Õuesõppe rakendamise võimalused loodusõpetuses füüsika teemade käsitlemisel 3. klassis

https://www.ester.ee/record=b4771094*es

Future Fuel Scenarios and Their Potential Impact to Aviation

In recent years fuel prices have been growing at a rapid pace. Current conservative projections predict that this is only a function of the natural volatility of oil prices, similar to the oil price spikes experienced in the 1970s. However, there is growing concern among analysts that the current price increases may not only be permanent, but that prices may continue to increase into the future before settling down at a much higher level than today. At high enough fuel prices, the aircraft industry would become very sensitive to fuel price. In this paper, the likelihood of fuel price increase is considered in three different price increase scenarios: "low," "medium," and "high." The impact of these scenarios on the aviation industry and alternatives are also addressed

Global Energy and Aviation Concerns

Renewable energy sources are usually diffuse and require large facilities. Biofuels work better, are more economical to produce for ground transportation, but sharply increase competition for food croplands. Noble laureate Richard Smalley (deceased-2005) conceptual 20 TWe power generation covers hundreds x hundreds of miles. Combined with Fuller s superconducting power grid system would enable renewable planetary energy. A solar-wind project in Australia will have a 7km diameter collector interfacing with a 1 km tower to extract 200 MW from wind turbines mounted at the base. GE Energy s 3.5MW Wind Turbine is large and placing this in perspective, it is as if one were rotating a Boeing 747-200; the blade diameter is that large. Wind turbines are rapidly gaining popularity in Europe and photovoltaic (PV) is expected to also expand rapidly. It becomes clear that we need (and still have time) to develop new sources of energy. Hf 178 bombarded by X-rays produces Gamma-rays for heating. The reaction stops when the X-rays stop; the half life is about 30 years and seems manageable vs 30 000 years. Water splitting needs to be perused as do ultra fast ultra intense laser applications in terms of fusion and new materials developments including new ways to strip and re-bind hydrogen into fuels. New methods and tools for development are being found in quantum mechanical applications to macro-systems and need to be developed into a set of new tool boxes for development of these new energy sources

Os conhecimentos profissionais de futuras professoras de qu?mica sobre analogias e sobre o uso de analogias no ensino e as influ?ncias de um processo formativo.

Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o. Departamento de Educa??o, Instituto de Ci?ncias Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.Diferentes autores t?m reconhecido a import?ncia de que os cursos de forma??o de professores busquem auxili?-los no desenvolvimento de seus conhecimentos profissionais. Para que isso ocorra ? necess?rio compreender quais s?o esses conhecimentos e como a forma??o acad?mico-profissional de professores pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos mesmos. Isso levou-nos a propor um modelo que caracteriza e discute os Conhecimentos Profissionais de Professores de Ci?ncias em Forma??o (CPPF). Neste modelo, a articula??o teoria-pr?tica ? o eixo norteador da forma??o de professores, e tem o potencial de favorecer o desenvolvimento, integra??o e transforma??o dos CPPF. Este modelo nos permitiu situar o conhecimento sobre analogias e sobre o uso de analogias como um elemento constituinte desses conhecimentos. Isso justifica nosso interesse em investigar como os conhecimentos profissionais de duas futuras professoras de Qu?mica sobre analogias e sobre o uso de analogias no ensino podem ter sido influenciados pelo processo formativo vivenciado na disciplina Pr?ticas de Ensino de Qu?mica I, ministrada no curso de Qu?mica Licenciatura da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. A partir dos dados obtidos, elaboramos um estudo de caso, a partir do qual identificamos os conhecimentos sobre analogias e sobre o uso de analogias no ensino de Ci?ncias expressos nos planejamentos, nas aulas ministradas e nas entrevistas realizadas com as futuras professoras, assim como a influ?ncia do processo formativo na manifesta??o dos mesmos. A an?lise dos resultados evidenciou que, ao longo do processo as futuras professoras apresentaram um avan?o em suas concep??es sobre analogias, destacando v?rias fun??es epistemol?gicas que elas podem assumir. Esses avan?os nas concep??es sobre analogias parecem ter ocorrido, principalmente, devido ? influ?ncia da modelagem anal?gica vivenciada no processo formativo. Os conhecimentos sobre o uso de analogias no ensino tamb?m passaram por altera??es significativas, pois as futuras professoras partiram de uma concep??o na qual a analogia deveria ser integralmente apresentada e interpretada pelas futuras professoras, para uma na qual os estudantes deveriam participar ativamente de todo o processo de discuss?o da analogia. Essa mudan?a de foco na maneira de compreender o uso de analogias no ensino parece ter sido influenciada por diferentes etapas do processo formativo: modelagem anal?gica; os contextos de ensino experimentados; e a reflex?o sobre os mesmos. Essas diferentes influ?ncias parecem ter contribu?do de maneira complementar para que, ao final do processo, identific?ssemos conhecimentos coerentes, com base naqueles apontados pela literatura da ?rea. A articula??o teoria-pr?tica mostrou-se central em nosso estudo, possibilitando a manifesta??o de v?rios elementos dos conhecimentos sobre analogias e sobre o uso de analogias no ensino, assim como a reflex?o sobre esses conhecimentos. As discuss?es estabelecidas neste trabalho implicam em reconhecer os (futuros) professores como transformadores de conhecimentos e a sua forma??o fundamentada na l?gica profissional. Nesse sentido, se estamos interessados que o uso de analogias no ensino se diferencie da mera transmiss?o/recep??o de conhecimentos, devemos delinear processos formativos nos quais os futuros professores vivenciem situa??es pr?ticas e reflitam sobre como utiliz?-las de forma apropriada no ensino. Devido ao papel de destaque da modelagem anal?gica no processo formativo, ressaltamos a necessidade de que pesquisas adicionais sejam realizadas, visando compreender mais profundamente como este processo pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos sobre analogias e sobre o uso criativo de analogias no ensino.Different authors have recognized the importance of teacher training courses seek to assist them in developing their professional knowledge. For this to occur it is necessary to understand what are these knowledge and academic-professional training of teachers can contribute to the development of them. This led us to propose a model that features and discusses the Professional Knowledge of Science Teachers in Training (PKSTT). In this model, the articulation theory-practice is a guiding axis of teacher education, which has the potential to encourage the development, integration and transformation of the PKSTT. The model allowed us to place the knowledge of analogies and about using analogies as a constituent element of that knowledge. That justifies our interest in investigating how the professional knowledge of two future teachers of chemistry about analogies and about the use of analogies in teaching may have been influenced by the formative process experienced in the discipline Practices of Teaching of Chemistry I, presented in the course of chemistry teacher education from the Federal University of Ouro Preto. From the data, we developed a case study, from which we aim to identify the knowledge about analogies and about the use of analogies in science education expressed in planning, in lectures and in future teachers?s interviews, as well as the influence of the process of formation in the manifestation of the same. The analysis of the results showed that, generally, throughout the process the future teachers showed progress in their conceptions of analogies, highlighting various epistemological functions that they may take. These advances in conceptions of analogies seem to have occurred mainly due to the influence of the analogical modelling in the process of formation experienced. The knowledge about the use of analogies in education have also undergone significant changes, as future teachers parted from a design in which the analogy should be fully presented and interpreted by future teachers, for a design in which students should participate actively in the entire process of discussion of analogy. This change seems to have been influenced by different formative stages: analogical modelling; experienced education contexts; and reflection on them. These different influences appear to have contributed to that, at the end of the process, we could identify coherent knowledge, based on those identified by the literature of the area. For the promotion of that knowledge, the articulation theory-practice proved to be central in our study, enabling the manifestation of various elements of knowledge about analogies and about the use of analogies in learning, as well as the consideration of these knowledge. The discussions set out in this research imply recognizing the (future) teachers like transformers and your training knowledge grounded in logic professional. In that sense, if we are concerned that the use of analogies in teaching must be different from mere knowledge transmission/reception, we must outline formative processes in which the future teachers experience practical situations and reflect on how use them appropriately in teaching. Due to the prominent role of the analogical modelling in the formative process, we emphasize the need for further research to be carried out, in order to understand more deeply how this process can promote the development of knowledge about analogies and about the creative use of analogies in teaching

Brevibacterium from Austrian hard cheese harbor a putative histamine catabolism pathway and a plasmid for adaptation to the cheese environment

The genus Brevibacterium harbors many members important for cheese ripening. We performed real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the abundance of Brevibacterium on rinds of Vorarlberger Bergkäse, an Austrian artisanal washed-rind hard cheese, over 160 days of ripening. Our results show that Brevibacterium are abundant on Vorarlberger Bergkäse rinds throughout the ripening time. To elucidate the impact of Brevibacterium on cheese production, we analysed the genomes of three cheese rind isolates, L261, S111, and S22. L261 belongs to Brevibacterium aurantiacum, whereas S111 and S22 represent novel species within the genus Brevibacterium based on 16S rRNA gene similarity and average nucleotide identity. Our comparative genomic analysis showed that important cheese ripening enzymes are conserved among the genus Brevibacterium. Strain S22 harbors a 22 kb circular plasmid which encodes putative iron and hydroxymethylpyrimidine/thiamine transporters. Histamine formation in fermented foods can cause histamine intoxication. We revealed the presence of a putative metabolic pathway for histamine degradation. Growth experiments showed that the three Brevibacterium strains can utilize histamine as the sole carbon source. The capability to utilize histamine, possibly encoded by the putative histamine degradation pathway, highlights the importance of Brevibacterium as key cheese ripening cultures beyond their contribution to cheese flavor production

