Material reutilizable como instrumento de innovaci?n para el desarrollo del pensamiento matem?tico

129 p. Recurso Electr?nic

Intrauterine Inflammation Leads to Select Sex- and Age-Specific Behavior and Molecular Differences in Mice

Sex-specific differences in behavior have been observed in anxiety and learning in children exposed to prenatal inflammation; however, whether these behaviors manifest differently by age is unknown. This study assesses possible behavioral changes due to in utero inflammation as a function of age in neonatal, juvenile, and adult animals and presents potential molecular targets for observed differences. CD-1 timed pregnant dams were injected in utero with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg/animal) or saline at embryonic day 15. No differences in stress responses were measured by neonatal ultrasonic vocalizations between LPS- and saline-exposed groups of either sex. By contrast, prenatal inflammation caused a male-specific increase in anxiety in mature but not juvenile animals. Juvenile LPS-exposed females had decreased movement in open field testing that was not present in adult animals. We additionally observed improved memory retrieval after in utero LPS in the juvenile animals of both sexes, which in males may be related to a perseverative phenotype. However, there was an impairment of long-term memory in only adult LPS-exposed females. Finally, gene expression analyses revealed that LPS induced sex-specific changes in genes involved in hippocampal neurogenesis. In conclusion, intrauterine inflammation has age- and sex-specific effects on anxiety and learning that may correlate to sex-specific disruption of gene expression associated with neurogenesis in the hippocampus

Caracterización y obtención de cepas mejoradas de hongos entomopatógenos.

IP 2251-12-330-95Incluye también Etapa 3.aislamientos de Beauveria bassiana de una coleccion de hongosentomopatogenos de Cenicafe / Beatriz Elena;Valdes Duque, Patricia Eugenia Velez Arango. -- En: Revista colombiana deentomologia. -- vol. 24, no. 1-2;(ene.-jun. 1998); p.61-66. -- ISSN 01200488 -- Analisis delavariabilidadgenetica del hongo entomopatogeno;Beauveria bassiana con marcadores RAPD / Ana Milena ValderramaF., Marco Aurelio Cristancho A., Bernardo;Chaves C. -- En: Revista colombiana de entomologia. -- vol. 26,no. 1-2 (ene.-jun. 2001); p. 25-29. -- ISSN;01200488 -- Estandarizacion de una metodologia para obtener cultivos monoesporicos del hongo Beauveria;bassiana / Maria Nancy Estrada V., Patricia E. Velez A., JuanCarlos LopezN. -- En: Cenicafe : revista del;Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe. -- vol. 48, no. 1(ene.-mar. 1997); p. 59-65. -- ISSN 01200488 --;detection of Beauvericin from the entomopathogenic fungus: Beauveria bassiana / J.W.V. Arboleda, F.B. Deldago;and A.J. Valencia. -- En: International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control (ICIPMC),;Annual Meeting of the SIP, International Conference on BacillusThuringiensis (ICBt). (8, 25, 6 : 2002 Aug.;18-23) -- ARTICULO(S) EN REVISTA: Actividad enzimatica dehongosy su patogenicidad sobre Hypothenemus hampei;/ Fernando Delgado Blandon, Yamel Lopez Forero, Elsa MariaGiraldo Cardozo. -- En: Revista manejo integrado de;plagas. -- No. 60 (2001); p. 43-49 -- Actividad lipoliticay proteoliticade Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium;anisopliae y su relacion con la patogenicidad sobre Hypothenemushampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) / Elsa Maria;Giraldo Cardozo ... [et al.]. -- En: Revista colombiana deentomologia. --vol. 27, no. 1-2 (ene.-jun. 2001);p. 61-65. -- ISSN 01200488 -- Caracterizacion de aislamientosdeBeauveriabassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae;de la coleccion de Cenicafe / Patricia E. Velez A... [et al.].-'- en: Revista colombiana de entomologia. --;vol. 25, no. 3-4 (jul.-dic. 1999); p. 191-207. -- ISSN 012488'-- Caracterizacion bioquimica cualitativa de;Colombiana de Entomologia, Socolen (28 : 2001 ago. 8-10 :Pereira, Colombia) -- [s.l. : s.n.], 2001 -- p. ; 28;cm. -- Avances en el estudio de la toxina beauvericina producidapor el hongo Beauveria bassiana patogenico a;Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) / JorgeWilliam Arboleda V., Fernando Delgado B. -- En:;Congreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologia, Socolen(28:2001 ago.8-10 : Pereira, Colombia) -- [s.l.;: s.n.], 2001 -- p. ; 28 cm. -- Biologia de Phymastichus coffeaLasalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae);endoparasitoide de la broca del cafe, en tres altitudes diferentes de la zonacafetera colombiana / Fernando;Cantor R. ... [et al.]. -- En: Congreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologia, Socolen (28 : 2001 ago. 8-10;: Pereira, Colombia) -- [s.l. : s.n.], 2001 -- p. ; 28 cm.--Produccion de anticuerpos policlonales para;deteccion de Beauvericina del hongo entomopatogeno Beauverianabassiana /Jorge W. Arboleda V., Fernando;Delgado B., Arnubio Valencia J. -- En: Congreso de la SociedadColombianade Entomologia, Socolen. (29 : 2002;jul. 18-19 : Monteria, Colombia) -- [s.l. : s.n.], 2002 --p.;28 cm. --Polyclonal antibodies productions to;Caracterizacion de cultivos monoesporicos del hongo Beauveriabassiana / Maria Nancy Estrada Valencia,;Patricia Eugenia Velez Arango, Esther Cecilia Montoya Restrepo.'-- en: Cenicafe : revista del Centro Nacional;de Investigaciones de Cafe. -- vol. 48, no. 4 (oct.-dic. 1997);p. 217-224. -- ISSN 01200275 -- Esporulacion,;germinacion y patogenicidad de aislamientos monoesporicosde Beauveria bassiana / Maria Nancy Estrada Velez;... [et al.]. -- Cenicafe : revista del Centro Nacional deInvestigacionesde Cafe. -- vol. 50, no. 1;(ene.-mar. 1999); p. 5-23. -- ISSN 01200275 -- Caracterizacionenzimaticay patogenicidad de aislamientos de;Beauveria bassiana sobre la broca del cafe / Beatriz ElenaValdes D., Patricia Eugenia Velez Arango, Esther;Cecilia Montoya Restrepo. -- Cenicafe : revista del CentroNacional de Investigaciones de Cafe. -- vol. 50,;no. 2 (abr.-jun. 1999); p. 106-118. -- ISSN 01200275 -- Evaluacion en campo de un aislamiento de Beauveria;bassiana seleccionado por resistencia a la luz ultravioleta /Sandra Patricia Tobar H., Patricia Eugenia Velez;Arango, Esther Cecilia Montoya Restrepo. -- En: Revista del Centro Internacional de Investigacion de Cafe. --;01200275.;PONENCIA(S) EN CONGRESO: Transformacion de Beauveria bassianacon la proteina verde fluorescente y proteasas;de Metarhizium anisopliae / Carmenza E. Gongora B. -- En:Congreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologia,;Socolen (28 : 2001 ago. 8-10 : Pereira, Colombia) -- [s.l.: s.n.], 2001 -- p. ; 28 cm. -- Taller con;caficultores experimentadores para evaluar Beauveria bassianaenel control de Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari);(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) / Francisco Javier Posada Florez...[et al.]. --En: Congreso de la Socieda

Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

BACKGROUND The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. METHODS We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. FINDINGS 292 982 (95% UI 261 017-327 792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376 034 (343 483-407 574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1-1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6-3·6) in Iceland. INTERPRETATION Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation