effect of sulfur-based functional groups

The performance of micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) relies on efficient lubrication. In the present work, new sulfur-based organic salts were tested as additives in a polyethylene glycol to lubricate silicon surfaces used in the manufacture of MEMS/NEMS. Seven salts were tested: 1-butylsulfonic-3-methylimidazolium triflate [(C4SO3H)MIM][TfO], thiamine triflate [Thiamine][TfO]2, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium camphorsulfonate [C2MIM][CSA] [isomers (R) and (S)], 1,3-dimethylpiridinium methylsulfate [C1-3pic][MeSO4], methylimidazolium methanesulfonate [HMIM][MeSO3], and tetramethylguanidine methanesulfonate [TMG][MeSO3]. A nanotribometer was used to determine the friction coefficients using steel spheres as counter bodies. Excellent tribological properties were achieved with the additives containing the anions [MeSO4]− and [MeSO3]−. The films formed on the Si substrates were studied by FTIR, ellipsometry and AFM. A mixed lubrication mechanism was proposed where additive adsorption avoids contact between sliding surfaces.Acknowledgements This research was funded by the projects UID/QUI/00100/2019, UID/QUI/50006/2019, UIDB/00100/2020, UID/NAN/50024/2013, PEst-C/LA0006/2013, and UID/EMS/50022/2019 (LAETA). L. C. Branco and M. C. Donato thank to fnancial support of FCT/MCTES through grants IF/0041/2013/CP1161/CT00 and SFRH/BD/140079/2018, respectively.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Drive respiratório anormal na doença vibroacústica Abnormal respiratory drive in vibroacoustic disease

Enquadramento: As alterações do sistema nervoso central em trabalhadores expostos a ruído de baixa frequência (RBF, 60%). Conclusões:Na resposta reflexa ao acréscimo de PCO2, os quimio-receptores centrais são responsáveis por 70% do estímulo ventilatório. Um estímulo ventilatório diminuído pode traduzir certa disfunção do tronco cerebral. Em doentes com VAD, esta disfunção é corroborada por anomalias dos potenciais evocados auditivos do tronco cerebral, bem como por alterações detectáveis em ressonância magnética. O índice P0.1CO2 pode revelar-se um indicador clínico útil para o diagnóstico e seguimento da VAD. Em resumo, o controlo neurológico da respiração está comprometido em doentes com VAD.Introduction: Central nervous system disorders in workers exposed to low frequency noise (LFN, 60%). Discussion: In the involuntary response to increased PCO2 levels, central chemoreceptors are responsible for 70% of the ventilatory stimulus. In VAD patients, this dysfunction may originate in the brainstem. This is corroborated by the fact that VAD patients register abnormal values for auditory brainstem evoked potentials, and disclose lesions with magnetic resonance imaging. The neurological control of breathing is compromised in VAD patients. The P0.1(CO2)index may be a useful clinical indicator for VAD diagnosis and follow-up

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on sulfur as alternative lubricants for silicon surfaces

Deep eutectic mixtures composed of hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs) and hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBAs), the so-called DESs, have recently being proposed as possible “green” alternatives to mineral oils and ionic liquids (ILs) in the lubrication of steel surfaces. DESs have similar physical properties to ILs but have the advantage of being cheaper and easier to prepare. In this work, new DESs containing sulfur units in their composition were prepared and tested in the lubrication of silicon surfaces which are relevant for nano/microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS). The following new DESs were prepared: ethyldibutyl sulfonium ethylsulfate: polyethylene glycol ([S4,4,2][EtSO4]:PEG), 1-ethyl-tetrahydrothiophenium ethylsulfate: polyethylene glycol ([C2-THT][EtSO4]:PEG), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (S)-camphorsulfonate: polyethylene glycol ([C2MIM][(S)CSA]:PEG), and 1-methyl-3-picolinium methyl sulfate: polyethylene glycol ([C1-3-pic][MeSO4]:PEG). Other DES, already reported, were tested for comparison purposes: tetrabutylammonium bromide: sulfolane ([N4,4,4,4][Br]:Sulf), choline chloride: polyethylene glycol (ChCl:PEG), and tetrabutylammonium bromide: polyethylene glycol ([N4,4,4,4][Br]:PEG). All DESs were characterized in terms of their water content, viscosity, wettability, and tribological properties. The friction coefficients were measured in a nanotribometer using steel spheres against Si surfaces. The new DES prepared from salts based on the sulfur-containing anions showed good tribological performance, but the best results were obtained with [C2MIM][(S)-CSA]:PEG and [C1-3-pic][MeSO4]:PEG which reduced the friction coefficients to values <0.1, typical of excellent lubrication conditions.This research was funded by the projects UID/QUI/00100/2013, UID/QUI/50006/2013, UID/NAN/50024/2013 and PEst-C/LA0006/2013. L. C. Branco thanks to financial support of FCT/MCTES (IF/0041/2013/CP1161/CT00).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio