3,369 research outputs found

    Synthetic aperture radar (L band) and optical vegetation indices for discriminating the Brazilian savanna physiognomies: A comparative analysis

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    The all-weather capability, signal independence to the solar illumination angle, and response to 3D vegetation structures are the highlights of active radar systems for natural vegetation mapping and monitoring. However, they may present significant soil background effects. This study addresses a comparative analysis of the performance of L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and optical vegetation indices (VIs) for discriminating the Brazilian cerrado physiognomies. The study area was the Brasilia National Park, Brazil, one of the test sites of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA) experiment in Amazonia. Seasonal Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) SAR backscatter coefficients (σ°) were compared with two vegetation indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI)] over the five most dominant cerrados' physiognomies plus gallery forest. In contrast to the VIs, σ° from dry and wet seasons did not change significantly, indicating primary response to vegetation structures. Discriminant analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed an overall higher performance of radar data. However, when both SAR and VIs are combined, the discrimination capability increased significantly, indicating that the fusion of the optical and radar backscatter observations provides overall improved classifications of the cerrado types. In addition, VIs showed good performance for monitoring the cerrado dynamics

    Protocolo de insulina em perfusão para controlo intensivo de glicémia em unidades de cuidados intensivos de adultos

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    Trabalho realizado no contexto do estĂĄgio de Cuidados Intensivos do Internato MĂ©dico ComplementarEste protocolo destina-se a adultos hiperglicĂ©micos internados numa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos com suporte nutricional entĂ©rico ou parentĂ©rico. O protocolo deverĂĄ ser interrompido quando o doente inicia alimentação oral. NĂŁo se aplica a doentes com emergĂȘncias diabĂ©ticas (cetoacidose diabĂ©tica e coma hiperosmolar) Recomenda-se determinaçÔes frequentes da caliĂ©mia (de acordo com indicação mĂ©dica) Evitar o uso de dextrose para diluição de fĂĄrmacos. Quando nĂŁo Ă© possĂ­vel utilizar ĂĄgua ou SF, utilizar o mĂ­nimo volume possĂ­vel de dextrose Este protocolo aplica-se a doentes que apresentem pelo menos uma determinação de glicemia > 200 mg/dL. O intervalo de glicĂ©mia-alvo deste protocolo Ă© 100-139 mg/dL Recomenda-se que este protocolo seja aplicado a doentes cuja previsĂŁo de internamento na UCI seja de pelo menos 3 dias. Consultar o mĂ©dico residente para instruçÔes especĂ­ficas em caso de: GlicĂ©mia ≄ 500 mg/dL Resposta inesperada Ă  infusĂŁo de insulina SituaçÔes nĂŁo contempladas no protocol

    Controlo intensivo da glicémia em doentes críticos

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    Trabalho realizado no contexto do estĂĄgio de Cuidados Intensivos do Internato MĂ©dico ComplementarA evolução da medicina intensiva durante as Ășltimas trĂȘs a quatro dĂ©cadas trouxe um aumento tremendo na sobrevivĂȘncia imediata dos doentes crĂ­ticos, com patologias previamente letais. É por isso frequente na actualidade que os doentes entrem numa fase crĂłnica de doença crĂ­tica, durante a qual permanecem dependentes do suporte de orgĂŁos vitais por um perĂ­odo mais ou menos prolongado. A mortalidade tem permanecido alta entre esse grupo de doentes crĂ­ticos prolongados, em mĂ©dia cerca de 20% de risco de morte. A falĂȘncia orgĂąnica mĂșltipla (FOM) Ă© a causa mais frequente de morte, e ocorre independentemente da causa inicial que motivou a admissĂŁo na unidade de cuidados intensivos (UCI) 1 . Em termos experimentais, o conceito de alterar a glicĂ©mia na doença aguda com o objectivo de modificar o prognĂłstico foi inicialmente introduzido nos anos 60, com o desenvolvimento de uma infusĂŁo de glicose-insulina- potĂĄssio (GIK) com potencial terapĂȘutico para os doentes com enfarte agudo do miocĂĄrdio (EAM). MĂșltiplos pequenos estudos de GIK foram completados ao longo dos 30 anos seguintes com resultados conflituosos 2 . No entanto, os estudos que utilizaram a infusĂŁo GIK nĂŁo tiveram como objectivo alcançar ou manter a normalização da glicĂ©mia. O primeiro grande estudo aleatorizado de uma infusĂŁo glicose-insulina com o objectivo de alcançar a normoglicĂ©mia foi o estudo DIGAMI (Diabetes and Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction), cujos resultados foram publicados em 1995 3 . O estudo DIGAMI foi o primeiro a fornecer evidĂȘncia concreta que o controlo glicĂ©mico nos doentes hospitalizados podia melhorar os resultados. Por outro lado, estudos nĂŁo-aleatorizados sobre os efeitos da terapĂȘutica com insulina nas complicaçÔes infecciosas de cirurgia cardiotorĂĄcica sugeriam o benefĂ­cio de um controlo mais rigoroso da glicĂ©mia do que o habitualmente praticado 2 . Mas atĂ© 2001, o interesse no controlo da glicĂ©mia em doentes internados em UCI parecia ser bastante baixo. Nesse ano sĂŁo publicados os resultados daquele que ficaria conhecido como o estudo de Leuven, conduzido por Van den Berghe e colaboradores 4 . A redução relativa da mortalidade observada neste estudo realizado em doentes de uma UCI cirĂșrgica foi de 42%, uma redução observada com poucas intervençÔes em cuidados intensivos desde a introdução da ventilação mecĂąnica. Desde essa altura, tem sido dada cada vez mais atenção ao impacto da hiperglicĂ©mia na mortalidade dos doentes crĂ­ticos. Mas se por um lado desde a publicação do estudo de Leuven a terapĂȘutica intensiva com insulina se tornou nalguns paĂ­ses no “standard of care” a alcançar 5,6 , por outro, tambĂ©m nos Ășltimos anos se tem assistido Ă  publicação de estudos com resultados pouco claros e Ă  interrogação cada vez maior sobre os benefĂ­cios da generalização do controlo intensivo da glicĂ©mia 7,8 . Em 2005 o grupo alemĂŁo SepNet suspendeu um ensaio multicĂȘntrico aleatorizado controlado (o estudo VISEP) em doentes mĂ©dicos e cirĂșrgicos com sĂ©psis grave apĂłs o recrutamento de 488 doentes. O controlo intensivo da glicĂ©mia nestes doentes nĂŁo produziu nenhuma redução na mortalidade e esteve associado uma incidĂȘncia aumentada de hipoglicĂ©mia (12,1% vs. 2,1%) 7

