Bouwblokinventarisaties ter bescherming van het stedebouwkundig monument. Een analyse van de historische structuur van 's-Hertogenbosch

After 1945 Dutch town centers have gone through a drastic process of renovation. which has seriously affected the historical structure and the old buildings. The protection of the coherent structure of foundation, building-plots, urban spaces and buildings has not come out well in this process of change. The possibilities of the current legal instruments have not been utilized adequately. The inventories underlying the lists of ancient monuments and historic buildings, protected views of towns and villages, zoning plans and counselling concerning building- and demolition permits are not suitable for practice. Usually the inventoried historical elements and structures are not integrated or used as a source of inspiration in new-construction projects. In 's-Hertogenbosch a method of inventorying has been developed which records the main historical structure of the houses and their mutual coherence. By combining the building-blocks the historical architectural structure of the entire town-centre is made visible. Drawings are made of the building-plots and houses of each building- block on a geodetical foundation to a scale of l: 100. A drawing of the underground situation, comprising cellars, foundations, watercourses and the like, provides an insight into the old way of dividing into building-plots and the possible archaeological factors which are important for construction- and layout permits. A drawing of the ground floor with beam structure of the first layer of beams gives an impression of the layout of the houses and their mutual relations. These data are useful for the assessment of restoration and renovation plans. A cross-section drawing of the building-block shows the construction and build-up of the separate houses and their mutual relations. These data are of major importance for the building-technological assessment of plans. By combining these three drawings three-dimensional drawings can be made of building masses and urban spaces. These drawings can serve as a basis for town planners and architects in the development of new-construction projects in town-centers. For the compilation of lists of ancient monuments and historic buildings, inventorying of building-blocks is a more reliable method, because apart from the customary evaluation of the exterior, the interior and the building constructions of the monuments can also be assessed. The inventory of building-blocks is not only useful from a practical point of view, but also from a scientific one: analyzing the urban structure and researching the origin and development of the historic town. In 's-Hertogenbosch an interdisciplinary research project has been set up, linking archaeological, building-historical and historical studies of sources. The drawings of building-blocks are used as a basis for this. This article only discusses the practical applications of the inventories of building-blocks. To illustrate this, four examples of the application of inventories of building-blocks in 's-Hertogenbosch have been added

Bossche gebouwen dendrochronologisch gedateerd

In 's-Hertogenbosch structured building-historical research has been executed since 1975. For this purpose dendrochronological dating of building timber has been executed for a few years now. By means of these exact dates we have acquired a better insight into the building history of the separate buildings and into the town structure as a whole. Details such as the setting up of profiles, constructions, timber connections, counting marks and stone formats - which were the dating possibilities until recently - can now be compared better as regards age. In this article the results are discussed of building-historical research in nine houses in the town centre of 's-Hertogenbosch

Bouwhistorische waardenkaarten. Een gebiedsgerichte benadering van bouwhistorisch erfgoed

One of the spearheads of the modernisation of preservation of monuments and historic buildings (MoMo) is to have cultural history play a fully fledged role in spatial planning. The cultural-historical assessment is a very important aspect here and makes it possible to assess cultural-historical values early on in a spatial process. The building-historical values map is a strong instrument to define building-historical values. On the basis of inventories in Amsterdam, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, Leiden, Nijmegen and Utrecht experiences have been collected and bottlenecks ascertained, from which a standard approach has been developed for the realization of a building-historical values map. The building-historical values map as developed by the convention of municipal building historians, starts from an area-oriented approach analysing both already protected and unprotected areas. The map is a product that is easy to make, which in the first instance is an important condition, especially for municipalities (still) lacking building-historical know-how. Subsequently, the building-historical values map provides possibilities for broadening and deepening policy on monuments and historic buildings. The map may serve as a set of instruments in granting Wabo (general provisions built environment Act) licences and as a means of selection in drawing up the municipal historic buildings register. The first step is making a rough ‘building-historical spot map’. On this map all built-up areas existing around 1830 according to the first land registry map are projected at a macro level on the most recent parcel map. The addresses and buildings database (BAG map) and the large-scale basic map (GBK) included in municipal geographical information systems (GIS) form a good starting point for this. Where the built-up areas of the past are overlapping those of today, a colouring is applied. Thus the area with possible hidden values will be indicated in its largest dimensions. During the second step the selected area is subjected to a building-historical inventory in order to examine whether there actually are indications of the existence of ‘hidden values’. This desk research consists of studying digital aerial photographs and street-view photographs and checking the available building-historical data in property files, sometimes supplemented with a visit to a property. This is to result in the ‘building-historical expectations map’. The third step consists of adding all listed buildings, listed buildings on the municipal historic buildings register, and unprotected, image-defining premises, so that the assessment of more recent cultural-historical values will also be mapped out. Soon the new-style preservation of monuments and historic buildings will force the parties compiling and defining zoning plans to include cultural-historical values in their assessment of interests. The building-historical values map is a very practical tool for this and may give a strong impulse to an area-oriented assessment of cultural-historical heritage. As in most municipalities the historical building substance and the cultural-historical values have not been sufficiently mapped out yet – of some towns and villages hardly any knowledge exists about the historical values behind the facades – it is inevitable that the building-historical map will have to be a growth map, which is to grow step by step from expectations map towards values map, and which will gradually lead to adjustment and refinement

