Application of Geophysics for the Detection of Derangement of Phosphate Layers in the Oulad Abdoun Basin in Morocco

The phosphate series of the basin of Oulad Abdoun begins in Maastrichtian with phosphate deposits relatively very marly. It ends at the Lutetian by a calcareous slab. Derangement is any disruption of the usual succession of the phosphate series and that which disrupts the evolution of the kinematic chain, leading to a decrease in production and profitability. In this case, we have a partially disturbed series and the disturbance consists of all the elements of the series (limestone, flint, marls and phosphate). The present work has been carried out in two ways: The present work has been carried out in two ways: The first one, purely geological, consists of the identification of the different layers of the Ouled Abdoun basin in the El Halassa site and their continuity to the outcrop. At the end of these observations, the basin shows derangement of two kinds: a disturbance on the scale of the whole series known as major disturbance, and a second which affects only part of the series. Thus, it is a minor or local disturbance. The second one, geophysics, is the application of three geophysical methods: electric tomography, magnetism, and refraction seismic. The correlation of these applications should result in delineating the mineralized zone and tracking all elements that in one way or another affect this mineralization. These elements are referred to as "derangement". The combination of the results of these two methods (vertical electrical survey and tomography) used allowed us to identify and map the disturbed places in the chosen area of El Halassa. The study will be extended to other sites and the results can be compared and correlated to understand the extent and origin of these disturbances

Geophysical Characterization of Disturbances in the Phosphate Series of the OuladAbdoun, Morocco: Relationship with Atlasictectonics

The sedimentary phosphates series from the Upper Maastricht to the Lutetion of the OuladAbdoun sedimentary basin is almost identical at the basin-scale. It is made up by alternation of either phosphate or non-phosphate sub-horizontal levels. The series was characterized by rhythmic sedimentation under the form of successive elementary sequences. On the other hand, the series of SidiChennaneis distinguished by the presence of local disturbances defined by the miners under the term "dérangements". These "dérangements", which are less frequent at other mining sites (MEA Lahrech, El Hlassa, Point A), are a notable problem during extraction and remain a real obstacle at phosphate mining sites. The morphology of these "dérangements" is almost subcircular to subconical sinkholes and chaotic bodies of anarchical materials. They are fontis type paleokarsts, it is an amalgam of highly altered yellowish brecciated rusty material whose lithological nature reflects that of the surrounding series. They also reflect endokarst siliceous and ferruginous neoformedfacies in the empty spaces of the palaeokarst. The origin of the palaeokarstshasbeen linked to the presence of NE-SW trend faults that have favoured the alteration and dissolution of the gypsum and chalk facies of the Senonian. The regular spatial distribution of these fontisis well related to the regionalAtlasictectonics. This study aims to investigate these problems in its geological aspect, in order to characterize and understand their origin. The purpose of this work isto compare the results obtained by electric tomography, gravimetry and lineament mapping and match them with geological data to draw a meaningful conclusion on the existence of these disturbances and their spatial distribution in relation to tectonic

Evaluation de la qualité et de la composition chimique de trois huiles extraites à partir de pépins d’agrumes cultivés dans l’oriental du Maroc

In eastern Morocco, new cooperatives of citrus fruit technological transformation begin to be installed. The seeds resulting from these transformation processes remain without any valorization. This study concerns the physico-chemical characterization of three different citrus seed oils (Citrus limon (Citron), Citrus aurantium (Bigarade) and Citrus clementina (Clementine de Berkane)), cultivated in eastern Morocco. The seed oils were mechanically extracted by oil press and the oil yield, quality indices (acidity, peroxide, saponification, and refraction indices), polyphenol contents, antioxidant activity and fatty acid profile were analyzed. The mechanical yield varies between 15% for Bigarade seed oil and 29% for Lemon seed oil. The acidity, peroxide, saponification, and refraction indices varied between 0.55 - 0.57% of oleic acid, 5.77 to 10.34 meqO2/kg of oil, 116.67 and 173.53 mg KOH /g and 1.4699-1.4718 for the 3 studied seed oils, respectively. The polyphenols varied from 565 to 913 mg / 100g and the antioxidant activity ranged between 30 and 50%. The fatty acid profiles, of the analyzed citrus seed oils, presented 5 major fatty acids with the dominance of linoleic acid (C18: 2) which presented 34% for Clementine and Lemon seed oils and 35.5% for Bigarade seed oil.  Au niveau de la région de l’oriental du Maroc, de nouvelles coopératives commencent à s’installer et sont actives dans la transformation technologique des agrumes. Les pépins issus de ces procédés de transformation restent sans valorisation. Cette étude porte sur la caractérisation physico-chimique d’huiles de pépins des fruits de 3 espèces d’agrume Citrus limon (Citron), Citrus aurantium (Bigarade) et Citrus clementina (Clémentine), cultivées au niveau de la région de l’oriental du Maroc. Les huiles de pépins sont extraites mécaniquement par une presse à huile de type vis sans fin, le rendement en huile, l’acidité, les indices de qualités (d’indice de peroxyde, de saponification et de réfraction), la teneur en polyphénols, l’activité antioxydante ainsi que le profil des acides gras ont été déterminés. Le rendement d’extraction par pressage varie entre 15 % pour l’huile de pépin de Bigarade et 29 % pour huile de pépin de Citron. Pour les 3 huiles de pépins étudiées, l’acidité, l’indice de peroxyde, l’indice de saponification et indice de réfraction varient entre 0,55-0,57 % d’acide oléique, 5,77-10,34 meqO2/kg d’huile, 116,67 et 173,53 mg KOH/g et 1,4699-1,4718 respectivement. La teneur en polyphénols change de 565 à 913 mg d’acide caféique/100g d’huile et le pourcentage d’inhibition s’oscille entre 30 et 50 %. Les profils des acides gras, des huiles de pépin d’agrumes analysées, présentent 5 principaux acides gras avec la dominance de l’acide linoléique (C18 :2) dont les teneurs sont 34% pour les huiles de pépin de Clémentine et de Citron et 35,5% pour l’huile de pépin de Bigarade