Host immunity and the colon microbiota of mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium are beneficially modulated by lipid-soluble extract from late-cutting alfalfa in the early stages of infection

Alfalfa is a forage legume commonly associated with ruminant livestock production that may be a potential source of health-promoting phytochemicals. Anecdotal evidence from producers suggests that later cuttings of alfalfa may be more beneficial to non-ruminants; however, published literature varies greatly in measured outcomes, supplement form, and cutting. The objective of this study was to measure body weight, average daily feed intake, host immunity, and the colon microbiota composition in mice fed hay, aqueous, and chloroform extracts of early (1st) and late (5th) cutting alfalfa before and after challenge with Citrobacter rodentium. Prior to inoculation, alfalfa supplementation did not have a significant impact on body weight or feed intake, but 5th cutting alfalfa was shown to improve body weight at 5- and 6-days post-infection compared to 1st cutting alfalfa (P = 0.02 and 0.01). Combined with the observation that both chloroform extracts improved mouse body weight compared to control diets in later stages of C. rodentium infection led to detailed analyses of the immune system and colon microbiota in mice fed 1st and 5th cutting chloroform extracts. Immediately following inoculation, 5th cutting chloroform extracts significantly reduced the relative abundance of C. rodentium (P = 0.02) and did not display the early lymphocyte recruitment observed in 1st cutting extract. In later timepoints, both chloroform extracts maintained lower splenic B-cell and macrophage populations while increasing the relative abundance of potentially beneficially genera such as Turicibacter (P = 0.02). At 21dpi, only 5th cutting chloroform extracts increased the relative abundance of beneficial Akkermansia compared to the control diet (P = 0.02). These results suggest that lipid soluble compounds enriched in late-cutting alfalfa modulate pathogen colonization and early immune responses to Citrobacter rodentium, contributing to protective effects on body weight

O papel dos questionamentos do professor em atividades fundamentadas em modelagem anal?gica.

: Nosso trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o papel dos questionamentos de uma professora de qu?mica na co-constru??o de conhecimentos em atividades fundamentadas em modelagem anal?gica. Selecionamos um grupo de quatro estudantes de uma escola p?blica localizada em Mariana-MG, Brasil. Todas as aulas foram transcritas, os questionamentos da professora foram categorizados e analisados de acordo com seu papel em cada uma das etapas da modelagem anal?gica. Os resultados evidenciaram que tais questionamentos foram os principais respons?veis por orientar o processo, auxiliando os estudantes na explicita??o e explica??o das ideias que fundamentavam suas proposi??es e na reflex?o sobre o potencial explicativo e limita??o dos seus modelos e analogias

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band in an obese unrelated living donor prior to kidney transplantation: a case report

Introduction. Obese living donors who undergo donor nephrectomy have higher rates of intra-operative and post-operative complications. Many centres exclude obese donors from living donor transplant programs. Diet, exercise and medication are often ineffective weight loss interventions for donors, hence bariatric surgery should be considered. Case presentation. We report the case of a 53-year-old Caucasian woman who underwent laparoscopically adjustable gastric banding. The procedure enabled her to lose sufficient weight to gain eligibility for kidney donation. After losing weight, she had an uncomplicated laparoscopic donor nephrectomy surgery, and the recipient underwent successful kidney transplantation. Conclusion. Laparoscopically adjustable gastric banding should be considered for obese potential living kidney donors whenever transplantation units restrict access to donor nephrectomy based on the increased surgical risk for donors

Maturation and physical quality of fruits in the germination of Schefflera morototoni (Araliaceae) pyrenes

