사람 코 상피 오가노이드 제작

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 의과대학 의학과, 2022. 8. 김현직.서론: 인간 비강 상피 세포는 비강 상피의 특성과 병원체에 대한 면역반응을 연구하는데 유용한 모델이다. 그러나 인간 비강상피세포는 체외에서 장기간 배양할 수 없고 조직으로부터 충분한 세포를 얻기 어렵기 때문에 반복적인 시험관내 실험에 사용하는데 많은 한계가 있다. 본 연구는 인간 정상 비점막에서 유래한 비강 오가노이드 모델의 세포 분화를 살펴보고 기존 체외 배양 비강 상피세포와 비교하여 시험관내 실험에서 비강 오가노이드 모델의 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 방법: 인간 정상 비점막을 채취하여 비강상피 오가노이드 모델을 만들고자 하였다. 제작된 비강상피 오가노이드를 이용하여 air-liquid interface법으로 배양하여 비강상피세포들의 분화를 유도하였으며 배양된 세포의 형태학적 관찰을 시행하였고 비강상피를 구성하는 특정 세포들의 mRNA을 세포에서 추출하여 발현정도를 RT-PCR을 이용하여 비교하였다. 결과: 비강상피 오가노이드는 ALI 배양 시스템을 통하여 완전히 분화된 비강 상피를 형성하였다. H&E 및 PAS 염색을 통해 분화된 섬모 세포와 분비 세포가 관찰 할 수 있었다. 투과 전자현미경으로 분화된 섬모와 분비된 점액이 관찰되었으며 주사전자현미경으로 점액과립과 분화된 섬모, 세포간 밀착연접을 관찰 되었다. Passage-3세포 뿐만 아니라 Passage-5 세포에서도 basal celll의 마커인 TP63, KRT5, secretary cell의 마커인 MUC5AC 및 ciliated cell의 마커인 FOXJ1 유전자의 유의한 발현을 확인 할 수 있었다. 결론: 인간 비점막으로부터 만들어진 비강 오가노이드모델이 비강 상피의 형태 및 생리학적 특성을 유지하고 분화할 수 있음을 보여주었고 반복되는 시험관 내 연구에 유용할 것임을 시사한다.Introduction: Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are a suitable model for studying the properties of the nasal epithelium and the pathophysiology of pathogens. However, since it is difficult to obtain sufficient cells that can be cultured for a long period, there are many limitations in using it for repeated in vitro experiments. This study aimed to describe the cell differentiation of human nasal epithelial (HNE) organoid derived from nasal samples and compare the characteristics of the normal nasal mucosa and cultured primary NECs Methods: HNE organoids derived from human nasal mucosa were cultured. Then air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures from the HNE organoids were cultured until passages 3 and 5. Histologic analysis, electron microscopy, and real-time polymerase chain reaction of the cultured cells were performed. Results: The histological findings showed that a well differentiated nasal epithelium was established 14 days after confluency in the ALI culture systems. Ciliated and secretory cells were observed through H&E and PAS staining. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed secreted mucus and well-differentiated cilia, and tight cellular junctions. Our HNE organoid models showed a significant expression of TP63, KRT5, MUC5AC, and FOXJ1 genes until passage 5. Conclusion: Findings suggest that our HNE organoid model will be suitable for long-term, repetitive in vitro experiments as it can accurately recapitulate the morphological and physiological characteristics of the nasal epithelium.I. Introduction 1 II. Methods 2 1. Establishing HNE organoids 2 2. HNE organoid-Air Liquid Interface (ALI) cultures 3 3. Histologic analysis and Electron microscopy 4 4. Real-time PCR 5 III. Results 5 1. The establishment of HNE organoid and the confirmation of cellular types in organoid 6 2. Morphologic characterization and electronic microscopic findings of HNE organoid-ALI cultures 6 3. Cell type-specific mRNA expression in HNE organoid-ALI cultures 10 IV. Discussion 11 V. Conclusion 15 VI. References 16석

A pragmatic approach to the process of overt and covert messages in advertisement language utilizing visual and acoustic media

