Evaluation of the Factors Affecting Classification Performance in Class Imbalance Problem

In binary classification, when the distribution of numbers in the class is imbalanced, we are aimed to increase the accuracy of classification in classification methods. In our study, simulated data sets and actual data sets are used. In the simulation, the "BinNor" package in the R project, which produces both numerical and categorical data, was utilized. When simulation work is planned, three different effects are considered which may affect the classification performance. These are: sample size, correlation structure and class imbalance rates. Scenarios were created by considering these effects. Each scenario was repeated 1000 times and 10-fold cross-validation was applied. CART, SVM and RF methods have been used in the classification of data sets obtained from both simulation and actual data sets. SMOTE, SMOTEBoost and RUSBoost were used to decrease or completely remove the imbalance of the data before the classification methods were applied. Specificity, sensitivity, balanced accuracy and F-measure were used as performance measures. The simulation results: the imbalance rate increases from 10 to 30, the effect of the 3 algorithms on the classification methods is similar accuracy. Because the class imbalance has become balanced

RevEAL: Single-Trace Side-Channel Leakage of the SEAL Homomorphic Encryption Library

This paper demonstrates the first side-channel attack on homomorphic encryption (HE), which allows computing on encrypted data. We reveal a power-based side-channel leakage of Microsoft SEAL prior to v3.6 that implements the Brakerski/Fan-Vercauteren (BFV) protocol. Our proposed attack targets the Gaussian sampling in the SEAL’s encryption phase and can extract the entire message with a single power measurement. Our attack works by (1) identifying each coefficient index being sampled, (2) extracting the sign value of the coefficients from control-flow variations, (3) recovering the coefficients with a high probability from data-flow variations, and (4) using a Blockwise Korkine-Zolotarev (BKZ) algorithm to efficiently explore and estimate the remaining search space. Using real power measurements, the results on a RISC-V FPGA implementation of the SEAL (v3.2) show that the proposed attack can reduce the plaintext encryption security level from 2ˆ128 to 2ˆ4.4. Therefore, as HE gears toward real-world applications, such attacks and related defenses should be considered

Single-Trace Side-Channel Attacks on ω-Small Polynomial Sampling: With Applications to NTRU, NTRU Prime, and CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM

This paper proposes a new single-trace side-channel attack on lattice-based post-quantum protocols. We target the ω-small polynomial sampling of NTRU, NTRU Prime, and CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM algorithm implementations (which are NIST Round-3 finalists and alternative candidates), and we demonstrate the vulnerabilities of their sub-routines to a power-based side-channel attack. Specifically, we reveal that the sorting implementation in NTRU/NTRU Prime and the shuffling in CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM\u27s ω-small polynomial sampling process leaks information about the ‘-1’, \u270’, or ’+1\u27 assignments made to the coefficients. We further demonstrate that these assignments can be found within a single power measurement and that revealing them allows secret and session key recovery for NTRU/NTRU Prime, while reducing the challenge polynomial\u27s entropy for CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM. We execute our proposed attacks on an ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller running the reference software submissions from NIST Round-3 software packages. The results show that our attacks can extract coefficients with a success rate of 99.78% for NTRU and NTRU Prime, reducing the search space to 2^41 or below. For CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM, our attack recovers the coefficients’ signs with over 99.99% success, reducing rejected challenge polynomials’ entropy between 39 to 60 bits. Our work informs the proposers about the single-trace vulnerabilities of their software and urges them to develop single-trace resilient software for low-cost microcontrollers

Microscopic and molecular detection of Nosema spp. in honeybees of Turkey

International audienceAbstractIn this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Nosema spp. in honeybees of Turkey. For this aim, adult honeybee (Apis mellifera) samples were collected from 1621 colonies within 95 apiaries located in 22 provinces of Turkey. Samples were examined microscopically. In case of positivity, spore identification was done by multiplex PCR. At the end of microscopic examination, Nosema spp. spores were detected in 7 out of 22 provinces (31.8 %), and 16 out of 95 colonies (16.8 %) that represent 1621 colonies. According to PCR results, 1 out of 16 isolates (6.25 %) was Nosema apis, and 15 out of 16 isolates (93.75 %) were Nosema ceranae. The result of our study indicated that N.ceranae is the dominant species in Turkey