HEMANGIOME DU GRELE (A PROPOS D’UN CAS)

The small bowel hemangioma is a rare vascular tumour, can be revealed by a digestive hemorrhage. The authors report a 46 years old patient presenting a jejunal hemangioma discovered by a secondary severe anemia with repeated episodes of moelena. Endoscopic and radiological explorations were not evocative. The diagnosis was retained by the peroperative enteroscopy. The surgical operation consisted of an ileal exeresis with a termino-terminal anastomosis. The histologic study showed a diffuse intestinal hemangiomatosis. The postoperative continuations were marked by the bleeding repetition. The diffuse hemangiomas raise two difficulties: on the one hand, a problem of positive diagnosis, and on the other hand, a problem of therapeutic management, which obscures their prognosis.L’hémangiome du grêle est une tumeur vasculaire rare, peut être révélée par une hémorragie digestive. Les auteurs rapportent le cas d’un hémangiome du jéjunum chez un patient âgé de 46 ans, découvert par une anémie sévère secondaire à des épisodes répétés de moelena. Les explorations endoscopiques et radiologiques n’étaient pas évocatrices. Le diagnostic a été retenu par l’entéroscopie peropératoire. L’intervention chirurgicale a consisté en une résection iléale avec une anastomose termino-terminale. L’étude anatomopathologique a conclu à une hémangiomatose intestinale diffuse. Les suites postopératoires étaient marquées par la récidive du saignement. Les hémangiomes diffus posent deux difficultés : d’une part, un problème de diagnostic positif, et d’autre part, un problème de prise en charge thérapeutique, ce qui assombrit leur pronostic

VOLVULUS DU SIGMOIDE ET POST-PARTUM

The sigmoid volvulus during pregnancy is very rare and difficult to diagnose. It is often responsible for the mortality of the parturient and of the fetus. We report a case of sigmoid volvulus with postnatal complications. A multiparous woman aged 45, was admitted with a bowel obstruction and generalized abdominal spasm at 3 days postpartum. A laparotomy examination revealed a dolichocolon complicated by a sigmoid volvulus undergoing necrosis, with the presence of some pseudomembranes. Sigmoidectomy with proximal colostomy was performed according to Hartmann, following which the restoration of continuity was secured within two months. Sigmoid volvulus complicating pregnancy is a rare occurrence with a reserved maternal-fetal prognosis, the diagnosis should be suspected with the appearance of persistent abdominal pain associated with an occlusive syndrome. Urgent surgical intervention is required to reduce as far as possible fetomaternal morbidity and mortality.Le volvulus du sigmoïde au cours de la grossesse est très rare et difficile à diagnostiquer. Elle peut s’accompagner d’une mortalité maternelle et fœtale importante. Nous rapportons un cas de volvulus du sigmoïde compliquant les suites de couches. Une multipare de 45 ans, s'est présentée avec un syndrome occlusif et défense abdominale généralisée à J3 du post-partum. Une laparotomie exploratrice a mis en évidence un dolichocôlon compliqué par un volvulus du sigmoïde nécrosé, avec présence de quelques fausses membranes. Une résection sigmoïdienne avec colostomie proximale selon Hartmann a été pratiquée, le rétablissement de la continuité a été réalisé deux mois plus tard. Le volvulus du sigmoïde compliquant la grossesse est une entité rare avec un pronostic materno-fœtal réservé, le diagnostic doit être suspecté devant une douleur abdominale persistante associée à un syndrome occlusif. L’intervention chirurgicale s’impose en urgence pour réduire, au maximum, la morbidité et la mortalité maternofoetale