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influ\ueancia do est\ue1dio de matura\ue7\ue3o dos frutos nas caracter\uedsticas f\uedsicas e de germina\ue7\ue3o de pir\ueanios de Schefflera morototoni submetidos a tratamentos pr\ue9-germinativos. Frutos com colora\ue7\ue3o verde e verde-arroxeada foram coletados de 14 acessos, despolpados em \ue1gua corrente, descartando-se, ap\uf3s contabiliza\ue7\ue3o, os pir\ueanios chochos, com endosperma retra\ueddo e oxidado, utilizando-se os uniformes (com endosperma esverdeado ocupando toda a cavidade do pir\ueanio). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 (est\ue1dios de matura\ue7\ue3o dos frutos e tratamentos pr\ue9-germinativos), com quatro repeti\ue7\uf5es em parcelas contendo 25 pir\ueanios. Verificou-se que, para maior capacidade e velocidade de germina\ue7\ue3o dos pir\ueanios, os frutos devem ser colhidos quando apresentarem colora\ue7\ue3o verde-arroxeada, descartando-se aqueles com pir\ueanios chochos, endosperma retra\ueddo ou oxidado. A capacidade de germina\ue7\ue3o dos pir\ueanios com endosperma uniforme varia entre 50 e 60%, com in\uedcio do processo em cerca de 40 dias ap\uf3s semeadura, se estendendo por at\ue9 60 dias em vermiculita. Pir\ueanios despolpados, secos e embebidos em \ue1gua a 60oC por 5 minutos, seguida da embebi\ue7\ue3o em \ue1gua \ue0 temperatura ambiente por 12 horas iniciam o processo de germina\ue7\ue3o em menor tempo, em rela\ue7\ue3o aos despolpados, secos, escarificados e embebidos por 6 horas. O endocarpo dos frutos \ue9 perme\ue1vel e r\uedgido, no entanto, apresenta abertura natural quando embebido.The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the maturation stage of the fruit on the physical characteristics and germination of Schefflera morototoni pyrenes submitted to pre-germination treatments. Fruits with green and purplish green coloration were collected from 14 accesses, pulped in running water, discarding the hollow pyrenes, after counting, together with retracted and oxidized endosperm, and using the uniform pyrenes (with greenish endosperm occupying the whole cavity of the pyrene). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme (stages of fruit maturation and pre-germination treatments), with four repetitions in parcels containing 25 pyrenes. For greater capacity and germination speed of the pyrenes, fruits should be harvested when they present a purplish green coloration, while discarding those with hollow pyrenes, with retracted or oxidized endosperm. The germination capacity of the pyrenes with uniform endosperm varied between 50 and 60%, with the beginning of the process at about 40 days after planting and continuing for up to 60 days in vermiculite. Pulped pyrenes, dried and soaked in water at 60\ubaC for 5 minutes, followed by soaking in water at room temperature for 12 hours began the germination process in less time, in relation to those pulped, dried, scarified and soaked for 6 hours. The fruit endocarp is permeable and rigid; however, it presents a natural opening when soaked

Beginning to offer drinking water at birth increases the species richness and the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium in the gut of preweaned dairy calves

We previously demonstrated that dairy calves having access to drinking water since birth (W0) achieved greater body weight, fiber digestibility, and feed efficiency than those that first received drinking water at 17 d of age (W17). Since gut microbiota composition could be linked to growth and development of animals, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of offering drinking water to newborn calves on composition of bacteria in the gut using a fecal microbiota analysis. Fresh feces were collected directly from the rectum of calves in W0 (n = 14) and W17 (n = 15) at 2, 6, and 10 wk of age. All of the calves were fed pasteurized waste milk, weaned at 7 wk of age, and offered tap water according to the treatment. The DNA was sequenced using 16S rRNA gene-amplicon sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq system (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). The sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTU) with a 99% similarity threshold. Treatment effects on α-diversity indices and relative abundance of the 10 most abundant genera were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Statistical significance (q-value) of treatment effects on the 50 most abundant OTU was determined with a false discovery rate analysis. At 2 wk of age, W0 had a greater number of observed OTU (5,908 vs. 4,698) and species richness (Chao 1 index) than W17. The number of OTU and richness indices increased from wk 2 to 6, but the increment of W17 was greater than that of W0. The Shannon and inverse-Simpson indices increased linearly with age, but no difference was observed between W0 and W17 at any time point. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios were also similar at every time point but decreased markedly when calves were weaned. The relative abundance of genera Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides was greater in W0 than W17 at 2 wk of age. The genus Faecalibacterium continued to be more abundant in W0 than W17 at 6 wk of age but had similar abundance 3 wk after weaning (10 wk of age). The abundance of Faecalibacterium at wk 6 was positively correlated with apparent total-tract digestibility of acid detergent fiber at 10 wk of age. Calves receiving water since birth had greater abundance of OTU related to Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Bifidobacterium breve at 6 wk of age (q \u3c 0.085). These species are known to improve growth in preweaned calves. The abundance of none of the genera and OTU was different between W0 at W17 at 10 wk of age (q \u3e 0.100). Overall, beginning to offer drinking water at birth has a potential to modulate gut microbiota composition and thereby positively affect performance of young dairy heifer calves (≤10 wk of age)