A politics of comparative conceptualizations and institutions: two non-European images on European secularity in the writing of the 1961 Turkish constitution

Multiple conceptualizations of laiklik were pronounced in the writing of the 1961 Turkish Constitution. Based on an analysis of the records of the writing of the 1961 Constitution as well as on memoirs, newspapers, and interviews, this paper seeks to answer the question: Which conceptualizations of laiklik were put to the defense of which institutional arrangements and for what political goals? Then, the paper explores a possible critique from the narrative of the questions of laiklik and religions in the writing of the 1961 Turkish Constitution to (1) some liberal and multicultural assumptions prevailing in the contemporary literature on secularism and religion; (2) some aspects of Charles Taylor’s hermeneutical approach; (3) some aspects of the rising multiple modernities approach

Background information for Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

Land use / Population / Climate / Rain / Water resources / Households / Income / Social aspects / Water quality / Sanitation / Drainage / Waste management / Wastewater / Public health / Bangladesh / Rajshahi City

Utilizing sidelobe ASK based joint radar-communication system under fading

© 2017 IEEE. A joint radar-communication (JRC) system can provide cost-effective and spectrum-efficient platform solution with simultaneous operation, while accomplishing important tasks, sensing via radar processing and allocation of communication links. Existing modulation techniques where information embedding is achieved using sidelobe Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) for the JRC system are not investigated so far under fading channels and an optimum threshold estimation algorithm is yet to be developed. Specifying an optimum threshold level under fading can become a comprehensive problem, especially for mobile communication systems. In this paper, a novel non-data aided (NDA) threshold estimation technique and a receiver design are introduced. Furthermore, a new sidelobe ASK modulation technique is proposed for utilizing JRC system for mobile platforms under fading. Proposed modulation technique implements dual Sidelobe Level (SLL) ASK with waveform diversity by exploiting multiple orthogonal waveforms. One pair is modulated with dual SLL in amplitude rotational manner and initiates NDA threshold estimation process at the receiver. This method utilizes K bits of information using only K + 1 orthogonal waveform. The performance of the proposed technique is investigated in terms of the bit error rate (BER) and data rate. Simulations reveal that the operation of proposed method coupled with NDA threshold estimation process can reach more data rate, since it exhibits almost the same BER performance as existing methods under fading channel without requiring more orthogonal waveform

Energy Minimization With Network Coding via Latin Hypercubes

© 2016 IEEE. Network coding is mostly used to achieve the capacity of communication networks. In this paper, motivated by the nanoscale communications where the energy cost for the channel symbols is asymmetric due to the widely employed on-off keying modulation, we design energy-minimizing network codes. We develop the best mapping between the input and output symbols at the network coding node that minimizes the average codeword energy using Latin squares, which we call the minimum energy network code (MENC). We define the class of networks composed of coding nodes with N incoming and 1 outgoing symbols as in-N networks. First, we derive the condition on the network code to minimize the average energy in in-two networks and propose two linear MENCs. Later, we investigate the MENCs for in-N networks using the Latin hypercubes and propose a low-energy network code (LENC) to reduce the average energy with network coding. We compare MENC with the classical XOR and random network codes for in-two networks. The performance comparison between LENC and random network codes for in-N networks shows that the proposed network codes provide significant energy gains

An information theoretical analysis of multi-terminal neuro-spike communication network in spinal cord

© 2018 Association for Computing Machinery. Communication theoretical understanding of healthy and diseased connections in the spinal cord motor system is crucial for realizing future information and communication technology (ICT) based diagnosis and treatment techniques for spinal cord injuries (SCI). A spinal cord motor nucleus associated with a particular muscle constitutes an ideal candidate for studying to have an understanding of SCI. Typical spinal cord motor nucleus system contains pool of lower motor neurons (MNs) controlling a muscle by integrating synaptic inputs from spinal interneurons (INs), upper motor neurons (DNs) and sensory neurons (SNs). In this study, we consider this system from ICT perspective. Our aim is to quantify the rate of information flow across a spinal cord motor nucleus. To this end, we model an equivalent single-hop multiterminal network, where multiple transmitting nodes representing heterogeneous population of DNs, INs and SNs send information to multiple receiving nodes corresponding to MNs. To identify the outputs at receiving nodes, we define corresponding neurospike communication channel and then find the bound on total rates across this network. Based on the network model, we analyze achievable rates for a particular motor nucleus system called Tibialis Anterior (TA) motor nucleus in the spinal cord numerically and simulate several spinal cord dysfunction scenarios. The numerical results reveal that decrease in the maximum total rates with the lower motor neuron injury causes weakness in the affected muscle

