Genes-referência e expressão de transportadores de auxina durante a rizogênese adventícia em Eucalyptus sp.

O uso industrial do eucalipto é uma atividade que está em franca expansão principalmente devido ao seu potencial como matéria-prima para a produção de papel e celulose. As florestas comerciais de eucalipto são geralmente constituídas por meio da propagação vegetativa de materiais elite, sendo necessário um enraizamento adventício eficaz para o estabelecimento das plantas. Dentre os vários fatores que podem afetar a competência ao enraizamento adventício, a auxina tem um papel central, principalmente associado ao conteúdo endógeno e taxa de transporte deste fitormônio. Eucalyptus globulus e seus híbridos interessam à indústria de papel e celulose do Sul do Brasil devido a características como o baixo teor de lignina, facilitando a obtenção de celulose, e a relativa tolerância à geada, comum na região. Entretanto, o enraizamento desta espécie é recalcitrante, sendo necessária a aplicação de auxina exógena para a obtenção de enraizamento satisfatório. Eucalyptus grandis é a espécie mais plantada no Brasil atualmente e possui entre suas características uma boa propensão ao enraizamento espontâneo sem suprimento de auxina exógena, sendo utilizada neste estudo com fins comparativos. Como parte inicial de uma investigação para analisar a base molecular da recalcitrância de E. globulus à propagação clonal, foi realizada uma análise para identificar genes adequados ao uso como controles endógenos em estudos de expressão gênica durante o enraizamento utilizando qPCR. Esta análise permitiu a realização de estudos subseqüentes acerca do padrão de expressão de genes sabidamente relacionados com ação de auxina e enraizamento adventício em outras espécies de plantas, notadamente Arabidopsis thaliana Os resultados indicaram a utilização das combinações dos genes codificantes da Histona H2B e da Alfa-Tubulina e da Histona H2B e da Actina 2/7 como os mais adequados para serem utilizados como referências em estudos com E. globulus e E. grandis, respectivamente. Estes resultados foram validados através da análise da expressão do gene codificador da proteína Argonaute 1, envolvida no metabolismo de auxinas endógenas e regulação de fatores de transcrição responsivos à auxina em Arabidopsis. O perfil de expressão do gene codificador do transportador de influxo de auxina AUX1 em E. globulus indicou que provavelmente este gene não é crítico para o processo de enraizamento adventício. O fator limitante parece ser o transporte de efluxo da auxina da célula para redistribuição e focalização deste fitormônio na base das microestacas, como ficou evidenciado pelo padrão de expressão do gene codificador do transportador de efluxo de auxina PIN1. O aumento na expressão de PIN1 no início do processo de enraizamento em microestacas de E. globulus submetidas a aporte de auxina exógena, sugere a ação deste transportador para concentrar a auxina e permitir o estabelecimento de novos meristemas de raiz. Em E. grandis, o aumento na expressão de PIN1 em microestacas submetidas a 96h de exposição à auxina exógena provavelmente se deve à necessidade de remobilização e re-localização da auxina excedente. Análises comparativas do teor endógeno de auxina nestas espécies, bem como investigação da expressão de genes e proteínas envolvidos na sua biossíntese e sinalização, poderão contribuir para um melhor entendimento do papel deste fitormônio no fenótipo rizogênico de Eucalyptus.The industrial use of Eucalyptus is an expanding activity, mainly due to its use for paper and cellulose production. Commercial eucalyptus forests are generally the product of vegetative propagation of elite materials, requiring effective adventitious rooting for plant establishment. Among the many factors that may affect adventitious rooting competence, auxin plays a key role, particularly related to its endogenous content and transport rate. Eucalyptus globulus and its hybrids are targets for forestry industries in Southern Brazil, mainly due to characteristics such as low lignin content and relative frost tolerance. However, this species is recalcitrant to rooting, requiring the application of exogenous auxin to obtain consistent adventitious root development. Eucalyptus grandis is currently the most planted species in Brazil, rooting promptly from microcuttings without exogenous auxin, and used in this research for comparative purposes. As an initial step of an investigation to analyze the molecular basis of E. globulus recalcitrance to clonal propagation, an analysis was carried out to identify adequate genes to use as endogenous controls in gene expression studies during adventitious rooting monitored by qPCR. This analysis allowed subsequent studies concerning the expression pattern of genes related to auxin action and adventitious rooting in other plant species, particularly Arabidopsis thaliana. The results indicated that combinations of genes encoding Histone H2B and Alpha-Tubulin and Histone H2B and Actin 2/7, could be used as reliable expression normalizers in rooting studies with E. globulus and E. grandis, respectively .These normalizers were validated by analyzing the expression of the gene encoding the Argonaute 1 protein, related to the metabolism of endogenous auxins and regulation of auxin response transcriptions factors in Arabidopsis. Expression of the gene encoding the auxin influx carrier AUX1 in E. globulus indicated that this gene is probably not critical to the adventitious rooting process. The limiting factor seems to be the expression of the auxin efflux transporter, necessary for auxin removal from the cell and presumably to allow redistribution and focalization of the phytohormone at the target tissues in the microccuting basis. This was supported by the expression profile of the gene encoding the auxin efflux carrier PIN1. The increase in PIN1 expression at the beginning of the rooting process in E. globulus microcuttings under exogenous auxin supply suggested the requirement of this carrier to concentrate auxin and to allow the establishment of new root meristems. In E. grandis, however, the late increase of PIN1 expression in microcuttings submitted to 96h of exogenous auxin exposure is probably due to the need for remobilization and re-location of auxin surplus. Comparative analysis of the auxin endogenous content in these species, as well concerted investigations of expression profiles of transcripts and proteins involved with auxin biosynthesis and signaling, may help achieve a better understanding of the role of this phytohormone in determining adventitious rooting phenotypes in Eucalyptus

