LED-valaistuksen suunnittelu LEKOhalliin

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää, kannattaako nykyinen valaistus LEKOhalleissa vaihtaa LED-valaistukseen, ottaen huomioon sekä taloudellinen että valaistustekninen puoli. Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoitus on toimia apuna, kun suunnitellaan valaistuksen uudistamista LEKOhalleihin. Opinnäytetyön tekemiselle oli monia syitä, joista yksi oli LEDien nopea kehitys viime vuosina. Lisäksi käyttäjien tyytymättömyys nykyiseen valaistukseen ja mahdollisten säästöjen saaminen olivat painavia syitä opinnäytetyön tekemisen kannalta. Puolustusvoimilla on useita vastaavanlaisia halleja ilmavoimien käytössä. Tutkittava LEKOhalli mallinnettiin DIALux-ohjelmalla ja valaisinvalmistajien tarjoamien valaisintiedostojen avulla selvitettiin, pystytäänkö valaistus uusimaan LED-valaisimilla. Vertailupohjaksi käytiin paikan päällä mittaamassa valaistusvoimakkuudet ja tämän hetkisten valaisimien todelliset kulutukset. Näiden mittausten perusteella tehtiin kustannuslaskelmat nykyisten valaisimien ja uusien LED-valaisimien kohdalla. Lisäksi päätettiin myös selvittää, olisiko kannattavampaa vaihtaa nykyisten valaisimien tilalle uudet purkauslamppuvalaisimet. Opinnäytetyön tulosten perusteella on siirrytty tilanteeseen, jossa on kannattavaa asentaa uudet LED-valaisimet LEKOhalleihin. Ennusteiden mukaan perinteisten valonlähteiden ja uusien LED-valaisimien välinen ero tulee kehittymään LED-valaisimille suotuisaan suuntaan. Tämän opinnäytetyön tuloksien perusteella uusitaan mahdollisesti johonkin LEKOhalliin testimielessä uusi LED-valaistus. Tämän testin perusteella tehdään jatkopäätöksiä valaistuksen uusimisesta laajemmin.The aim of this thesis was to find out whether it is economically and technically viable to change to LED-lighting in to the hangars used by the Finnish Defense Forces. This thesis is intended to act as a guide when the planning of LED-lighting to a hangar is performed. There were many reasons for this thesis. One of them was that LEDs have developed greatly in the recent years. Also the employees who work in the hangars have criticized the current lighting and additionally, LED-lighting enables cost cutting. The Finnish Defense Forces have multiple similar hangars in the use of Air Force. The hangar which was under research was first modeled with DIALux and with the photometric files provided by luminaire manufacturers the actual comparison was made. For comparison the current lighting was assessed on the spot and the actual consumption of electrical energy of the luminaires was measured. Based on these measurements and modeling, cost calculations were made on each luminaire. Metal-halide lamps were also included in the calculations. Based on the results of this thesis we are currently in a situation where it is cost-effective to change the LED-luminaires to the hangars. Predictions say that the difference between conventional lighting and LED-lighting will grow in the favorable way of LEDs. There is a possibility that based on this thesis LED-lighting will be installed to one of the hangars for a trial. Further renewal of lighting might be made after the experiment

Cloister, manor and botanic gardens in medieval and early modern Finland and Sweden : An archaeobotanical approach to garden history