이 논문의 일부는 2012년 6월 26일부터 30일까지 한양대학교에서 열린 제1차 세계영어학자대(WCSEL-1)에서 발표되었음.some specific types of advertisement captions by conducting a pragmatic experiment from two different pragmatic perspectives, i.e. Relevance Theory (henceforth, RT) and Neo-Gricean one. Bencherif & Tanaka (1987) tries to divide linguistic features involved in advertisements into covert or overt messages on the basis of the degree of hearers cognitive processing effort required to interpret messages (see Sperber & Wilson 1986). They argue that the more implicated an advertised messages would be, the more facilitated hearers cognitive environment might be from the RTs perspectives. However, this study questions whether or not their arguments will be valid in other conditions, e.g., TV and Radio, in that their results would be made on the basis of the paper-based condition. This study explores how this issue will be verified in other advertising environments on the basis of two assumptive processing models, i.e. default coding-processing model (DCPM) and contextual inference model (CIM), with the aid of pragmatic experiments results

Evaluation of internal adaptation on resin composite using micro-CT and SS-OCT

치과대학/박사I. Introduction Internal adaptation, which means how well a restoration adapts to tooth material inside, can involve the evaluation of a microgap at the pulpal floor of a restoration. As a non-destructive method for evaluation of internal adaptation, micro-CT was introduced to evaluate the internal adaptation of restorations. For another method, optical coherence tomography (OCT) came to be used as a non-invasive cross-sectional imaging method for biological systems. A specific type of OCT is a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). The theme of this thesis is the evaluation of the internal adaptation on resin composite in different cavity configuration. This paper includes three different experiments on internal adaptation of resin composite using micro-CT and/or SS-OCT. II. Materials, methods and results 1. The first experiment of evaluation on internal adaptation Materials and Methods: Two cylindrical cavities were created on the labial surface of twelve bovine incisors. The 24 cavities were randomly assigned to four groups of dentine adhesives; 1) three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive, 2) two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive, 3) two-step self-etch adhesive, and 4) one-step self-etch adhesive. After application, the cavities were filled with resin composite. All restorations underwent a thermo-cycling challenge, and then, eight SS-OCT images were taken using a Santec OCT-2000TM (Santec Co., Komaki, Japan). The internal adaptation was also evaluated using micro-CT (Skyscan, Aartselaar, Belgium). The image analysis was used to calculate the percentage of defective spot (%DS) and compare the results. The groups were compared using one-way ANOVA with Duncan analysis at the 95% significance level. The SS-OCT and micro-CT measurements were compared with a paired t-test, and the relationship was analyzed using a Pearson correlation test at the 95% significance level. Results: After thermo-cycling, the %DS results showed that Group 3 ≤ Group 4 < Group 1 ≤ Group 2 on both SS-OCT and micro-CT images. The %DSs on micro-CT were lower than those of SS-OCT (p<0.05) and the Pearson correlation coefficient between SS-OCT and micro-CT was r=0.787 (p<0.05). 