[Survival and risk factors for neonatal mortality in a cohort of very low birth weight infants in the southern region of São Paulo city, Brazil].

Population studies can help identify the complex set of risk factors for neonatal mortality among very low birth weight infants. A cohort (2000-2001) of 213 live newborns with birth weight < 1,500g in the southern region of São Paulo city, Brazil, was studied (112 neonatal deaths and 101 survivors). Data were obtained from home interviews and hospital records. Survival analysis and multiple Cox regression were performed. The high mortality in the delivery room and in the first day of life among neonates < 1,000g and < 28 weeks gestational age and the absence of survival in neonates < 700g suggest that care was actively oriented towards newborns with better prognosis. Increased risk of neonatal mortality was associated with maternal residence in slum areas, history of previous cesarean(s), history of induced abortion(s), adolescent motherhood, vaginal bleeding, and lack of prenatal care. Cesarean section and referral of the newborn to the hospital nursery showed protective effects. Birth weight less than 1,000g and Apgar index < 7 were associated with increased risk. The high mortality was due to poor living conditions and to maternal and neonatal characteristics. Improvement in prenatal and neonatal care could reduce neonatal mortality in these infants

Comparative study of hydroxyapatite coatings obtained by Sol-Gel and electrophoresis on titanium sheets

A comparative study of two coating methods on titanium (Ti) substrates, sol-gel and electrophoresis processes, was performed. Before coating, two different surface treatments were employed. The hydroxyapatite (HA) powder were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) while coated samples were examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Both techniques seem to be suitable to coat Ti. A previous surface treatment on metallic titanium seems to be fundamental to enhance coat uniformity and adhesion that was estimated by the adhesive tape test. The decrease in calcination temperature did not affect the coating adhesion.The authors thank the financial support of CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ, and the cooperative project between CNPq/Brasil and MES/Cuba.Peer reviewe

Reference gene selection for quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chais reaction normalization during in vitro adventitious rooting in Eucaliptus globulus Labill

Background: Eucalyptus globulus and its hybrids are very important for the cellulose and paper industry mainly due to their low lignin content and frost resistance. However, rooting of cuttings of this species is recalcitrant and exogenous auxin application is often necessary for good root development. To date one of the most accurate methods available for gene expression analysis is quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); however, reliable use of this technique requires reference genes for normalization. There is no single reference gene that can be regarded as universal for all experiments and biological materials. Thus, the identification of reliable reference genes must be done for every species and experimental approach. The present study aimed at identifying suitable control genes for normalization of gene expression associated with adventitious rooting in E. globulus microcuttings. Results: By the use of two distinct algorithms, geNorm and NormFinder, we have assessed gene expression stability of eleven candidate reference genes in E. globulus: 18S, ACT2, EF2, EUC12, H2B, IDH, SAND, TIP41, TUA, UBI and 33380. The candidate reference genes were evaluated in microccuttings rooted in vitro, in presence or absence of auxin, along six time-points spanning the process of adventitious rooting. Overall, the stability profiles of these genes determined with each one of the algorithms were very similar. Slight differences were observed in the most stable pair of genes indicated by each program: IDH and SAND for geNorm, and H2B and TUA for NormFinder. Both programs indentified UBI and 18S as the most variable genes. To validate these results and select the most suitable reference genes, the expression profile of the ARGONAUTE1 gene was evaluated in relation to the most stable candidate genes indicated by each algorithm. Conclusion: Our study showed that expression stability varied between putative reference genes tested in E. globulus. Based on the AGO1 relative expression profile obtained using the genes suggested by the algorithms, H2B and TUA were considered as the most suitable reference genes for expression studies in E. globulus adventitious rooting. UBI and 18S were unsuitable for use as controls in qPCR related to this process. These findings will enable more accurate and reliable normalization of qPCR results for gene expression studies in this economically important woody plant, particularly related to rooting and clonal propagation

Symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth in Brazil, 2006-12: a matched case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal infections during pregnancy can increase the risk of fetal death. Dengue infection is common, but little is known about its role in fetal mortality. We aimed to investigate the association between symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy and fetal death. METHODS: We did a nested case-control study using obstetrician-collected data from the Brazilian livebirth information system (SINASC), the mortality information system (SIM), and the national reportable disease information system (SINAN). We identified all pregnancies ending in stillbirth and a random sample of livebirths between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 31, 2012. We did linkage to determine which mothers were diagnosed with dengue infection during pregnancy. By use of stillbirths as cases and a sample of matched livebirths as a control, we calculated matched odds ratios (mORs) using conditional logistic regression adjusted for maternal age and education. FINDINGS: 275 (0·2%) of 162 188 women who had stillbirths and 1507 (0·1%) of 1 586 105 women who had livebirths were diagnosed with dengue infection during pregnancy. Symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy almost doubled the odds of fetal death (mOR 1·9, 95% CI 1·6-2·2). The increase in risk was similar when analyses were restricted to laboratory-confirmed cases of dengue infection (1·8, 1·4-2·4). Severe dengue infection increased the risk of fetal death by about five times (4·9, 2·3-10·2). INTERPRETATION: Symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of fetal death. We recommend further epidemiological and biological studies of the association between dengue and poor birth outcomes to measure the burden of subclinical infections and elucidate pathological mechanisms. FUNDING: Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Horizon 2020

Knowledge of the professional nurse about sepsis

In the world every hour approximately 1,000 people die from sepsis; in the Brazil, the sepsis is one of the major health prob- lems, and is currently the leading cause of death in intensive care units (ICU). Given the above objective was to identify nurses' knowledge of a UTI about the stages of sepsis in a large public hospital within Rondônia, Brazil. This is a descriptive study, quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional, conducted from 17 to 21 June 2013. The sample consisted of 9 nurses. Data collection was based on a structured questionnaire with 3 objec- tive questions related to demographics and 8 guiding questions about sepsis. The result of the survey revealed that nurses have knowledge about prevention and control of sepsis in ICU. However, we found a deficit of knowledge based on scientific evidence about the advent SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Re- sponse Syndrome), Sepsis, Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, as well as the forms of treatment that includes resuscitation packs of 6 and 24 hours. Observed in the study of the importance of seeking more knowledge through continuing education, imple- mentation of sepsis bundles, thus contributing to reducing mor- tality from sepsis

Ensino nos princípios e normas da educação brasileira e seu impacto nas comunidades indígenas de Roraima: um estudo das possibilidades de uma educação escolar indígena

No Brasil, o campo da educação escolar indígena é marcado por intensos debates nesta última década deste século XX. Esses debates avançaram, principalmente, em torno de um modelo que valoriza o reconhecimento da a educação indígena. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar se o ordenamento jurídico nacional e a Lei de Diretrizes de Bases de Educação Nacional Brasileira nº 9.394/96 favorecem o direito, o desempenho e a implementação da educação escolar e das culturas para a construção da identidade indígena no estado de Roraima. O método escolhido para este estudo é quali - quantitativo que auxiliará na coleta e análise dos resultados coletados em relação ao tema. O trabalho investigativo tem como eixo a contribuição da LDBEN para analisar a aplicação da LDBEN nas comunidades indígenas de Roraima e como ela é administrada no currículo escolar nas escolas indígenas. Nesse sentido, este artigo buscou entender se a lei está surtindo o efeito desejado sobre os sujeitos da educação. Embora o LDBEN seja um amparo legal, em muitos casos a lei por si só não é suficiente para compreender a demanda escolar. Acredita-se que as experiências de vida também servem para tomar decisões. O ser humano que não assume sua missão e sua luta por ela, é apenas um ‘menino ambulante’. A ciência não se faz apenas com dados científicos, mas também com decisões arquitetônicas justas e solidárias. E assim vislumbrar a escola indígena como uma escola pública diferenciada corroborando com os parâmetros legais que marcam sua concepção

