Riittääkö metsähake?

Tieteen tori: Metsäalan toimintaympäristön muutoksen ennakoint

Estimating the bioenergy potential of forest chips from final fellings in Central Finland based on biomass maps and spatially explicit constraints

201

Biojalostusta varten hankitun oljen ja metsähakkeen hankintakustannukset Kaakkois-Suomessa

201

Ulosteensiirron nykysuositukset ja uudet sovellukset

English summaryPeer reviewe

Faecal microbiota transplantation in patients with Clostridium difficile and significant comorbidities as well as in patients with new indications : A case series

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is effective in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (rCDI). Knowledge of the safety and efficacy of FMT treatment in immune deficient patients is scarce. FMT has been suggested as a potential method for an increasing number of new indications besides rCDI. Among our FMT-treated rCDI patients, we reviewed those with major comorbidities: two human immunodeficiency virus patients, six haemodialysis patients, two kidney transplant patients, two liver transplant patients and a patient with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. We also reviewed those treated with FMT for indications other than rCDI: Salmonella carriage (two patients), trimethylaminuria (two patients), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO; one patient), and lymphocytic colitis (one patient), as well as a common variable immunodeficiency patient with chronic norovirus infection and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) carriage. Of the thirteen rCDI patients treated with FMT, eleven cleared the CDI. The observed adverse events were not directly attributable to FMT. Concerning the special indications, both Salmonellas and ESBL-producing E. coli were eradicated. One trimethylaminuria patient and one SIBO-patient reported a reduction of symptoms. Three patients did not experience a benefit from FMT: chronic norovirus, lymphocytic colitis and the other fish malodour syndrome. There were no reported side effects in this group. FMT appeared to be safe and effective for immunocompromised patients with rCDI. FMT showed promise for the eradication of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, but further research is warranted.Peer reviewe

Wood extractives of Finnish pine, spruce and birch – availability and optimal sources of compounds

Forest-based biomass is one of the main sources of energy and feedstock for industrial production of bio-materials, bio-chemicals, bio-fuels, and other novel bio-refinery products in Finland. Apart from its main chemical constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), wood also contains a wide variety of low molecular mass compounds known as extractives. These compounds can be separated from insoluble wood constituents by simple solvent extraction using polar or non-polar solvents. The aim of enhancing efficiency in the utilization of feedstock through product diversification and improved recovery has led to an increased interest in studying individual chemical components of wood. In particular, extractive compounds provide potential functionalities for several types of industrial chemicals and well-being and health products for consumers. The extractives content within a tree and between trees in the same stand is not uniform and may also vary according to the age of the trees, the season, the site and provenance. Differences in the amounts of extractives from one geographic location to the next can be found, but the differ-ences between plots and parts of a single tree are clearer. The effects of different factors (e.g. location, the part of the tree, age, the site type, time of har-vesting, or storage time) on the quantity of extractives have been well studied, but no review sum-marizing the effects of the aforementioned parameters on individual extractive compounds exists. A comprehensive review (or a set of more detailed summaries)concerning the extractive compositions of the overall tree biomass (incl. not only the stem, but also the bark, foliage, and stump-root sys-tem) of most common Finnish industrial wood species has not been available until now. Often scien-tific articles are concentrated on studying certain parts of trees, while some examine the geographic origins or site, or they might focus on even more specific issues such as certain groups of compounds in certain parts of the tree. In addition, the study material in some studies is very limited. In this re-port the results of the studies on extractives of Norway spruce, Scots pine, and silver and white birch have been summarized to facilitate the identification of the best suitable biomass assortments for sourcing future biorefineries and their production lines. Metsäbiomassa on yksi biomateriaalien, biokemikaalien ja muiden uusien biotuotteiden sekä bio-energian pääraaka-aineista. Pääosa metsäbiomassasta koostuu erilaisesta puuaineksesta. Puussa on sen pääkomponenttien (selluloosa, hemiselluloosa ja ligniini) lisäksi erilaisia pienimolekyylisiä uuteai-neita, jotka voidaan nimensä mukaisesti erottaa puusta uuttamalla. Nykyisin metsäbiomassan hyö-dyntämisastetta pyritään kasvattamaan ja käyttöä monipuolistamaan, minkä vuoksi yksittäisiin uu-teaineyhdisteisiin kohdistuva kiinnostus lisääntyy. Näitä uuteaineyhdisteitä voidaan hyödyntää erityi-sesti lähtöaineina hyvinvointi- ja terveystuotteiden ja erilaisten teollisuuskemikaalien valmistuksessa. Uuteaineiden koostumus ja määrä puun sisällä ja puuyksilöiden välillä vaihtelee runsaasti, ja li-säksi puun ikä, korjuuajankohta, geneettinen alkuperä ja kasvupaikka vaikuttavat uuteaineiden mää-rään. Uuteaineiden määrä vaihtelee maantieteellisen sijainnin mukaan, mutta erot ovat paljon sel-vemmät puun eri osien välillä ja yksittäisten metsikköjen välillä. Eri tekijöiden vaikutusta uuteaineiden määrään on tutkittu paljon, mutta yhteenvetoa näiden tekijöi-den vaikutuksesta ei ole tehty. Kattavia tai yksityiskohtaisia yhteenvetoja koskien uuteaineiden mää-riä puun eri osissa (ei vain runkopuussa, vaan myös kuoressa, lehvästössä, kantopuussa ja juurissa) ei ole tehty yleisimmillä suomalaisilla puulajeilla. Tieteelliset artikkelit ovat usein keskittyneet tiettyyn puun osaan, tai yhteen tiettyyn yhdisteryhmään tietyssä osassa puuta. Lisäksi tutkitut aineistot ovat olleet usein pieniä. Tämä raportti on yhteenveto kuusen, männyn ja koivun uuteaineiden tutkimustu-loksista. Sen tulosten toivotaan edesauttavan biojalostukseen ja sen prosesseihin parhaiten soveltu-vien biomassaositteiden tunnistamisessa.201