Striving for Unity: The Significance and Original Context of Political Allegories by Theodoor van Thulden for ’s-Hertogenbosch Town Hall

This case study explores the original significance and contexts of a series of political allegories painted by Theodoor van Thulden (1606-1669) for the ’s-Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc) Town Hall. In considering their commission history, current attributions, their relevant historical and political contexts and their initial placement in the town hall, we aim to reconstruct the paintings' function as a decoration program between their installation in the late 1640s and their relocation following a substantial renovation of the building in the early 1670s. The article concludes with a reflection on the changing nature of the town hall's interior and its impact on the interpretation and appreciation of van Thulden's paintings in the present

Striving for Unity: The Significance and Original Context of Political Allegories by Theodoor van Thulden for ’s-Hertogenbosch Town Hall

This case study explores the original significance and contexts of a series of political allegories painted by Theodoor van Thulden (1606-1669) for the ’s-Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc) Town Hall. In considering their commission history, current attributions, their relevant historical and political contexts and their initial placement in the town hall, we aim to reconstruct the paintings' function as a decoration program between their installation in the late 1640s and their relocation following a substantial renovation of the building in the early 1670s. The article concludes with a reflection on the changing nature of the town hall's interior and its impact on the interpretation and appreciation of van Thulden's paintings in the present

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) UL49.5 Luminal Domain Residues 30 to 32 Are Critical for MHC-I Down-Regulation in Virus-Infected Cells

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) UL49.5 inhibits transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and down-regulates cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to promote immune evasion. We have constructed a BHV-1 UL49.5 cytoplasmic tail (CT) null and several UL49.5 luminal domain mutants in the backbone of wild-type BHV-1 or BHV-1 UL49.5 CT- null viruses and determined their relative TAP mediated peptide transport inhibition and MHC-1 down-regulation properties compared with BHV-1 wt. Based on our results, the UL49.5 luminal domain residues 30–32 and UL49.5 CT residues, together, promote efficient TAP inhibition and MHC-I down-regulation functions. In vitro, BHV-1 UL49.5 Δ30–32 CT-null virus growth property was similar to that of BHV-1 wt and like the wt UL49.5, the mutant UL49.5 was incorporated in the virion envelope and it formed a complex with gM in the infected cells

Investigation of G72 (DAOA) expression in the human brain

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Polymorphisms at the G72/G30 locus on chromosome 13q have been associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in more than ten independent studies. Even though the genetic findings are very robust, the physiological role of the predicted G72 protein has thus far not been resolved. Initial reports suggested G72 as an activator of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), supporting the glutamate dysfunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. However, these findings have subsequently not been reproduced and reports of endogenous human G72 mRNA and protein expression are extremely limited. In order to better understand the function of this putative schizophrenia susceptibility gene, we attempted to demonstrate G72 mRNA and protein expression in relevant human brain regions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The expression of G72 mRNA was studied by northern blotting and semi-quantitative SYBR-Green and Taqman RT-PCR. Protein expression in human tissue lysates was investigated by western blotting using two custom-made specific anti-G72 peptide antibodies. An in-depth <it>in silico </it>analysis of the G72/G30 locus was performed in order to try and identify motifs or regulatory elements that provide insight to G72 mRNA expression and transcript stability.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Despite using highly sensitive techniques, we failed to identify significant levels of G72 mRNA in a variety of human tissues (e.g. adult brain, amygdala, caudate nucleus, fetal brain, spinal cord and testis) human cell lines or schizophrenia/control post mortem BA10 samples. Furthermore, using western blotting in combination with sensitive detection methods, we were also unable to detect G72 protein in a number of human brain regions (including cerebellum and amygdala), spinal cord or testis. A detailed <it>in silico </it>analysis provides several lines of evidence that support the apparent low or absent expression of G72.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results suggest that native G72 protein is not normally present in the tissues that we analysed in this study. We also conclude that the lack of demonstrable G72 expression in relevant brain regions does not support a role for G72 in modulation of DAO activity and the pathology of schizophrenia via a DAO-mediated mechanism. <it>In silico </it>analysis suggests that G72 is not robustly expressed and that the transcript is potentially labile. Further studies are required to understand the significance of the G72/30 locus to schizophrenia.</p