New description of vagal nerve commanted intrapancreatic taste buds and blood glucose level: An experimental analysis

Introduction: There have been thousands of neurochemical mechanism about blood glucose level regulation, but intrapancreatic taste buds and their roles in blood glucose level has not been described. We aimed to investigate if there are taste buds cored neural networks in the pancreas, and there is any relationship between blood glucose levels. Methods: This examination was done on 32 chosen rats with their glucose levels. Animals are divided into owned blood glucose levels. If mean glucose levels were equal to 105 ± 10 mg/dL accepted as euglycemic (G-I; n = 14), 142 ± 18 mg/dL values accepted as hyperglycemic (G-II; n = 9) and 89 ± 9 mg/dL accepted as hypoglycemic (G-III; n = 9). After the experiment, animals were sacrificed under general anesthesia. Their pancreatic tissues were examined histological methods and numbers of newly described taste bud networks analyzed by Stereological methods. Results compared with Mann-Whitney U test P < 0.005 considered as significant. Results: The mean normal blood glucose level (mg/dL) and taste bud network densities of per cm3 were: 105 ± 10 mg/dL; 156±21 in G-I; 142 ± 18 mg/dL and 95 ± 14 in G-II and 89 ± 9 mg/dL and 232 ± 34 in G-III. P values as follows: P < 0.001 of G-II/G-I; P < 0.005 of G-III/G-I and P < 0.0001 of G-III/G-II. We detected periarterial located taste buds like cell clusters and peripherally located ganglia connected with Langerhans cells via thin nerve fibers. There was an inverse relationship between the number of taste buds networks and blood glucose level. Conclusion: Newly described intrapancreatic taste buds may have an important role in the regulation of blood glucose level

Assessment of human error contribution to container loss risk under fault tree analysis and interval type-2 fuzzy logic-based SLIM approach

Human is a key element of the safety of life on board ships and a significant contributing factor to most of the accidents and incidents in the maritime industry. At this point, risk analysis plays a critical role in ensuring operational safety and maritime transportation sustainability. This paper aims to systematically evaluate how human errors (HEs) contribute to operational risks. Based on this, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is combined under an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic environment with Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM). Whilst the FTA evaluates the criticality of the operational activities, the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets (IT2FS) deals with vagueness and subjectivity in using experts’ judgments, and the SLIM estimates the probabilities for the human error-related basic events. Since container losses can lead to severe damage and catastrophic events in a container terminal, loading operation was investigated as a case study. Safety culture, experience, and fatigue were observed as highly effective factors in crew performance. The obtained results also indicate that this hybrid approach can effectively be applied to determine the operational vulnerabilities in high-risk industries. The paper intends to improve safety control levels and lower losses in the future of maritime container transport besides emphasizing the potential consequences of failures and crucial human errors in the operational process

TURKISH JOURNAL of ONCOLOGY Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis in a Krukenberg Tumor Associated with Signet Ring Cell Gastric Cancer

SUMMARY Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LCM) is a rare complication of gastric cancer. It usually occurs late in advanced stage of disease and is sometimes misdiagnosed as toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Here we report a rare case of gastric cancer that developed LCM in follow-up. A 28-year-old woman with signet ring cell gastric cancer associated with Krukenberg tumor was admitted with persistent headache, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and diplopia. Linear appearance of contrast enhancement in cerebellar fissures and around cranial nerves was seen in magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid was hypercellular with numerous carcinoma cells. LMC was confirmed and treated with intrathecal methotrexate and additional whole-brain irradiation. LCM is a rare complication, but occurs more often than expected and is often misdiagnosed. If patient who is being treated for gastric cancer presents with neurological symptoms, LCM should be kept in mind. Clinical improvement can be achieved with current treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or targeted molecules

