The survey of pedestrainization feasibility in urban spaces and its relationship with the citizens’ vivacity. Case study: The city of Birjand’s Hakim Nazari street

The current article aims at the survey of the feasibility of transforming Hakim Nazari Street to a walk way along with the social vivacity and it is seeking to find an answer to the question proposed in the current research project which states that “whether Hakim Nazari St. has the potential to be changed into a side walk causing a higher deal of social spirit?” and it is also in search of proving the study hypothesis  implying that “it seems that Hakiim Nazari St. is capable of being transformed into a side walk with social vivacity through taking all its potentials and capabilities into practical use”. Firstly, we deal with the survey of the specialized contexts and try to extract the scales and standards of building sidewalks feasibilities and likelihoods and its relation with the citizens’ vivacity through making use of a descriptive-analytical method and in the form of documentary-library researches and after that the extracted items have been investigated and evaluated through field studies and questionnaire and interviewing with the space users. The questionnaire has been designed structurally in two parts of pedestrian-oriented indicators and indices and the citizens’ vivacity and joyfulness and the questionnaires have been distributedin 6 days (all week days) and various hours (morning, noon, night) to 320 people from both male and female genders with an age range of 15 to 65 years and from different social classes and groups (residents, businessman and woman, space users) based on a systematic randomized method on the street and finally the questionnaires have been collected and the data extracted thence have been   analyzed. The current study indicates that Hakim Nazari Street based on thesidewalk indices and because of scoring 2.23 from the total of 3 points has the potential to be changed into a sidewalk and the study hyyupothesis has been  confirmed following the researches and investigations carried out.Keywords: building sidewalks, vivacity, urban spaces, Hakim Nazari Stree

Magnetic anisotropies and its optical manipulation in epitaxial bismuth ferrite/ferromagnet heterostructure

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Exchange-coupled BiFeO3/ferromagnet thin film heterostructures are promising for a fast and power efficient control of magnetization of the ferromagnetic layer. In the paper, the results of the study of magnetic properties of the epitaxial Fe2B/BiFeO3heterostructure on (0 0 1)-SrTiO3substrate with ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy are presented. The hierarchy of magnetic anisotropies that determine the angular variation of the resonance field in-plane and in-/out-of the plane of the system include the tetragonal four-fold and uniaxial terms for the Fe2B layer, uniaxial term for antiferromagnetic BiFeO3layer and the exchange coupling at the interface. We find out that the exchange bias direction can be switched by a strong enough applied magnetic field. Both the exchange bias and an in-plane FMR resonance field of the heterostructure are strongly affected by the illumination with λ = 405 nm light. An optical tunability of the exchange bias and ferromagnetic resonance fields of the heterostructure has been demonstrated

The ER Stress/UPR axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Cellular protein homeostasis in the lungs is constantly disrupted by recurrent exposure to various external and internal stressors, which may cause considerable protein secretion pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the survival and differentiation of these cell types to meet the increased functional demands. Cells are able to induce a highly conserved adaptive mechanism, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to manage such stresses. UPR dysregulation and ER stress are involved in numerous human illnesses, such as metabolic syndrome, fibrotic diseases, and neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, effective and specific compounds targeting the UPR pathway are being considered as potential therapies. This review focuses on the impact of both external and internal stressors on the ER in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and discusses the role of the UPR signaling pathway activation in the control of cellular damage and specifically highlights the potential involvement of non-coding RNAs in COPD. Summaries of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the ER stress/UPR axis contributing to IPF and COPD, and promising pharmacological intervention strategies, are also presented

The ER Stress/UPR Axis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Cellular protein homeostasis in the lungs is constantly disrupted by recurrent exposure to various external and internal stressors, which may cause considerable protein secretion pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the survival and differentiation of these cell types to meet the increased functional demands. Cells are able to induce a highly conserved adaptive mechanism, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to manage such stresses. UPR dysregulation and ER stress are involved in numerous human illnesses, such as metabolic syndrome, fibrotic diseases, and neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, effective and specific compounds targeting the UPR pathway are being considered as potential therapies. This review focuses on the impact of both external and internal stressors on the ER in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and discusses the role of the UPR signaling pathway activation in the control of cellular damage and specifically highlights the potential involvement of non-coding RNAs in COPD. Summaries of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the ER stress/UPR axis contributing to IPF and COPD, and promising pharmacological intervention strategies, are also presented