Pneumococcal lineages associated with serotype replacement and antibiotic resistance in childhood invasive pneumococcal disease in the post-PCV13 era: an international whole-genome sequencing study

Background: Invasive pneumococcal disease remains an important health priority owing to increasing disease incidence caused by pneumococci expressing non-vaccine serotypes. We previously defined 621 Global Pneumococcal Sequence Clusters (GPSCs) by analysing 20 027 pneumococcal isolates collected worldwide and from previously published genomic data. In this study, we aimed to investigate the pneumococcal lineages behind the predominant serotypes, the mechanism of serotype replacement in disease, as well as the major pneumococcal lineages contributing to invasive pneumococcal disease in the post-vaccine era and their antibiotic resistant traits. / Methods: We whole-genome sequenced 3233 invasive pneumococcal disease isolates from laboratory-based surveillance programmes in Hong Kong (n=78), Israel (n=701), Malawi (n=226), South Africa (n=1351), The Gambia (n=203), and the USA (n=674). The genomes represented pneumococci from before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introductions and were from children younger than 3 years. We identified predominant serotypes by prevalence and their major contributing lineages in each country, and assessed any serotype replacement by comparing the incidence rate between the pre-PCV and PCV periods for Israel, South Africa, and the USA. We defined the status of a lineage as vaccine-type GPSC (≥50% 13-valent PCV [PCV13] serotypes) or non-vaccine-type GPSC (>50% non-PCV13 serotypes) on the basis of its initial serotype composition detected in the earliest vaccine period to measure their individual contribution toward serotype replacement in each country. Major pneumococcal lineages in the PCV period were identified by pooled incidence rate using a random effects model. / Findings: The five most prevalent serotypes in the PCV13 period varied between countries, with only serotypes 5, 12F, 15B/C, 19A, 33F, and 35B/D common to two or more countries. The five most prevalent serotypes in the PCV13 period varied between countries, with only serotypes 5, 12F, 15B/C, 19A, 33F, and 35B/D common to two or more countries. These serotypes were associated with more than one lineage, except for serotype 5 (GPSC8). Serotype replacement was mainly mediated by expansion of non-vaccine serotypes within vaccine-type GPSCs and, to a lesser extent, by increases in non-vaccine-type GPSCs. A globally spreading lineage, GPSC3, expressing invasive serotypes 8 in South Africa and 33F in the USA and Israel, was the most common lineage causing non-vaccine serotype invasive pneumococcal disease in the PCV13 period. We observed that same prevalent non-vaccine serotypes could be associated with distinctive lineages in different countries, which exhibited dissimilar antibiotic resistance profiles. In non-vaccine serotype isolates, we detected significant increases in the prevalence of resistance to penicillin (52 [21%] of 249 vs 169 [29%] of 575, p=0·0016) and erythromycin (three [1%] of 249 vs 65 [11%] of 575, p=0·0031) in the PCV13 period compared with the pre-PCV period. / Interpretation: Globally spreading lineages expressing invasive serotypes have an important role in serotype replacement, and emerging non-vaccine serotypes associated with different pneumococcal lineages in different countries might be explained by local antibiotic-selective pressures. Continued genomic surveillance of the dynamics of the pneumococcal population with increased geographical representation in the post-vaccine period will generate further knowledge for optimising future vaccine design. / Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, and the US Centers for Disease Control

Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 Following Introduction of PCV10 and PCV13: Findings from the PSERENADE Project.

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 (ST1) was an important cause of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) globally before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) containing ST1 antigen. The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project gathered ST1 IPD surveillance data from sites globally and aimed to estimate PCV10/13 impact on ST1 IPD incidence. We estimated ST1 IPD incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing the pre-PCV10/13 period to each post-PCV10/13 year by site using a Bayesian multi-level, mixed-effects Poisson regression and all-site IRRs using a linear mixed-effects regression (N = 45 sites). Following PCV10/13 introduction, the incidence rate (IR) of ST1 IPD declined among all ages. After six years of PCV10/13 use, the all-site IRR was 0.05 (95% credibility interval 0.04–0.06) for all ages, 0.05 (0.04–0.05) for <5 years of age, 0.08 (0.06–0.09) for 5–17 years, 0.06 (0.05–0.08) for 18–49 years, 0.06 (0.05–0.07) for 50–64 years, and 0.05 (0.04–0.06) for ≥65 years. PCV10/13 use in infant immunization programs was followed by a 95% reduction in ST1 IPD in all ages after approximately 6 years. Limited data availability from the highest ST1 disease burden countries using a 3+0 schedule constrains generalizability and data from these settings are needed