Archaeobotany combines botany, archaeology and history, and studies useful plants and interactions between humans and plants in the past, including horticulture. Garden history has been studied in Finland mainly through historical sources, but not much with archaeological or archaeobotanical methods, although the importance of multidisciplinary work has been noted, since written sources available are often not sufficient. Archaeobotany in Finland has revealed garden plant remains, but garden soils have not been investigated much. Archaeobotanical material, obtained from soil samples, i.e. macrosubfossil plant remains, is interpreted in archaeological and historical contexts. Excavations are, however, often restricted for practical reasons, determining also sites for macrofossil analyses. An alternative sampling method may be one solution to carry out macrofossil studies in sites unlikely to be excavated, such as historical gardens. The aims of this study were to elucidate a part of Finnish and Swedish garden history by means of archaeobotany, and to test archaeobotanical sampling in gardens in the absence of excavations with a sampler and applying AMS-radiocarbon dating. The research comprises four case studies and a review from five sites; Naantali Cloister, Kumpula Manor, and academic gardens in Uppsala, Turku and Helsinki. The sites are partly linked historically to each other, and they reach from the 15th century to the 21st century. Soil samples were collected at four sites with a sampler from different levels from narrow pits, one by one in vertical series. At one site, samples came from excavations. The samples were floated and sieved in a laboratory, and macrofossil remains were identified and counted. Altogether 8,404 macrofossil plant remains belonging to 154 plant taxa were obtained. In total 30 AMS-radiocarbon dates were measured from seeds, charred grains, and pieces of charred wood. The oldest dated seeds and grains were medieval, the youngest were modern. Macrofossil plant remains included cereals, berries, ornamental, medicinal and garden plants, and cultural or garden weeds, indicating both consumption and garden cultivation at the sites. Other soil contents, such as fish scales and chips of wood and charcoal, referred to fertilization and thus also gardening. The sampling method worked reasonably well. Sampling was independent of excavations, and relatively quick. Still, the maximum size of a sample was limited, although larger samples could have yielded more macrofossils and species. Written sources were necessary for the background, but in the cases of historical gardens, the literature gave historical contexts well enough. Garden history can and should be studied with both written sources and archaeobotanical methods. Informative macrofossil sampling can be carried out both from excavations and straight from garden soil. Plant lists, when existing, give information of cultivated species, but not of plants consumed or having grown as garden weeds at the sites. Still, quite few species that were mentioned in the plant lists were obtained as macrofossils in this study, perhaps due to the relatively poor state of preservation of the seeds in garden soil, and the probable scarce accumulation of seeds of cultivated species into the garden soil. Nevertheless, in sites with no comprehensive plant lists, archaeobotany revealed valuable information of plants that could not be gained otherwise. The Naantali Cloister case showed the importance of searching remains of garden plants also from structures outside of gardens.Arkeobotaniikka eli kasviarkeologia yhdistää kasvitiedettä, arkeologiaa ja historiaa, ja tutkii hyötykasveja sekä ihmisten ja kasvien vuorovaikutusta menneisyydessä. Suomalaista puutarhahistoriaa on tutkittu historiallisista lähteistä, mutta ei kovin paljon arkeologian tai arkeobotaniikan avulla, vaikka kirjalliset lähteet eivät aina ole riittäviä. Monitieteisen tutkimuksen tärkeys on silti tiedostettu. Suomalainen arkeobotaniikka on tuonut tietoa puutarhakasveista, mutta puutarhojen maaperää on tutkittu vain vähän. Arkeobotaanisten maanäyteaineistojen makrosubfossiilisia kasvijäänteitä tulkitaan arkeologisessa ja historiallisessa kontekstissa. Arkeologisia kaivauksia rajoittavat usein kuitenkin käytännön syyt, mikä vaikuttaa myös arkeobotaanisen tutkimuksen kohteisiin. Yksi ratkaisu voi olla vaihtoehtoinen menetelmä maanäytteiden keräämiseen. Näin makrofossiilianalyysejä voidaan tehdä kohteista, joihin ei saada kaivauksia, kuten historiallisista puutarhoista. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli valaista Suomen ja Ruotsin puutarhahistoriaa arkeobotaniikan avulla ja testata näytteenottomenetelmää ns. lapiokairalla puutarhoissa ilman arkeologisia kaivauksia AMS-radiohiiliajoitusten tuella. Tutkimus koostuu neljästä tapaustutkimuksesta ja katsauksesta viideltä kohteelta; Naantalin luostarilta, Kumpulan kartanolta sekä Uppsalan, Turun ja Helsingin akateemisista puutarhoista. Toisiinsa osin linkittyvien kohteiden historia ulottuu Ruotsin vallan aikaan alkaen 1400-luvulta ja yltäen 2000-luvulle. Maanäytteet kerättiin neljältä kohteelta ns. lapiokairalla kapeista kuopista yksitellen eri kerroksista vertikaalisissa sarjoissa. Luostarikohteen näytteet kerättiin arkeologisilta kaivauksilta. Näytteet kellutettiin ja seulottiin laboratoriossa ja makrofossiiliset kasvi- ja muut jäänteet määritettiin ja laskettiin. Tutkimuksessa löydettiin 8404 kasvimakrofossiilia 154 eri kasvilajista tai -suvusta. Siemenistä, hiiltyneistä jyvistä ja hiiltyneen puun lastuista mitattiin 30 radiohiiliajoitusta. Vanhimmat siementen ja jyvien ajoitukset olivat keskiajalta ja nuorimmat olivat moderneja. Kasvijäänteissä oli viljoja, marjoja, koriste-, lääke- ja puutarhakasveja sekä kulttuuri- tai puutarharikkaruohoja. Löydöt osoittavat sekä kasvien käyttöä, että puutarhaviljelyä tutkituilla kohteilla. Maanäytteiden sisältämät lannoitukseen viittaavat jäänteet, kuten kalojen suomut ja hiiltymättömän ja hiiltyneen puun lastut, ilmentävät myös puutarhanhoitoa. Lapiokairamenetelmä oli kohtuullisen toimiva, kaivauksista riippumaton ja suhteellisen nopea. Toisaalta, näytekoko oli rajoitettu, vaikka suuremmissa näytteissä olisi voinut olla enemmän makrofossiileja ja eri lajeja. Kirjalliset lähteet olivat taustan muodostamiseksi välttämättömiä, mutta historiallisten puutarhojen tapaustutkimuksissa riittäviä. Puutarhahistoriaa voi ja tulisi tutkia sekä kirjallisista lähteistä että arkeobotaniikan avulla. Makrofossiiliaineistoja saadaan sekä arkeologisilta kaivauksilta, että suoraan puutarhamaasta. Kirjallisuuden kasvilajilistat kertovat viljellyistä lajeista, mutta eivät kohteilla hyödynnetyistä tai puutarharikkaruohoista. Kasvilistojen lajeista jokseenkin harvoja löydettiin makrofossiileina johtuen siementen suhteellisen huonosta säilyvyydestä puutarhamaassa ja viljeltyjen lajien siementen niukasta kertymisestä puutarhamaahan. Kun kattavaa kirjallisuutta viljellyistä lajeista ei ollut, arkeobotaniikka paljasti arvokasta tietoa, jota ei olisi muuten saatu. Luostarin tutkimus osoitti, että on tärkeää etsiä puutarhakasvien jäänteitä myös puutarhojen ulkopuolisista rakenteista