The effect of winter weather on timber truck tare weights

In wintertime, the payload capacity of a timber truck is reduced by snow that accumulates on the structures of the truck. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential payload loss due to snow and winter accessories and to predict the loss with weather variables. Tare weights of eight timber trucks were collected at mill receptions in Finland over a one-year period. Monthly and annual loss of potential payload was estimated using the tare measurements in summer months as a reference. Each load was also connected with weather data at the location and time of delivery and payload loss explained by the weather data with the aid of regression models. The maximum loss of payload varied between 1560 kg and 3100 kg. On a monthly basis, the highest losses occurred in January, when the median values varied between 760 kg and 2180 kg. Over the year, the payload loss ranged between the trucks from 0.5% to 1.5% (from 1.9% and 5.1% in January) of the total number of loads in the study. Payload loss was found to increase with decreasing temperature, increasing relative humidity and increasing precipitation. Although the average payload loss was not very high, the biggest losses occur just during the season of highest capacity utilization. Big differences were also found in the tare weights between the trucks. The results of the study give incentive to develop truck and trailer structures that reduce the adherence of snow.202

Potencial energético de los bosques y costes de suministro para Soria, España

Soria is a forested province in Northern Spain. The utilization level of the forests in Soria is low at present, but it is predicted to rise in the future. Because of the high altitude, heating is also needed. These form a good basis for increasing the use of wood chips in energy production. In this study, a procedure to estimate the potential of wood chip from forests and their procurement costs was adapted to Spanish conditions. The harvesting potential was estimated to be between 140,000 m3 and 280,000 m3 in 2010, and to double by 2030. Cost-supply curves were provided to aid in the planning of heating plant investments. Compared to European cost levels, the procurement costs in Soria are not high.Soria es una provincia con gran tradición forestal situada en la mitad norte de España. Actualmente el nivel de cortas en los bosques de Soria es bajo aunque se prevé que aumente en el futuro. Al ser una provincia montañosa, de clima frío en invierno, el uso de calefacción es necesario durante bastantes meses al año. Esto hace que sea interesante incrementar el uso de astillas de madera para producir energía. En este estudio, se adaptó a las condiciones españolas un procedimiento para estimar fuentes de biomasa leñosa y sus costes de suministro. Se ha estimado un potencial de aprovechamientos para 2010 que oscila entre los 140.000 y 280.000 m3, y el doble para 2030. Se han utilizado curvas de coste de suministro para ayudar a planificar las inversiones en plantas de producción de calor. Los costes de suministro en Soria no son altos comparados con el nivel de costes europeo

Alueellinen metsähaketase vuonna 2030

201

Regional balance of forest chip supply and demand in Finland in 2030

201