2. The second experiment of evaluation on internal adaptation Materials and Methods: Standardized MOD cavities were prepared in 40 extracted human third molars. They were randomly divided into five groups (n=8). After being applied by dentin adhesive, the teeth were restored with the following resin composites: Group 1- Filtek Z350 (3M); Group 2- SDR (Dentsply) + Z350; Group 3- Venus Bulk Fill (Heraeus Kulzer) + Z350; Group 4- Tetric N-ceram bulkfill (Ivoclar Vivadent); and Group 5- SonicFill (Kerr). After thermo-mechanical load cycling, micro-CT images were taken cross-sectionally. Internal adaptation was measured as imperfect margin percentage (IM%). IM% is the percentage of defective margin length to the whole margin length. On the micro-CT images, IM% was measured at five interfaces to compare the differences. Linear polymerization shrinkage and polymerization stress were measured on each composite. To verify the correlation of polymerization stress and IM%, regression analysis was used. Results: IM%s on the cavity floors were higher than those of the cavity walls. IM% showed as Groups 4, 5 ≤ Groups 1, 2 ≤ Group 3 (p<0.05). The relationship between polymerization stress and IM% was found to be R2=0.636. The relationship between linear polymerization shrinkage and IM% turned out to be R2=0.618. 3. The third experiment of evaluation on internal adaptation Materials and Methods: Cylindrical cavities 3 mm in diameter were prepared in 100 human third molars in two depths; 4 mm (high C-factor: H-CF) or 1 mm (low C-factor: L-CF). After adhesive application (Clearfil SE One, Kuraray Noritake), the composite was placed in two increments in 3 subgroups: Filtek Supreme (FS, 3M ESPE); Charisma Diamond (CD, Heraeus Kulzer); Amelogen Plus (AP, Ultradent); and as a single increment in 2 subgroups; Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TB, Ivoclar Vivadent) and Venus Bulk Fill (VB, Heraeus Kulzer). After thermo-mechanical load-cycles, imperfect margin percentage (%IM) was calculated using optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging. The relationships between %IM and linear shrinkage (LS) and shrinkage stress, measured under either zero-compliance (PS0) or compliance-allowed (PS) conditions were evaluated. Results: %IM was significantly different between H-CF and L-CF groups. The %IM in H-CF turned out to be as: groups 2, 1 ≤ group 4 < groups 3, 5. The %IM in L-CF showed as the following: groups 2, 4 ≤ groups 1, 3 < group 5. There were significant correlations between shrinkage parameters and %IM, except between PS0 and %IM in L-CF. III. Conclusion Micro-CT and SS-OCT could be used as non-destructive methods for evaluation on the internal adaptation of composite restoration. Measured imperfect margin percentage (%IM) in micro-CT showed different values to those of SS-OCT, however, these two methods were relatively highly correlated. Self-etching adhesive systems showed fewer defective spots than etch-and-rinse adhesive systems in class I cavity. At the gingival floor of the proximal box and pulpal floor of the cavity, flowable bulk-fill resin showed an inferior internal adaptation when compared with non-flowable ones. For Class II resin restorations, bulk-filling material of the non-flowable type could be preferable to flowable type ones. Polymerization shrinkage and stress, which was measured under the compliance-allowed setup, showed some relation to the internal adaptation. Within the limitations of the present study, it was shown that a higher imperfect margin percentage was found in the cavities of the High C-factor group. Internal adaptation was different depending on the composite material. Internal adaptations both in the High and Low C-factor cavities are correlated with polymerization stress measured under the compliance-allowed condition. In the Low C-factor cavity group, the polymerization shrinkage stress measured under the zero-compliance condition did not show a significant correlation to internal adaptation.ope

