Self correction requires Energy Barrier for Abelian quantum doubles

We rigorously establish an Arrhenius law for the mixing time of quantum doubles based on any Abelian group $\mathbb{Z}_d$. We have made the concept of the energy barrier therein mathematically well-defined, it is related to the minimum energy cost the environment has to provide to the system in order to produce a generalized Pauli error, maximized for any generalized Pauli errors, not only logical operators. We evaluate this generalized energy barrier in Abelian quantum double models and find it to be a constant independent of system size. Thus, we rule out the possibility of entropic protection for this broad group of models.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figure

Zaćma wrodzona

Cataract is an eye disease that means opacification of the lens of the eye leading to partial or total blindness. It is common and treatable cause of blindness in children [1]. The prevalence of cataract in children worldwide ranges from 1 to 15 per 10,000. In developed countries, the incidence is 1 to 3 per 10,000 [2]. Cataracts can be detected using a prenatal ultrasound scan performed between 18 and 20 weeks of pregnancy [3,4,5]. Early detection of cataracts and rapid intervention are crucial in the development of normal vision, especially in newborns [4]. The article presents a case report of intrauterine ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital cataract.                                                                                                                                        Zaćma, inaczej katarakta to choroba oczu polegająca na zmętnieniu soczewki i związaną z tym częściową lub całkowitą ślepotę . Jest ona często występującą uleczalną przyczyną ślepoty u dzieci[1]. Częstość występowania katarakty u dzieci na świecie wynosi od 1 do 15 na 10 000. W krajach rozwiniętych częstość występowania wynosi 1 do 3 na 10 000 [2]. Zaćma może zostać wykryta za pomocą prenatalnego badania USG wykonanego pomiędzy 18. a 20. tygodniem ciąży [3,4,5]. Wczesne wykrycie zaćmy i szybka interwencja mają kluczowe znaczenie w rozwoju prawidłowego widzenia, szczególnie u noworodków [4]. W artykule przedstawiono opis przypadku wewnątrzmacicznego ultrasonograficznego rozpoznania zaćmy wrodzonej.                                                                                                                               &nbsp

institutional innovation from the bottom up?

A sustainable economy fulfills societal needs in a fundamentally different way to the current economic system. Improvements to the efficiency of existing technologies or practices appear insufficient for achieving sustainable development within the planetary boundaries. Disruptive, systemic and transformational changes appear necessary in order to replace existing technologies and practices to establish a sustainable economy. Such innovations often start out in niches; however, the scaling up and the ultimate replacement of current socio-technical systems requires governance to allow for the coordination of actors, the reorganization of socio-technical systems and the mobilization and allocation of resources. As governmental institutions are part of the current (non-sustainable) systems and thereby fail to provide coherent, integrated and transformative governance, we explore whether institutional innovation from non-state actors can step in to provide governance of transformation processes. Based on explorative qualitative case studies of networks in the food sector, city planning and reporting tools, we analyze the potential of bottom-up institutional innovations to coordinate actors in transformation processes

Intragenomic diversity of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii clover nodule isolates

BACKGROUND: Soil bacteria from the genus Rhizobium are characterized by a complex genomic architecture comprising chromosome and large plasmids. Genes responsible for symbiotic interactions with legumes are usually located on one of the plasmids, named the symbiotic plasmid (pSym). The plasmids have a great impact not only on the metabolic potential of rhizobia but also underlie genome rearrangements and plasticity. RESULTS: Here, we analyzed the distribution and sequence variability of markers located on chromosomes and extrachromosomal replicons of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains originating from nodules of clover grown in the same site in cultivated soil. First, on the basis of sequence similarity of repA and repC replication genes to the respective counterparts of chromids reported in R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 and R. etli CFN42, chromid-like replicons were distinguished from the pool of plasmids of the nodule isolates studied. Next, variability of the gene content was analyzed in the different genome compartments, i.e., the chromosome, chromid-like and 'other plasmids'. The stable and unstable chromosomal and plasmid genes were detected on the basis of hybridization data. Displacement of a few unstable genes between the chromosome, chromid-like and 'other plasmids', as well as loss of some markers was observed in the sampled strains. Analyses of chosen gene sequences allowed estimation of the degree of their adaptation to the three genome compartments as well as to the host. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that differences in distribution and sequence divergence of plasmid and chromosomal genes can be detected even within a small group of clover nodule isolates recovered from clovers grown at the same site. Substantial divergence of genome organization could be detected especially taking into account the content of extrachromosomal DNA. Despite the high variability concerning the number and size of plasmids among the studied strains, conservation of the location as well as dynamic distribution of the individual genes (especially replication genes) of a particular genome compartment were demonstrated. The sequence divergence of particular genes may be affected by their location in the given genome compartment. The 'other plasmid' genes are less adapted to the host genome than the chromosome and chromid-like genes

COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRES AS THE PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES SUPPORT SYSTEM IN HEALTHY INDONESIA PROGRAM: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN WEST JAVA INDONESIA

Objective: The Healthy Indonesia Programme with a family approach strategy was launched by the Indonesian government in 2015. Pharmaceutical service, including drug supply management and clinical pharmacy, is one of the essential components for the program implementation. This study was aimed to evaluate the pharmaceutical services support in the Healthy Indonesia Programme in West Java Indonesia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study observed on pharmaceutical services under the family approach programme description. A self-completed questionnaire was distributed to 39 accredited community health centres (CHCs) in West Java, Indonesia. Several indicators of the Standard Pharmacy Services were assessed. Results: Thirty-nine CHCs were involved in this study. Most of the CHCs were accredited as intermediate (59%) and have applied good pharmaceuticals and consumables inventory management. The online system and more training will give room for improvement. A big gap was found in human resources number and competencies, impact on clinical pharmacy standard services including counselling services (23.1%) and home visit (7.7%). Conclusion: Applying an online system is needed to improve the inventory management system in CHCs. The quality of clinical pharmacy standard services in CHCs can be improved by fulfilling the minimum numbers and competencies of human resources

Transcranial doppler ultrasonography should it be the first choice for persistent foramen ovale screening?

BACKGROUND: Persistent foramen ovale (PFO) is considered a cause of cryptogenic stroke and a risk factor for neurological events in young patients. The reference standard for identifying a PFO is contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of transcranial color Doppler (TCD) and its diagnostic sensitivity compared with TEE. METHODS: We investigated 420 patients admitted to our department with cryptogenic stroke, transient ischemic attacks or other neurological symptoms. All patients underwent TCD and TEE evaluation. TCD and TEE examinations were performed according to a standardized procedure: air-mixed saline was injected into the right antecubital vein three times, while the Doppler signal was recorded during the Valsalva maneuver. During TCD the passage of contrast into the right-middle cerebral artery was recorded 25 seconds following the Valsalva maneuver. RESULTS: We detected a right-to-left shunt in 220 patients (52.3%) and no-shunts in 159 patients (37.9%) with both TCD and TEE. In 20 (4.8%) patients TEE did not reveal contrast passage which was then detected by TCD. In 21 (5.0%) patients only TEE revealed a PFO. The feasibility of both methods was 100%. TCD had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 92% in the diagnosis of PFO. CONCLUSIONS: TCD has a relatively good sensitivity and specificity. TCD and TEE are complementary diagnostic tests for PFO, but TCD should be recommended as the first choice for screening because of its simplicity, non-invasive character, low cost and high feasibility

Neuropsychological Approach to the Problem of Aggressive Manifestations of Personality

The article presents a neuropsychological analysis of aggressive manifestations of normal personality and aggression of persons with brain dysfunction. Theoretical analysis of foreign and domestic works on neuropsychological correction of aggressive behavior is carried out. The neuropsychological program on correctional and prophylactic work for persons with affective-personal disorders is offered, considering the peculiarities of determination of aggressive manifestations of personality. The essence of the concept of "aggression" is specified. The types and functions of aggression of personality of different nature are considered: positive, ambivalent, negative. The neuropsychological causes of aggression in connection with the conditionality of aggression by situational and individual and psychological personal factors according to the scheme "personality - aggressive reaction - situation - neuropsychological factor" are clarified. The multifactorial (combination of neuropsychological and social conditions of a formation of aggression) genesis of aggressive behavior in personality disorders, the basis of which is the destructive level of anxiety, which originates from childhood, is analyzed.  The integration of neuropsychological and socio-psychological approaches to the study of the problem of aggression is presented.</em