DNA vaccination for prostate cancer: key concepts and considerations

While locally confined prostate cancer is associated with a low five year mortality rate, advanced or metastatic disease remains a major challenge for healthcare professionals to treat and is usually terminal. As such, there is a need for the development of new, efficacious therapies for prostate cancer. Immunotherapy represents a promising approach where the host’s immune system is harnessed to mount an anti-tumour effect, and the licensing of the first prostate cancer specific immunotherapy in 2010 has opened the door for other immunotherapies to gain regulatory approval. Among these strategies DNA vaccines are an attractive option in terms of their ability to elicit a highly specific, potent and wide-sweeping immune response. Several DNA vaccines have been tested for prostate cancer and while they have demonstrated a good safety profile they have faced problems with low efficacy and immunogenicity compared to other immunotherapeutic approaches. This review focuses on the positive aspects of DNA vaccines for prostate cancer that have been assessed in preclinical and clinical trials thus far and examines the key considerations that must be employed to improve the efficacy and immunogenicity of these vaccines

Calf health from birth to weaning. III. housing and management of calf pneumonia

Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. A three part review series has been developed focusing on calf health from birth to weaning. In this paper, the last of the three part series, we review disease prevention and management with particular reference to pneumonia, focusing primarily on the pre-weaned calf. Pneumonia in recently weaned suckler calves is also considered, where the key risk factors are related to the time of weaning. Weaning of the suckler calf is often combined with additional stressors including a change in nutrition, environmental change, transport and painful husbandry procedures (castration, dehorning). The reduction of the cumulative effects of these multiple stressors around the time of weaning together with vaccination programmes (preconditioning) can reduce subsequent morbidity and mortality in the feedlot. In most studies, calves housed individually and calves housed outdoors with shelter, are associated with decreased risk of disease. Even though it poses greater management challenges, successful group housing of calves is possible. Special emphasis should be given to equal age groups and to keeping groups stable once they are formed. The management of pneumonia in calves is reliant on a sound understanding of aetiology, relevant risk factors, and of effective approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Early signs of pneumonia include increased respiratory rate and fever, followed by depression. The single most important factor determining the success of therapy in calves with pneumonia is early onset of treatment, and subsequent adequate duration of treatment. The efficacy and economical viability of vaccination against respiratory disease in calves remains unclear

Bouwblokinventarisaties ter bescherming van het stedebouwkundig monument. Een analyse van de historische structuur van 's-Hertogenbosch

After 1945 Dutch town centers have gone through a drastic process of renovation. which has seriously affected the historical structure and the old buildings. The protection of the coherent structure of foundation, building-plots, urban spaces and buildings has not come out well in this process of change. The possibilities of the current legal instruments have not been utilized adequately. The inventories underlying the lists of ancient monuments and historic buildings, protected views of towns and villages, zoning plans and counselling concerning building- and demolition permits are not suitable for practice. Usually the inventoried historical elements and structures are not integrated or used as a source of inspiration in new-construction projects. In 's-Hertogenbosch a method of inventorying has been developed which records the main historical structure of the houses and their mutual coherence. By combining the building-blocks the historical architectural structure of the entire town-centre is made visible. Drawings are made of the building-plots and houses of each building- block on a geodetical foundation to a scale of l: 100. A drawing of the underground situation, comprising cellars, foundations, watercourses and the like, provides an insight into the old way of dividing into building-plots and the possible archaeological factors which are important for construction- and layout permits. A drawing of the ground floor with beam structure of the first layer of beams gives an impression of the layout of the houses and their mutual relations. These data are useful for the assessment of restoration and renovation plans. A cross-section drawing of the building-block shows the construction and build-up of the separate houses and their mutual relations. These data are of major importance for the building-technological assessment of plans. By combining these three drawings three-dimensional drawings can be made of building masses and urban spaces. These drawings can serve as a basis for town planners and architects in the development of new-construction projects in town-centers. For the compilation of lists of ancient monuments and historic buildings, inventorying of building-blocks is a more reliable method, because apart from the customary evaluation of the exterior, the interior and the building constructions of the monuments can also be assessed. The inventory of building-blocks is not only useful from a practical point of view, but also from a scientific one: analyzing the urban structure and researching the origin and development of the historic town. In 's-Hertogenbosch an interdisciplinary research project has been set up, linking archaeological, building-historical and historical studies of sources. The drawings of building-blocks are used as a basis for this. This article only discusses the practical applications of the inventories of building-blocks. To illustrate this, four examples of the application of inventories of building-blocks in 's-Hertogenbosch have been added