The effect of Al2O3 nanopowder addition on the phase formation and the superconducting properties of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.9Ca2.1Cu3O10-y

  In this work Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.9Ca2.1Cu3O10-y superconducting system (Bi2223) has been prepared by solid state reaction and the effect of nanoalumina additive on the phase formation and supercoducting properties have been investigated. XRD investigations show that addition of 0.2 wt% of nanoalumina on the superconducting system improved Bi-2223 phase formation . The results show that Jc increases from 36 A/cm2 for the nanoalumina free sample to 107 A/cm2 for the sample with 0.5 wt% nanoalumina.On the other hand results show that the transition temperature (Tc) of all samples is around 108 K and addition of nanoalumina has not affected Tc significantly

Discourse Theory: Language, Politics, and Society

This article tries to review definitions of discourse and origin and purposes of discourse analysis. It points out that discourse theory integrates language, power, ideology, politics, and society. Plus, it provides a dynamic domain to analyze social and political phenomena to prove that under the light of discourse theory it is possible to recognize the influences of language on the political and social life of nations

Effectiveness of mobilization with movement (Mulligan concept techniques) on low back pain: a systematic review

Objective: To evaluate evidence on the effectiveness of Mulligan techniques on low back pain. Data sources: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Ovid, CINAHL, Embase, PEDro, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 31 March 2018 for randomized clinical trials reporting outcomes of pain or disability in adult patients (⩾18 years) with low back pain. Review methods: Two authors screened the results and extracted data for use in this review. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane criteria. Basic information and treatment protocols were also extracted. In addition, the level of evidence of each study and strength of conclusion for pain and disability were determined. Results: A total of 20 studies with 693 patients were included. Nine trials focused on sustained natural apophyseal glide, three on spinal mobilization with limb movement and seven on bent leg raise. The results showed that Mulligan techniques can decrease pain and disability and increase range of motion in patients with low back pain; however, the strength of conclusion for pain and disability was moderate. Furthermore, inconclusive results were observed for the effectiveness of Mulligan techniques on movement speed. In this review, eight studies were categorized as low risk of bias, while 12 studies had high risk of bias. Level of evidence analysis revealed that 17 studies were classified as level of evidence B, while three studies were classified as level of evidence A2. Conclusion: Current evidence is insufficient in supporting the benefits of Mulligan techniques on pain, disability, and range of motion in low back pain patients. © 2018, The Author(s) 2018

Effectiveness of mobilization with movement (Mulligan concept techniques) on low back pain: a systematic review

Objective: To evaluate evidence on the effectiveness of Mulligan techniques on low back pain. Data sources: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Ovid, CINAHL, Embase, PEDro, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 31 March 2018 for randomized clinical trials reporting outcomes of pain or disability in adult patients (⩾18 years) with low back pain. Review methods: Two authors screened the results and extracted data for use in this review. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane criteria. Basic information and treatment protocols were also extracted. In addition, the level of evidence of each study and strength of conclusion for pain and disability were determined. Results: A total of 20 studies with 693 patients were included. Nine trials focused on sustained natural apophyseal glide, three on spinal mobilization with limb movement and seven on bent leg raise. The results showed that Mulligan techniques can decrease pain and disability and increase range of motion in patients with low back pain; however, the strength of conclusion for pain and disability was moderate. Furthermore, inconclusive results were observed for the effectiveness of Mulligan techniques on movement speed. In this review, eight studies were categorized as low risk of bias, while 12 studies had high risk of bias. Level of evidence analysis revealed that 17 studies were classified as level of evidence B, while three studies were classified as level of evidence A2. Conclusion: Current evidence is insufficient in supporting the benefits of Mulligan techniques on pain, disability, and range of motion in low back pain patients. © 2018, The Author(s) 2018