Global Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Five modifiable risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease and death from any cause. Studies using individual-level data to evaluate the regional and sex-specific prevalence of the risk factors and their effect on these outcomes are lacking. METHODS: We pooled and harmonized individual-level data from 112 cohort studies conducted in 34 countries and 8 geographic regions participating in the Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium. We examined associations between the risk factors (body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, and diabetes) and incident cardiovascular disease and death from any cause using Cox regression analyses, stratified according to geographic region, age, and sex. Population-attributable fractions were estimated for the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and 10-year all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Among 1,518,028 participants (54.1% of whom were women) with a median age of 54.4 years, regional variations in the prevalence of the five modifiable risk factors were noted. Incident cardiovascular disease occurred in 80,596 participants during a median follow-up of 7.3 years (maximum, 47.3), and 177,369 participants died during a median follow-up of 8.7 years (maximum, 47.6). For all five risk factors combined, the aggregate global population-attributable fraction of the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease was 57.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.4 to 62.1) among women and 52.6% (95% CI, 49.0 to 56.1) among men, and the corresponding values for 10-year all-cause mortality were 22.2% (95% CI, 16.8 to 27.5) and 19.1% (95% CI, 14.6 to 23.6). Harmonized individual-level data from a global cohort showed that 57.2% and 52.6% of cases of incident cardiovascular disease among women and men, respectively, and 22.2% and 19.1% of deaths from any cause among women and men, respectively, may be attributable to five modifiable risk factors. (Funded by the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05466825.)

Protein-truncating variants in BSN are associated with severe adult-onset obesity, type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease

Obesity is a major risk factor for many common diseases and has a substantial heritable component. To identify novel genetic determinants, we performed exome-sequence analyses for adult body mass index (BMI) in up to 587,027 individuals. We identified rare, loss-of-function variants in two genes (BSN and APBA1) with effects substantially larger than well-established obesity genes such as MC4R. In contrast to most other obesity-related genes, rare variants in BSN and APBA1 were not associated with normal variation in childhood adiposity. Furthermore, BSN protein-truncating variants (PTVs) magnified the influence of common genetic variants associated with BMI, with a common polygenic score exhibiting an effect twice as large in BSN PTV carriers than non-carriers. Finally, we explored the plasma proteomic signatures of BSN PTV carriers as well as the functional consequences of BSN deletion in human iPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons. Collectively, our findings implicate degenerative processes in synaptic function in the etiology of adult-onset obesity

Protein-truncating variants in BSN are associated with severe adult-onset obesity, type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease.

Acknowledgements: We thank the participants and investigators in the UK Biobank study who made this work possible (resource application number 26041; 9905), the UK Biobank Exome Sequencing Consortium (UKB-ESC) members AbbVie, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Regeneron and Takeda for funding the generation of the data; the Regeneron Genetics Center for completing the sequencing and initial quality control of the exome sequencing data; and the AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research analytics and informatics team for processing and analyzing the sequencing and phenotype data. We thank the physicians who referred people to the GOOS and the participants and families for their involvement. Y.Z., K.A.K., R.Y.J., E.J.G., F.R.D., L.R.K., N.J.W., K.K.O. and J.R.B.P. are supported by the UK MRC (Unit Programmes MC_UU_00006/1 and MC_UU_00006/2). M.C. and A.M.S. are supported by a project grant from the MRC (MR/S026193/1). Y.-C.L.T., B.Y.H.L. and G.S.H.Y. are supported by the MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit (MC_UU_00014/1). G.K.C.D. is supported by the BBSRC Doctoral Training Programme. The MCPS has received funding from the Mexican Health Ministry, the National Council of Science and Technology for Mexico, the Wellcome Trust (058299/Z/99), Cancer Research UK, the British Heart Foundation and the UK MRC (MC_UU_00017/2). I.S.F. is supported by a Wellcome Principal Research Fellowship (207462/Z/17/Z), the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, the Botnar Foundation, the Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Endowment and an NIHR Senior Investigator award. I.B. acknowledges funding from an ‘Expanding Excellence in England’ award from Research England. F.M. is a New York Stem Cell Foundation−Robertson Investigator (NYSCF-R-156) and is supported by the Wellcome Trust and Royal Society (211221/Z/18/Z) and a Ben Barres Early Career Acceleration Award from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI NDCN 191942). This work was supported by the NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. Next-generation sequencing was performed at the Institute of Metabolic Science Genomics and Bioinformatics Core supported by the MRC (MC_UU_00014/5) and the Wellcome Trust (208363/Z/17/Z) and the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute Genomics Core. This study was supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. These funding sources had no role in the design, conduct, or analysis of the study or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Funder: Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI NDCN 191942)Obesity is a major risk factor for many common diseases and has a substantial heritable component. To identify new genetic determinants, we performed exome-sequence analyses for adult body mass index (BMI) in up to 587,027 individuals. We identified rare loss-of-function variants in two genes (BSN and APBA1) with effects substantially larger than those of well-established obesity genes such as MC4R. In contrast to most other obesity-related genes, rare variants in BSN and APBA1 were not associated with normal variation in childhood adiposity. Furthermore, BSN protein-truncating variants (PTVs) magnified the influence of common genetic variants associated with BMI, with a common variant polygenic score exhibiting an effect twice as large in BSN PTV carriers than in noncarriers. Finally, we explored the plasma proteomic signatures of BSN PTV carriers as well as the functional consequences of BSN deletion in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hypothalamic neurons. Collectively, our findings implicate degenerative processes in synaptic function in the etiology of adult-onset obesity

