ПРОБЛЕМИ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ І КУЛЬТУРНИХ СУПЕРЕЧНОСТЕЙ ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ ВКЛЮЧЕНОГО СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ В ІРАКСЬКОМУ КУРДИСТАНІ. (Problems of cultural identity and cultural contradictions: adapted from participant observation in iraqi kurdistan.)

У цій статті на матеріалах включеного спостереження аналізуються проблеми культурних суперечностей в Іракському Курдистані, що виникають через освоєння запозичених елементів матеріальної і нематеріальної західної культури та зумовлені сутнісними характеристиками культурної ідентичності курдів. (In this article on the materials included observation analyzes the problems of cultural contradictions in Iraqi Kurdistan, arising through the development of borrowed material and immaterial elements of Western culture and the resulting essential characteristics of cultural identity of the Kurds.

A rigid coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering endoscope with high resolution and a large field of view

Nonlinear optical endoscopy is an attractive technique for biomedical imaging since it promises to give access to high resolution imaging in vivo. Among the various techniques used for endoscopic contrast generation, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is especially interesting. CARS endoscopy allows molecule specific imaging of unlabeled samples. In this contribution, we describe the design, implementation, and experimental characterization of a rigid, compact CARS endoscope with a spatial resolution of 750 nm over a field of view of roughly 250 μm. Omission of the relay optics and use of a gradient index lens specifically designed for this application allow one to realize these specifications in an endoscopic unit which is 2.2 mm wide over a length of 187 mm, making clinical applications during surgical interventions possible. Multimodal use of the endoscope is demonstrated with images of samples with neurosurgical relevance.Nonlinear optical endoscopy is an attractive technique for biomedical imaging since it promises to give access to high resolution imaging in vivo. Among the various techniques used for endoscopic contrast generation, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is especially interesting. CARS endoscopy allows molecule specific imaging of unlabeled samples. In this contribution, we describe the design, implementation, and experimental characterization of a rigid, compact CARS endoscope with a spatial resolution of 750 nm over a field of view of roughly 250 μm. Omission of the relay optics and use of a gradient index lens specifically designed for this application allow one to realize these specifications in an endoscopic unit which is 2.2 mm wide over a length of 187 mm, making clinical applications during surgical interventions possible. Multimodal use of the endoscope is demonstrated with images of samples with neurosurgical relevance

Determination the site of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated From Urinary Tract Infection

This study includes isolation of 25 isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli ) strain from urinary tract samples in a pregnant woman. Microbiological and biochemical tests were used to identify the resistant bacteria of this genus. Screening methods were used to determine bacterial isolates for their resistance to 10 antibiotics include: Amikacin (Ak), Amoxicillin (Ax), Ampicillin (Ap), Chloramphenicol (Cm), Ciprofloxacin (Cip), Erythromycin (Er), Nalidixic acid (Nal), Penicillin (Pen), Tetracycline (Tet) and Trimethoprim (Tm). The isolates E4, E9, E16, and E17 were resistant to all antibiotics used in the current study using the disk diffusion method. In contrast, the resistance percentage for all antibiotics ranged between 28-96%. Sites of resistance genes and hemolysin production genes were characterized by tranformation techniques in the E4 and E16. The results showed that the antibiotic resistance genes of Amikacin, Erythromycin, Tetracyclin, and Trimethoprim were located on a plasmid, whereas Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and Penicillin were located on chromosomal DNA. The results also demonstrated an inability to produce alpha or beta-hemolysin indicating that the genes which are responsible for hemolysin production were also located on chromosomal DNA

Electronically preresonant stimulated Raman scattering microscopy in the visible

We report an experimental scheme for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy with excitation in the visible spectral region. This allows electronically preresonant (epr) SRS microscopy of a broad range of chromophores with sensitivities as low as 1 μM. Our experiment is based on two synchronously near-infrared pumped optical parametric oscillators (OPO). One of the outputs is modulated at a fourth of the repetition rate with a novel broadband electro-optical modulator. Using a combination of spectral focusing and tuning of the OPO, we show the recording of epr-SRS spectra over the whole range of molecular vibrations at a speed up to 20 times faster than classical wavelength tuning. The imaging capabilities of this setup are demonstrated with material scientific and cellular samples

‘Bois noir’: new phytoplasma disease of grapevine in Iran

Recently, grapevines showing symptoms suggesting the ‘bois noir’ phytoplasma disease were observed in vineyards located in several central provinces of Iran. Polymerase chain reaction assays using phytoplasma universal primer pair P1A/P7A followed by primer pair R16F2n/R16R2 in nested PCR, confirmed the association of phytoplasmas with symptomatic grapevines. The results of RFLP analyses using HpaII, HinfI, MseI, RsaI, and TaqI restriction enzymes, indicated that grapevine phytoplasma isolates in these regions could be related to the 16SrXII group. Sequence analyses of the partial 16S rRNA gene confirmed that Iranian grapevine phytoplasmas are associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’. This is the first report of the ‘bois noir’ disease outbreak in Iran