Regular Languages meet Prefix Sorting

Indexing strings via prefix (or suffix) sorting is, arguably, one of the most successful algorithmic techniques developed in the last decades. Can indexing be extended to languages? The main contribution of this paper is to initiate the study of the sub-class of regular languages accepted by an automaton whose states can be prefix-sorted. Starting from the recent notion of Wheeler graph [Gagie et al., TCS 2017]-which extends naturally the concept of prefix sorting to labeled graphs-we investigate the properties of Wheeler languages, that is, regular languages admitting an accepting Wheeler finite automaton. Interestingly, we characterize this family as the natural extension of regular languages endowed with the co-lexicographic ordering: when sorted, the strings belonging to a Wheeler language are partitioned into a finite number of co-lexicographic intervals, each formed by elements from a single Myhill-Nerode equivalence class. Moreover: (i) We show that every Wheeler NFA (WNFA) with $n$ states admits an equivalent Wheeler DFA (WDFA) with at most $2n-1-|\Sigma|$ states that can be computed in $O(n^3)$ time. This is in sharp contrast with general NFAs. (ii) We describe a quadratic algorithm to prefix-sort a proper superset of the WDFAs, a $O(n\log n)$-time online algorithm to sort acyclic WDFAs, and an optimal linear-time offline algorithm to sort general WDFAs. By contribution (i), our algorithms can also be used to index any WNFA at the moderate price of doubling the automaton's size. (iii) We provide a minimization theorem that characterizes the smallest WDFA recognizing the same language of any input WDFA. The corresponding constructive algorithm runs in optimal linear time in the acyclic case, and in $O(n\log n)$ time in the general case. (iv) We show how to compute the smallest WDFA equivalent to any acyclic DFA in nearly-optimal time.Comment: added minimization theorems; uploaded submitted version; New version with new results (W-MH theorem, linear determinization), added author: Giovanna D'Agostin