Protein-truncating variants in BSN are associated with severe adult-onset obesity, type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease

Acknowledgements: We thank the participants and investigators in the UK Biobank study who made this work possible (resource application number 26041; 9905), the UK Biobank Exome Sequencing Consortium (UKB-ESC) members AbbVie, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Regeneron and Takeda for funding the generation of the data; the Regeneron Genetics Center for completing the sequencing and initial quality control of the exome sequencing data; and the AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research analytics and informatics team for processing and analyzing the sequencing and phenotype data. We thank the physicians who referred people to the GOOS and the participants and families for their involvement. Y.Z., K.A.K., R.Y.J., E.J.G., F.R.D., L.R.K., N.J.W., K.K.O. and J.R.B.P. are supported by the UK MRC (Unit Programmes MC_UU_00006/1 and MC_UU_00006/2). M.C. and A.M.S. are supported by a project grant from the MRC (MR/S026193/1). Y.-C.L.T., B.Y.H.L. and G.S.H.Y. are supported by the MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit (MC_UU_00014/1). G.K.C.D. is supported by the BBSRC Doctoral Training Programme. The MCPS has received funding from the Mexican Health Ministry, the National Council of Science and Technology for Mexico, the Wellcome Trust (058299/Z/99), Cancer Research UK, the British Heart Foundation and the UK MRC (MC_UU_00017/2). I.S.F. is supported by a Wellcome Principal Research Fellowship (207462/Z/17/Z), the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, the Botnar Foundation, the Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Endowment and an NIHR Senior Investigator award. I.B. acknowledges funding from an ‘Expanding Excellence in England’ award from Research England. F.M. is a New York Stem Cell Foundation−Robertson Investigator (NYSCF-R-156) and is supported by the Wellcome Trust and Royal Society (211221/Z/18/Z) and a Ben Barres Early Career Acceleration Award from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI NDCN 191942). This work was supported by the NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. Next-generation sequencing was performed at the Institute of Metabolic Science Genomics and Bioinformatics Core supported by the MRC (MC_UU_00014/5) and the Wellcome Trust (208363/Z/17/Z) and the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute Genomics Core. This study was supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. These funding sources had no role in the design, conduct, or analysis of the study or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Funder: Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI NDCN 191942)Obesity is a major risk factor for many common diseases and has a substantial heritable component. To identify new genetic determinants, we performed exome-sequence analyses for adult body mass index (BMI) in up to 587,027 individuals. We identified rare loss-of-function variants in two genes (BSN and APBA1) with effects substantially larger than those of well-established obesity genes such as MC4R. In contrast to most other obesity-related genes, rare variants in BSN and APBA1 were not associated with normal variation in childhood adiposity. Furthermore, BSN protein-truncating variants (PTVs) magnified the influence of common genetic variants associated with BMI, with a common variant polygenic score exhibiting an effect twice as large in BSN PTV carriers than in noncarriers. Finally, we explored the plasma proteomic signatures of BSN PTV carriers as well as the functional consequences of BSN deletion in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hypothalamic neurons. Collectively, our findings implicate degenerative processes in synaptic function in the etiology of adult-onset obesity

Global Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality

BACKGROUND: Five modifiable risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease and death from any cause. Studies using individual-level data to evaluate the regional and sex-specific prevalence of the risk factors and their effect on these outcomes are lacking. // METHODS: We pooled and harmonized individual-level data from 112 cohort studies conducted in 34 countries and 8 geographic regions participating in the Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium. We examined associations between the risk factors (body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, and diabetes) and incident cardiovascular disease and death from any cause using Cox regression analyses, stratified according to geographic region, age, and sex. Population-attributable fractions were estimated for the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and 10-year all-cause mortality. // RESULTS: Among 1,518,028 participants (54.1% of whom were women) with a median age of 54.4 years, regional variations in the prevalence of the five modifiable risk factors were noted. Incident cardiovascular disease occurred in 80,596 participants during a median follow-up of 7.3 years (maximum, 47.3), and 177,369 participants died during a median follow-up of 8.7 years (maximum, 47.6). For all five risk factors combined, the aggregate global population-attributable fraction of the 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease was 57.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.4 to 62.1) among women and 52.6% (95% CI, 49.0 to 56.1) among men, and the corresponding values for 10-year all-cause mortality were 22.2% (95% CI, 16.8 to 27.5) and 19.1% (95% CI, 14.6 to 23.6). // CONCLUSIONS: Harmonized individual-level data from a global cohort showed that 57.2% and 52.6% of cases of incident cardiovascular disease among women and men, respectively, and 22.2% and 19.1% of deaths from any cause among women and men, respectively, may be attributable to five modifiable risk factors. (Funded by the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05466825.

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

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