Event Estimation Accuracy of Social Sensing with Facebook for Social Internet of Vehicles

© 2014 IEEE. Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) is a new paradigm that enables social relationships among vehicles via the Internet. People in the vehicles using online social networks (OSNs) can be an integral part of SIoV that enables the collection of data for sensing a physical phenomenon, i.e., social sensing. In this paper, we study the main social sensing mechanism in Facebook, comment thread network (CTN), which is based on the interactions of users through user walls in Facebook for SIoV. After seeing their commuters' contents about an event, users either add comments or like these posts, and Facebook CTN emerges as a social sensing medium in estimation of an event through social consensus. For the first time, this paper investigates the social sensing capability of Facebook CTN, i.e., the accuracy of collective observations for SIoV. The accuracy depends on the user characteristics and the features of the OSN, since perceptions of the users and how they use Facebook may manipulate their observation signals. We analyze the reliability of Facebook CTN for varying user behaviors, user relationships, Facebook features, and network size. The results indicate that the polarized weighting of the observations and the use of less reliable post types in CTN deteriorate the accuracy of the estimate signal, i.e., social consensus. Furthermore, the selection of users is likely to be an important factor in social sensing

Optimal Structural Results for Assemble-to-Order Generalized M-Systmes

Cataloged from PDF version of article.We consider an assemble-to-order generalized M-system with multiple components and multiple products, batch ordering of components, random lead times, and lost sales. We model the system as an in nite-horizon Markov decision process and seek an optimal control policy, which speci es when a batch of components should be produced and whether an arriving demand for each product should be satis ed. To facilitate our analysis, we introduce new functional characterizations for convexity and submodularity with respect to certain non-unitary directions. These help us characterize optimal inventory replenishment and allocation policies under a mild condition on component batch sizes via a new type of policy: lattice-dependent base-stock and lattice-dependent rationing

Clustering in Multi-Channel Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

© 1979-2012 IEEE. CR enables dynamic spectrum access to utilize licensed spectrum when it is idle. CR technology is applied to wireless ad hoc and sensor networks to form CRAHNs and CRSNs, respectively. Clustering is an efficient topology management technique to regulate communication and allocate spectrum resources by CR capabilities of nodes in CRAHNs and CRSNs. In this article, we thoroughly investigate the benefits and functionalities of clustering such as topology, spectrum, and energy management in these networks. We also overview motivations for and challenges of clustering in CRAHNs and CRSNs. Existing clustering schemes are reviewed and compared. We conclude by revealing key considerations and possible solutions for spectrum-aware clustering in multi-channel CRAHNs and CRSNs

New chromosome numbers in the genus Trigonella L. (Fabaceae)from Turkey

Somatic chromosome numbers of 45 Trigonella L. (Fabaceae), collected from different localities in Turkey was examined. Chromosome numbers were determined as 2n = 14, 16, 30 and 46. B chromosome was also observed in somatic cells of some taxa (Trigonella arcuata C.A. Meyer and Trigonella procumbens (Besser) Reichb.). In addition, one or two satellites were observed in some taxa (Trigonella lunata Boiss., Trigonella velutina Boiss., Trigonella strangulata Boiss., Trigonella crassipes Boiss. and Trigonella cariensis Boiss.).Keywords: Chromosome number, Leguminosae, Trigonell

CAPITAL COST AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMEs) IN NIGERIA

This study conceptually examines Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) funding issues, particularly in emerging nations using Nigeria as a case study. It analyses institutional barriers to funding small startup businesses, such as the high cost of capital, inadequate collateral and weak legal structures. It emphasizes the deficiencies they face regarding high maintenance costs, poor managerial experience, high competition from foreign firms, Government’s inability in financing small and medium firms for them to attain their full capacity, weak Policies, changes in unstable tax tariff, and finally suggesting ways that can improve finance access for small and medium firms. The study recommends that individuals should acquire the necessary knowledge and skills pertaining to their chosen business endeavor through participation in entrepreneurial training programs, that government should promote the enhancement of SMEs capabilities through the localization of supply chains, encourage effective leadership at the highest organizational level and should be encouraged by the localization of value creation by actively engaging with SMEs. It also recommended that the government should increase the campaigns of elucidating the significance of taxation in fostering the growth of nations, while concurrently providing assistance to small and medium firms in comprehending the tax legislation in Nigeria