    Flexible Blue-Light Fiber Amplifiers to Improve Signal Coverage in Advanced Lighting Communication Systems

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    Visible-light communication (VLC) based on white light-emitting diodes has recently attracted much attention to provide high-bitrate data communication in indoor environments. One of the remaining challenges to be resolved to enable the proliferation of VLC systems is related to channel attenuation and multiple path fading. Here, we introduce an advanced VLC system integrating an optical amplifier as a promising solution to overcome channel impairments, providing high bitrate coverage. The optical amplifier is a flexible fiber based on a poly(fluorene)-based lumophore doped within a di-ureasil organic-inor- ganic hybrid. Optical amplification is demonstrated for pre-amplifier and relay node scenarios, yielding a maximum gain of 5.9 G 0.2 dB and 3.7 G 0.2 dB, respectively, establishing the proposed approach as a promising cost-effective solution for VLCs. Additionally, numerical simulations show, for a realistic envi- ronment, a 207% improvement in the coverage area, using existing lighting infrastructure without extra cost.R.C.E. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Ho- rizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 818762 - SPECTRACON)

    Regular physical activity-related awareness and knowledge in Portugal: results from a population-based survey

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    Background: Previous studies have shown that adequate physical activity (PA, defined as any bodily movement that requires energy expenditure) related awareness and knowledge is crucial to promote regular PA. Therefore, this study aims to characterize PA awareness and knowledge, and to quantify its association with sociodemographic characteristics, health literacy and frequency of exercise. Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted in 2012, a total of 1624 Portuguese-speaking residents of mainland Portugal (16–79 years old) were assessed through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Adjusted prevalence ratios, calculated using Poisson regression, were used to quantify associations with PA awareness and knowledge. Results: The most reported benefits of PA were “reduces abdominal fat accumulation” (95.8%), “reduces myocardial infarction risk” (92.9%) and “improves bone health” (90.7%), these were less referred by older participants, while more often identified by those who exercise daily. The most referred barrier for people to not practice PA regularly was “lack of time” (33.9%) with differences observed by sex, age, education, employment and health literacy. Over two-thirds of participants correctly identified at least 2 of 3 PAs (“running”, “soccer” and “tennis”) that require the most energy, particularly males, those with higher health literacy and who exercise twice or more times a week. Conclusions: An adequate PA-related awareness and knowledge was observed, and differences according to age, health literacy levels and frequency of exercise were found. As such, awareness-raising interventions to increase regular PA through improving physical literacy and motivation should focus on older adults, those with limited health literacy and who do not exercise.Financial support and sponsorship: This study was supported by FEDER funds through Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization and by national funding from The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology – FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science) within the project (HMSPIISE/SAU-ICT/0004/2009) and the Epidemiology Research Unit – Institute of Public Health, University of Porto (EPIUnit; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB/04750/2020/PT). SM was funded under the scope of the project "NEON-PC - Neuro-oncological complications of prostate cancer: longitudinal study of cognitive decline" (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032358; Ref. PTDC/SAU-EPI/32358/2017). An individual grant attributed to ARC (SFRH/BD/102181/2014) was co-funded by FCT and the “Programa Operacional Capital Humano” (POCH/FSE). The funding sources had no role in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication

    Exclusive Breastfeeding After 40 Years of Age – Where Are We Going?

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    Doença Ateroembólica Como Causa de Disfunção Primåria do Enxerto Renal

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    Atheroembolic renal disease, also referred to as cholesterol crystal embolization, is a rare cause of renal failure, secondary to occlusion of renal arteries, renal arterioles and glomerular capillaries with cholesterol crystals, originating from atheromatous plaques of the aorta and other major arteries. This disease can occur very rarely in kidney allografts in an early or a late clinical form. Renal biopsy seems to be a reliable diagnostic test and cholesterol clefts are the pathognomonic finding. However, the renal biopsy has some limitations as the typical lesion is focal and can be easily missed in a biopsy fragment. The clinical course of these patients varies from complete recovery of the renal function to permanent graft loss. Statins, acetylsalicyclic acid, and corticosteroids have been used to improve the prognosis. We report a case of primary allograft dysfunction caused by an early and massive atheroembolic renal disease. Distinctive histology is presented in several consecutive biopsies. We evaluated all the cases of our Unit and briefly reviewed the literature. Atheroembolic renal disease is a rare cause of allograft primary non -function but may become more prevalent as acceptance of aged donors and recipients for transplantation has become more frequent
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