추국 자료로 본 반란과 혁세 종교

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :인문대학 종교학과,2019. 8. 최종성.Some religious aspects in insurrections in late Chosŏn Korea have received much attention in historical and religious studies. Prophecies on a catastrophe of the world, emerging of messianic figures called chinin 眞人 and the advent of a new era ruled by Maitreya were typical examples. They have been regarded as evidence of immature class consciousness or early forms of modern new religious movements. This dissertation attempts to suggest an alternative view on this theme from a perspective of history of religion, Religious phenomena in human behavior are practices which try to maintain or change the condition of individual or social structure. In the political field, the orientation of religious practice has two major forms, regime-supporting arnd world-subverting. The world-subverting structure or worldview is typically constituted of cultural materials appropriated from other domains of religious culture, and manifested in events of resistance and rebellion. The primary sources of this study are inquisition records in the 17th-19th centuries, which contain indictments of insurrections and suspects testimonies. Little attention has been given to most of these data, because they have been considered to include too much untrue statements to get through Quellenkritic. However, even though testimonies describe not complete fact, they should be meaningful evidence of agents imagination on subverting of the present regime or world itself. The analysis on the religious structure in insurrection includes three interrelated topics: 1) prophecy and prophetic books; 2) heroic myths; 3) practice of magic and ritual. The prophetic literatures which were represented by Chŏnggamnok 鄭鑑錄 were frequently mentioned in the insurrection situation in this period. Its original forms are identified in elite political discourse in late Koryŏ and early Chosŏn. Though their general use by people was the exploration of safe places when war or disaster occur, the rebels exploited this widespread belief to gather followers and to authorize their attempts of revolts. chinin, a prevalent name for messianic heroes of rebellions, was initially devoted to founders or re-founders of dynasties in East Asian political context. Its mythic structure basically follows a regular process of typical heroic myth. However, the phase of heros return is suspended until the day of uprising. Its effect in insurrections was an assurance for success and, at the same time, justification of failure which caused by the absence of chinin. Insurrections in late Chosŏn were ordinarily led or supported by magicians who were specialized in divination, geomancy, geomancy, etc. They predicted with them the victory or defeat of rebellion, the location of chinin or new capital, or the exact time of catastrophe when prophetic books promised. Moreover, rebels practiced rites for the success of rebellions, or ritualized the process of insurrection itself. From these consideration, we conclude that the dominant worldview which participants of insurrections imagined was Millenium type, which includes the refusal of the present regime and the prediction of its collapse, rather than Utopia type, which implies foundation of ideal order or political system. At this point, premodern rebellions differed from attempts of elite reformers or modern revolutionists.