Perception as an Integral Part of the Design Process

This thesis is a personal exploration into perception and various perceptual phenomena. Through this thesis I question the traditions and limitations of my own perception in order to strengthen my design identity and to develop as a designer. Based on my findings I design and produce a collection of garments and textiles. The thesis is divided into two main categories: theoretical approach and design process. The theoretical part has an empirical approach on perception and is based mostly on literature concerning perceptual psychology and perception in the context of art. It covers the basic concept of perception as well as a selection of different perceptual phenomena. The focus is on the visual sense, however, the tactical sense is also considered. The theoretical part offers information on perception and arises essential questions that are then discussed in the production part as well as visualised in the final designs. In the production part of this thesis the gathered data is implemented and considered through the design process. As a result, my design methods are demystified as I explain and justify the colour, shape and material choices of the collection. Because I am a material-based designer, the focus of the production is strongly placed on pattern and woven textile design. Through this thesis I discovered that perception is highly subjective and hugely reliant on preconceived notions as well as context. Realising the limitations of perception made me question my own perception, which in turn enabled me to detach myself from the traditions of my previous design works. Inspired by the theory and by my observations of it I designed a women’s wear mini-collection of garments and textiles that challenges the viewer by questioning the traditions of perception and by visualising the ambiguous nature of perception through contrasting patterns, diverse woven textiles and surreal three-dimensional silhouettes

Brand extension : moving away from an established brand image

Siirretty Doriast

The New Madison Approach to Antitrust Law and Intellectual Property Law

The New Madison Approach has recently been introduced by the Department of Justice Antitrust Division in an effort to address a weakening of patent rights in recent years. The approach has four premises: patent hold-up is not an antitrust problem, standard setting organizations should better protect against patent hold-out to ensure maximum incentives to innovate, patent holder injunction rights should be protected and not limited, and a unilateral and unconditional refusal to license a valid patent should be per se legal. After providing an introduction to the relevant law and terms of art, support and criticism of the New Madison Approach are reviewed. Clear policy and direction will help stakeholders know that their efforts to innovate and implement inventions will not be unduly thwarted by antitrust law

Tilatehokas metagenomisten DNA-fragmenttien ryhmittely

The collection of all genomes in an environment is called the metagenome of the environment. In the past 15 years, high-throughput sequencing has made it feasible to sequence entire environments at once for the first time in history, which has resulted in a variety of interesting new algorithmic problems. This thesis focuses on the basic problem of clustering the reads from an environment according to which species, or more generally, taxonomic unit they originate from. In this work, we identify and formalize two fundamental string processing tasks useful in clustering metagenomic read sets. We solve the two problems with space efficiency in mind using the recently developed bidirectional Burrows-Wheeler index. The algorithms were implemented in a way which makes parallel processing possible. Our tool is experimentally shown to give good results for simple simulated datasets, and to use less than 10 times less space and time compared to two recently published metagenome clustering tools.Kaikkien ympäristössä esiintyvien genomien joukkoa kutsutaan kyseisen ympäristön \emph{metagenomiksi}. Viimeisen 15 vuoden aikana kehitetyt korkean läpisyötön sekvenssoriteknologiat ovat mahdollistaneet ensimmäistä kertaa historiassa kokonaisen ympäristön metagenomin kartoittamisen. Tämä kehityssuunta on johtanut uusiin mielenkiintoisiin algoritmisiin ongelmiin. Tämä työ käsittelee ympäristöistä näytteistettyjen DNA-fragmenttejen ryhmittelyä lajien, tai yleisemmin taksonomisten yksiköiden mukaan. Työssä tunnistetaan ja formalisoidaan kaksi merkkijono-ongelmaa, jotka ilmentyvät metagenomisten DNA-fragmentteja ryhmittelyssä. Ongelmiin esitetään tilatehokkaat ratkaisut käyttäen hiljattain kehitettyä kaksisuuntaista Burrows-Wheeler indeksiä. Algoritmit toteutettiin pitäen silmällä rinnakkaista laskentaa. Työssä osoitetaan, että uusi toteutus antaa hyviä tuloksia yksinkertaisille simuloiduille näytteille, ja että työkalu on kymmenen kertaa nopeampi ja tilatehokkaampi, kuin kaksi hiljattain julkaistua metagenomisten näytteiden ryhmittelyyn tarkoitettua työkalua

An archaeobotanical view on the history of the Uppsala Linnaeus Garden and the Garden of the Academy of Turku