Evaluation of aerobic stabilization of biological treatment sludges

Ülkemizde uygulanan çevre mevzuatı gerekleri, atıksu arıtma tesislerinde oluşan çamurun arıtımını ve nihai uzaklaştırılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Evsel ve endüstriyel atıksu arıtma tesislerinden kaynaklanan arıtma çamurları üzerinde yapılan analizler sonucu, bu çamurların özellikle toplam ve çözünmüş organik karbon değerlerinin yönetmelikteki değerleri sağlamadığı ve çamurların bu parametreler bakımından tehlikeli atık sınıfında değerlendirmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Marmara Bölgesi’nde yer alan çeşitli evsel ve endüstriyel arıtma tesisinden kaynaklanan çamurların organik madde içerikleri değerlendirilmiş ve bu çamurların stabil hale getirilmesi için aerobik stabilizasyon işlemi uygulanmıştır. Aerobik stabilizasyon reaktörlerinde, 15 gün süreyle organik madde içeriklerinin değişimi UAKM, TOK ve ÇOK parametreleri esas alınarak ve evsel çamur numuneleri için zehirlilik parametresi de dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre aerobik stabilizasyon sonunda genel olarak TOK değerleri azalırken, ÇOK değerlerinde çamur numunelerine bağlı olarak artış ya da azalmalar gözlenmiştir. İncelenen evsel çamurların ikisinde de TOK konsantrasyonu %50’den daha fazla azalırken ÇOK değerlerinde artış tespit edilmiştir. Endüstriyel atıksu arıtma çamurları arasında en yüksek TOK giderimi %62 ile Nevresim Endüstrisi çamurunda gözlenmiş olup, bu endüstri ÇOK giderimde de en yüksek verimi sağlamıştır. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar ışığında, aerobik stabilizasyon işleminin uygulanma aşamasından önce her tesis için ayrıca değerlendirme yapılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur. Her çamur örneği için standartların sağlanması aerobik stabilizasyon ile mümkün olamamasına rağmen, bu işlemin bazı organik maddelerin giderilmesini sağladığı aerobik stabilizasyon sonrasında evsel numunelerdeki zehirliliğin tamamen giderilmesi ile ortaya konmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çamur, stabilizasyon, aerobik, evsel- endüstriyel-tehlikeli atık.The main waste-product of the biological wastewater treatment processes is the excess sludge which needs to be disposed properly to prevent the entry of the pollutants back into the water cycle, especially after the disposal of the wasted sludge cakes into the landfill area. During the adaptation period of European Union membership of Turkey, the increase in the number of both municipal and industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) due to the stringent new regulations for wastewater treatment will pose more significant sludge disposal and sanitation problems in the future for Turkey. Treatment and ultimate disposal of domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plant sludges is obligated according to the regulations in Turkey. Treatment sludges categorized in three different groups namely: inert sludge, non-hazardous sludge and hazardous sludge according to the characteristics of the sludge. The total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the sludge itself and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the eluent of the sludge are mainly used for this classification. The higher levels of TOC and DOC values qualifies the domestic and industrial wastewater treatment sludges as hazardous sludge. The principal objective of sludge treatment is its stabilization, that is a controlled decomposition of easily degradable organic matter resulting in a significant reduction of volatile suspended solids (VSS) content, a change of an unpleasant smell into an earthy one, and an elimination of sludge putrescibility. Aerobic biological stabilization at ambient conditions has traditionally been undertaken for the stabilization of treatment sludges originated from both domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants. In this study the characterization of the different treatment sludges originated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants in Turkey was investigated and the stabilization level of these sludges was evaluated by using aerobic stabilization process. The stabilization level of sludges was evaluated by monitoring the VSS, TOC and DOC content of the sludge. Moreover, ecotoxicological assays were conducted on domestic wastewater treatment plant sludges to observe the effect of stabilization on the toxicity. Respirometric and modeling studies were also performed to assess the decrease in the organic content of the domestic wastewater treatment plant sludge during aerobic stabilization. The results of analysis conducted on the sludge itself and sludge eluent indicated that the sludges are in hazardous nature. These results suggest that the treatment sludge generated from both domestic and industrial treatment plants have to stabilized before ultimate disposal. During the course of the aerobic stabilization experiments, VSS, TOC and DOC measurements were performed at the beginning and 15 days after the beginning (at the end of the stabilization experiment) in order to monitor the extent of VSS, TOC and DOC removal. Measured TOC and DOC concentrations during the stabilization experiments of studied treatment sludges did not show a consistent trend during the 15 days of stabilization. However, the stabilization of the industrial wastewater treatment plants sludges showed a paralel stabilization to the domestic sludge. However, it is important to conduct laboratory studies prior to the application of aerobic stabilization to a treatment plant on the case basis. The acute toxicity as EC20 (%) and EC50 (%) shows the toxic value in terms of effective concentrations (%) of tested solutions that result in 20 and 50% of bioluminescence decrease. The EC20 and EC50 values were found between 0.3 and 7.3% for the studied raw domestic sludges which is in accordance with the literature data. Significant decrease in the toxicity of domestic wastewater treatment plant sludges were observed at the end of the 15 days of aerobic stabilization. The evaluation of the results obtained in this study showed that aerobic stabilization could be an alternative for stabilization of sludges originated from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants. However, the organic content of the sludges mainly depend on the influent wastewater characterization of wastewater treatment plant which affects the stabilization performance. Sludge stabilization results indicate higher VSS, TOC and DOC removal efficiencies for domestic wastewaters compared to the industrial sludges. Although aerobic stabilization was not successful for the compliance with the standards in each case, the removal of toxicity exerted by sludges after 15 day-stabilization suggest that at least some toxic organic material has been succesfully biodegraded during the stabilization. In order to provide appropriate municipal and industrial sludge management in Turkey, more elaborate research and engineering experience should be gained. Keywords: Sludge, stabilization, aerobic, domestic- industrial-hazardous waste