Fatores de risco para mortes fetais anteparto no Município de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores de risco para óbitos fetais anteparto. METODOS: Estudo de caso-controle de base populacional realizado no Município de São Paulo, SP, de agosto de 2000 a janeiro de 2001. Os indivíduos foram selecionados a partir de uma coorte de nascimentos, obtida por meio de vinculação de declarações de nascimento e óbito. Os casos foram 164 óbitos fetais anteparto e os controles, uma amostra aleatória de 313 de sobreviventes até 28 dias. Foram realizadas entrevistas domiciliares com as mães e aplicado protocolo hospitalar. Foi empregada regressão logística para análise dos dados, baseado em modelo conceitual hierárquico. RESULTADOS: Os fatores estatisticamente significantes associados aos óbitos fetais anteparto foram: mães com união recente ou sem união; escolaridade da mãe inferior a quatro anos; nascimentos anteriores de baixo peso; mães com hipertensão, diabetes, e sangramento durante a gestação; ausência ou pré-natal inadequado presença de malformação congênita e presença de pequeno para idade gestacional. As maiores frações de risco atribuível na população foram inadequação do pré-natal (40%), hipertensão (27%), presença de pequeno para idade gestacional (30%), e ausência de união com mais de um ano (26%). CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores de risco proximais são os mais importantes para a mortalidade fetal anteparto. Entretanto, fatores distais como mães de baixa escolaridade e união recente ou ausente também desempenham importante papel. Melhorar acesso e qualidade do pré-natal pode promover impacto positivo na mortalidade fetal.OBJECTIVE: To assess risk factors for antepartum fetal deaths. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was carried out in the city of São Paulo from August 2000 to January 2001. Subjects were selected from a birth cohort from a linked birth and death certificate database. Cases were 164 antepartum fetal deaths and controls were drawn from a random sample of 313 births surviving at least 28 days. Information was collected from birth and death certificates, hospital records and home interviews. A hierarchical conceptual framework guided the logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant factors associated with antepartum fetal death were: mother without or recent marital union; mother's education under four years; mothers with previous low birth weight infant; mothers with hypertension, diabetes, bleeding during pregnancy; no or inadequate prenatal care; congenital malformation and intrauterine growth restriction. The highest population attributable fractions were for inadequacy of prenatal care (40%), hypertension (27%), intrauterine growth restriction (30%) and absence of a long-standing union (26%). CONCLUSIONS: Proximal biological risk factors are most important in antepartum fetal deaths. However, distal factors - mother's low education and marital status - are also significant. Improving access to and quality of prenatal care could have a large impact on fetal mortality

Impacto do desequilíbrio da microbiota intestinal na genese de processos depressivos: uma revisão sistemática / Impact of intestinal microbiota imbalance on the genesis of depressive processes: a systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A depressão é uma doença do século psiquiátrica crônica, em que ocorre uma perturbação do estado do humor, proporcionando tristeza e desesperança. Estudos determinam que a microbiota intestinal pode ter uma relação com o sistema nervoso central em que o eixo microbiota intestino cérebro possui consequências significativos e potenciais. OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação que a microbiota intestinal tem sobre a depressão analisando o eixo microbiota-intestino-cérebro. MÉTODOS: Foram aplicados os critérios preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Prisma) para redigir o relatório da revisão. Para tal fim, os estudos das revisões dos artigos científicos foram escolhidos na base de dados, entre as quais: United States National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo Global) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). O estudo foi limitado com Filtro de Ano no período de 2011 a 2021. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos através dos bancos de dados, identificou-se 10 artigos e verificou-se que a maioria dos estudos, identificaram que a microbiota intestinal possui uma correlação com o cérebro, porém ainda com alguns resultados divergentes. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se que a maioria dos    estudos determinavam uma ligação do cérebro e a microbiota, além de mostrar que a ingestão dos probióticos melhoravam a disbiose numa microbiota e consequentemente podia ocorrer a melhora do paciente depressivo

What is the impact of interventions that prevent fetal mortality on the increase of preterm live births in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil?

BACKGROUND: There is a global growing trend of preterm births and a decline trend of fetal deaths. Is there an impact of the decline of fetal mortality on the increase of preterm live births in State of Sao Paulo, Brazil? METHODS: The time trends were evaluated by gestational age through exponential regression analysis. Data analyzed included the fetal mortality ratio, proportion of preterm live births, fertility rate of women 35 years and over, prenatal care, mother's education, multiple births and cesarean section deliveries. A survival analysis was carried out for 2000 and 2010. RESULTS: Preterm births showed the highest annual increase (3.2%) in the less than 28 weeks of gestation group and fetal mortality ratio decreased (7.4%) in the same gestational age group. There was an increase of cesarean section births and it was higher in the < 28 weeks group (6.1%). There was a decreased annual trend of mothers with inadequate prenatal care (6.1%) and low education (8.8%) and an increased trend in multiple births and fertility rates of women of 35 years and over. The variables were highly correlated to which other over time. In 2000, 8.2% of all pregnancies resulted in preterm births (0.9% in fetal deaths and 7.3% in live births). In 2010, the preterm birth increased to 9.4% (0.8% were preterm fetal deaths and 8.6% preterm live births). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that 45.2% could be the maximum contribution of successful interventions to prevent a fetal death on the increase in preterm live births. This increasing trend is also related to changes of the women reproductive profile with the change of the women reproductive profile and access to prenatal care