Garden history in academic gardens can be studied both from written and drawn sources, such as lists of plants and old maps. Another possibility is archaeobotanical analyses carried out in gardens. The aim of this study was to test archaeobotanical macrofossil analysis as a method in Uppsala Linnaeus Garden, founded in 1655 by Olof Rudbeck the Elder, and the former garden of Turku Academy, founded in 1757 by Pehr Kalm. The literature provided historical contexts of the gardens. For the archaeobotanical study in the Uppsala and Turku gardens, macrofossil sampling was carried out from the soil with a sampler and a total of 75 soil samples were collected from six different pits in Uppsala and from seven in Turku. Samples were floated and sieved, and macrofossil plant remains were identified. Pollen analysis was carried out from nine subsamples from Uppsala. Six macrofossil samples were dated with AMS-radiocarbon method. Altogether 839 macrofossils and 61 plant taxa were found. Pollen grains from 42 different taxa were discovered, but only four of them in greater numbers. Spores of ferns, moss and fungi were also present in pollen samples. Abundant macrofossil species were in Uppsala Chelidonium majus (116 seeds) and in Turku Chenopodium album (58 seeds), Plantago major (51), Polygonum aviculare (53) and Spergula arvensis (83). Interesting species were Chenopodium hybridum (47 seeds from Uppsala, four from Turku), found in the Hortus Rudbeckianus, listing species grown in Uppsala by Rudbeck and in the Hortus Linnaeanus, listing plants cultivated in Uppsala during the Linnean period; Datura stramonium (five seeds from Uppsala), also in both the Hortus Rudbeckianus and the Hortus Linnaeanus, and also on Kalm’s list of plants cultivated in Turku; and Sambucus racemosa / S. canadensis (23 seeds from Turku), found in the Hortus Linnaeanus and on Kalm’s list. Pollen grains of the group Asteraceae, which contains garden plants, were found in seven soil samples in Uppsala Garden. In addition, chips of wood and charred wood, small animal bones, and fish scales and bones were found in both gardens referring to soil improvement and indicating gardening. Fungal spores that grow on animal dung could indicate manure and thus gardening as well. Sampling in the garden sites gained information of plants and gardening that would not have been discovered without this study due to the improbability of excavations at the sites. The results could be interpreted as an example of macrofossil assemblages typical of garden sites. Although the macrofossil material found in both gardens was relatively scarce, some equivalent taxa were discovered. However, these could not alone allow a conclusion of strong connection between the gardens, but since the proof of the affiliation exists in the literature, the similarities in the macrofossil materials of the gardens can be attributed to their close relations. By combining macrofossil and pollen analyses and with application of AMS-radiocarbon dates the study was able to collect more knowledge of the garden sites than through macrofossil studies alone. In investigations of garden soil, even more multidisciplinary approach with addition of methods, such as chemical analyses of soil, and analyses of insect remains and phytoliths, could probably gain more extensive evidence of past gardens

Peatland response to climate warming after the Little Ice Age

Northern peatlands are a valuable, volatile carbon stock and hold 30 % global terrestrial organic carbon. Climate is the most important control on peatland ecology. Positive and negative feedback loops between peatlands and climate make this complex relationship. Climate change affects high northern latitudes in particular, making the northern peatlands prone to experience massive changes in ecology. It is unclear exactly how long-term climate change will affect such an integral part of the carbon cycle. My intent was to produce a reliable study of what kind of response did bogs develop after the Little Ice Age (LIA) and how climate warming has affected these important carbon stocks. This study uses high frequency, multi-proxy, post-LIA peatland response data to map the ecological response of a boreal ombrotrophic peatland ecosystems. Study sites are located in Southern-Finland and Estonia. I concentrate on three distinct micro-habitats. I use low-frequency data from previous studies to compare with my novel data and to give the study more spatial scope. My analysis is structured around a chronology consisting of 210 Pb-dates. Plant macrofossil data, present vegetation data, Sphagnum mosses as the most important group, and modern water-table data are used to model past plant composition and hydrology. Age-depth models and water-table reconstructions have been created on this basis. Bulk density and C/N ratio were also analysed. Large and fast paced shifts in accumulation rates and changes in vegetation composition were revealed. After LIA, peatland surfaces have dried and dry-habitat vegetation has increased. I identified a two-step pattern in response to post-LIA climate shifts. A wet period ended LIA, followed by a two-step warming identified from different proxies and models. The pattern of change coincides with the known changes in climate. This suggests that after the LIA, changes in climate have been the driving force behind changes in peatland ecology and carbon sequestration in it. The results show that the way northern bogs respond to changes in climate can on the short term have huge effects for the vegetation, and on long term threaten the whole peatland and its carbon stocks. These changes are manifested through changes in the relation of primary production to decomposition and local hydrology. Different microhabitats are more vulnerable to climate shifts than others. In future climate warming will continue to influence northern peatlands. Depending on the scale of change, peatlands can act as a sink of atmospheric carbon, or if a watershed is reached, release large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere. Most likely this would not only destroy peatlands in large quantities, but also further enhance the positive feedback between carbon release and peatland drying