The effectiveness of the stabilization/solidification process on the leachability and toxicity of the tannery sludge chromium

[EN] A stabilization/solidification (S/S) process by using cement was applied to tannery sludge in order to find a safer way of landfilling this waste. The effects of three parameters on the process effectiveness were analysed in terms of leachate toxicity and chromium retention (%). The parameters studied were the relative amount of added water (30e50 wt.%), cement (10e60 wt.% in the solid components), and the use of three different types of cement (clinker with additions of limestone, with additions of limestone and fly ashes, and with additions of pozzolans). Statistical analysis performed by variance analysis and categorical multifactorial tests reveals that all the studied parameters significantly influence the effectiveness of the process. Results showed that chromium retention decreases as the relative amount of cement and water increases, probably due to additional chromium provided by cement and increased in the porosity of the mixtures. Leachate toxicity showed the same minimum value for mixtures with 30% or 40% cement, depending on the type of cement, showing that clinker is the main material responsible for the process effectiveness, and additives (pozzolans or fly ashes) do not improve it. The volume increase is lower as less sludge is replaced by cement and the relative amount of water decreases, and for the cement without additions of fly ashes or pozzolans. Therefore, the latter seems to be the most appropriate cement in spite of being more expensive. This is due to the fact that the minimum toxicity value is achieved with a lower amount of cement; and moreover, the volume increase in the mixtures is lower, minimizing the disposal cost to a landfill.The authors wish to express their gratitude to the tannery facility INCUSA, S.A., to the cement facility CEMEX ESPAÑA, S.A. and to Carles Martínez for his translation assistance.Montañés Sanjuan, MT.; Sánchez Tovar, R.; Roux, MSB. (2014). The effectiveness of the stabilization/solidification process on the leachability and toxicity of the tannery sludge chromium. Journal of Environmental Management. 143:71-79. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.026S717914