조선후기의 변란에서 나타나는 몇몇 종교적 측면들은 역사 및 종교 연구에서 많은 관심을 받아왔다. 세계의 멸망, 진인(眞人)이라 불리는 메시아적 인물의 등장, 그리고 미륵에 의해 다스려지는 새로운 시대의 도래 등에 대한 예언은 그 전형적인 예다. 이들은 미숙한 계급의식의 등장 또는 근대 신종교 운동의 초기 형태로서 다루어져 왔다. 이 논문은 이 주제에 대해 종교사적 관점에서의 대안적 시각을 제시하고자 하는 시도이다. 인간 행위에서의 종교현상은 개인이나 사회체제의 현 상태를 유지하거나 변화시키고자 하는 실천이다. 정치적 장에서, 종교적 실천의 지향은 크게 호국(護國)과 혁세(革世)의 두 가지 형태를 가진다. 혁세적 구조 혹은 세계관은 종교문화의 다른 영역으로부터 전유된 문화적 재료들로 구성되며, 저항과 반란의 사건에서 표현된다. 이 연구의 1차적인 자료는 고변서(告變書)와 관련자들의 진술을 포함하고 있는 17-19세기의 추국(推鞫) 기록들이다. 이들 자료 가운데 대부분은 사료비판을 통과하기에는 너무나 많은 허위진술을 포함하고 있어 많은 주목을 받지는 못했다. 그러나 완전한 사실을 묘사하고 있지 않은 진술이라도, 이 기록들은 현 체제 혹은 세계 그 자체의 전복에 대한 행위자의 상상력을 보여주는 의미심장한 증거가 될 수 있다. 변란의 종교적 구조에 대한 분석은 상호 관련된 세 가지 주제인 1) 예언과 예언서, 2) 영웅 신화, 3) 주술과 의례의 실천을 통해 이루어졌다. 이 시기의 변란 상황에서 『정감록(鄭鑑錄)』으로 대표되는 예언 문헌들은 빈번하게 언급되었다. 그 초기 형태는 여말선초의 엘리트 정치 담론에서부터 발견된다. 그 일반적인 이용 방법은 전쟁이나 재난이 일어났을 때 안전한 장소를 탐색하는 것이었으나, 변란 참여자들은 이 널리 퍼진 믿음을 동조자들을 모으고 반란 시도를 정당화하는 데 활용하였다. 반란의 메시아적 영웅을 가리키는 대표적인 이름인 진인은 동아시아의 정치적 맥락에서 본래 왕조의 개창자나 중창자(重創者)를 의미했다. 그 신화적 구조는 기본적으로 전형적인 영웅 신화의 일반적인 과정을 따른다. 그러나 영웅의 귀환 단계는 봉기의 날까지 연기되었다. 이런 담론의 효과는 반란의 성공을 보증하는 동시에 실패를 진인의 부재 탓으로 돌려 정당화하는 것이었다. 조선후기의 변란은 일반적으로 점복, 풍수 등에 능한 술사(術士)들이 주도하거나 참여하였다. 술사들은 술수를 통해 반란의 성패, 진인이나 새로운 왕도의 위치, 예언서가 말하는 멸망의 정확한 시기를 예견하였다. 나아가 변란 참여자들은 반란의 성공을 위한 의례들을 수행하거나, 변란 과정 자체를 의례화하기도 하였다. 이런 고찰을 통해, 우리는 변란 참여자들이 상상한 지배적인 세계관이 이상적인 질서나 정치체제의 설립을 포함하는 유토피아 유형이라기보다는 현 체제에 대한 거부와 그 멸망에 대한 예견을 포함하는 밀레니움 유형이었다는 결론에 이르렀다. 바로 이 점에서 전근대의 반란은 엘리트 개혁자들이나 근대 혁명가들의 시도와는 달랐다.I. 머리말 1 1. 조선후기 변란의 종교사 1 2. 민중사상과 민중운동 3 3. 전근대 변란과 근대 신종교 11 4. 종교와 반란 16 5. 연구 방법과 범위 24 6. 논문의 구성 30 7. 범례 35 II. 혁세의 종교적 구조 37 1. 역사학과 현상학 37 2. 사건과 구조 42 3. 종교적 구조의 네 가지 작동 양식 50 4. 혁세적 구조의 조건과 구성 60 III. 반란과 반역자들 68 1. 종교 자료로서의 심문 기록 68 2. 변란의 연대기 72 가. 전쟁과 반정 73 나. 대기근 이후의 변란들 81 다. 도참비기의 시대 88 라. 민란의 시대와 직업적 봉기꾼들 95 3. 술사, 승려, 유생, 무당 105 가. 술사들의 반란 106 나. 변란 상황에서의 도선 모델 110 다. 이단적 선비들 114 라. 무당들의 묵시종말론 118 IV. 예언과 예언서 123 1. 근대 『정감록』과 조선후기 예언서들 123 2. 예언의 형식들과 예언서의 장르들 136 3. 예언의 역사적 변형 146 가. 초포에 조수가 들어오면 146 나. 안성과 죽산 사이, 인천과 부평 사이 148 다. 성인이 나오고 즐거움이 당당할 것이다 150 라. 궁궁이 이롭다 152 4. 예언서의 혁세적 변용 155 V. 진인출현설의 형태와 변형들 167 1. 진인: 건국자 혹은 찬탈자 167 2. 영웅 신화로서의 진인출현설 171 3. 진인출현설의 패턴과 효과 177 가. 비범한 출생 177 나. 사라진 아이 184 다. 진인 탐색 186 라. 임박한 도래 191 4. 진인출현설의 변형들과 그 역사적 조건 194 가. 바다를 건너오는 진인의 배 195 나. 북벌론과 두 사람의 진인 199 다. 셋으로 나뉘는 나라 203 라. 돌아오는 반역자들 208 VI. 반란의 주술과 의례 214 1. 술수의 혁세화 214 가. 점복(占卜) 215 나. 파자(破字) 217 다. 사주(四柱) 221 라. 관상(觀相) 223 마. 천문(天文) 228 바. 망기(望氣) 233 사. 저주(咀呪) 235 아. 역귀(役鬼) 240 2. 반역자들의 의례 244 가. 이충경 사건(1629)의 장군제/둑제 246 나. 차충걸 사건(1691)의 천기공부/산간제천 251 다. 이운 사건(1712)의 축신천제 252 라. 최수만 사건(1722)의 기불과 제천 254 마. 곽처웅 사건(1733)의 풍신제 255 바. 이용범 사건(1786)의 영신제/신장제 255 사. 민회행 사건(1869)의 산제 259 아. 오윤근 사건(1872)의 산천기도 259 자. 이필제 사건(1871)의 천제와 태백산 기도 261 차. 그 외의 결의의식 및 입문의례들 262 3. 반란의 의례화 266 가. 길일(吉日) 고르기 267 나. 반란의 제차(祭次) 268 4. 상징적 반란과 실제적 반란 277 VII. 혁세의 세계관 282 1. 고갈된 현세 282 가. 왕기의 소진 282 나. 나라의 운수 286 다. 상서와 재이 291 라. 잘못된 군주 296 마. 사회질서의 혼란과 화폐 종말론 299 2. 국가 밖의 세계 303 가. 조선의 비국가공간들 303 나. 산지: 도피처이자 성소 306 다. 해역: 반역자와 이방인의 영역 316 라. 묵시종말적 지리 인식의 중층성 322 3. 다음 세상의 형태들 327 가. 유토피아와 밀레니움 327 나. 개벽 개념의 묵시종말적 변용 335 다. 석가와 미륵의 교대 338 라. 반란의 인지 구조 343 VIII. 맺음말 346 참고문헌 351 Abstract 369Docto

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