140 research outputs found

    Korean Text Classification via Weak Supervision

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์กฐ์„ฑ์ค€.ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ† ํ”ฝ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜, ๊ฐ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ง€๋„ ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ด ์ง€์ •๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ (classifier)๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ด ์ง€์ •๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ์€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๋ง ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ด ์ง€์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํด๋ž˜์Šค ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ด ์ง€์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ (Weakly-supervised)์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ฝ์ง€๋„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ค€์ง€๋„ (Semi-supervised) ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋งŽ์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ž์ฒด ํ•™์Šต (Self-train)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๋Œ€์‹  pseudo label์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ pseudo label์„ ground truth๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„, ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ•๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์ฒด ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ† ํ”ฝ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ์ • ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Text classification is a critical task with high utilization in various areas and tasks such as topic classification and sentiment analysis. Many models to solve this task are structured to learn classifiers using a large amount of labeled data based on supervised learning. Therefore, its application to areas where labeled data is scarce is limited. In particular, labeled data for Korean natural language processing is insufficient, making it challenging to utilize many existing models. However, since unlabeled data is easier to construct, using such data effectively for text classification is a significant problem. To tackle this problem, in this thesis, we take a weakly-supervised classification approach that classifies unlabeled data using very little information such as class names. We propose a structure that can classify Korean text by applying the widely used data augmentation methodology and self-train to improve the performance of semi-supervised learning to these weakly supervised classification models. In this thesis, we select existing models that generate pseudo labels instead of actual labels. After learning by assuming the generated pseudo labels as ground truth, self-learn is performed on the augmented unlabeled data using the updated model. As a result of conducting experiments using the topic classification and sentiment analysis datasets, we confirm that data augmentation and self-train methodology improved performance in all datasets compared to when they were not applied.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 2.1 ์•ฝ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 2.2 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ค€์ง€๋„ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 2.3 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 14 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 3.1 ์•ฝ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ 18 3.2 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  22 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 4.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 26 4.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 31 4.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 34 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  45 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 47 Abstract 52์„

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    Personal pharmacogenomics : pharmacological approach based on biological functional element and genomic variant

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ๊น€์ฃผํ•œ.๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ๋งž์ถค ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์œ ์ „์ฒด(Pharmacogenomics) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผํšจ๋Šฅ(efficacy), ํ•„์š”์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(dose requirements), ์ด์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘(adverse events)๋“ฑ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์  ๋ณ€์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ(ADRAdverse Drug Reaction)์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ(case-control)์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ง‘๋œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „์žฅ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ถ„์„์—ฐ๊ตฌ(GWASGenome Wide Association Studies) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” 10๊ฐœ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Population-based observational studies)๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ(FDAFood and Drug Administration)์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ณธํ˜•์„ฑ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ, ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์š”์ธ/์กฐ๊ฑด(Demographic condition)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฌ๊ท€๋ณ€์ด(Rare variant) ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ€์ด(Private variant)๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ํฌํ•จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๋ณ€์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” PharmSafe ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  PharmGKB๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•”ํ˜ธ์˜์—ญ(Coding region)์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ง€์‹(Biological knowledge)์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(PPIProtein-protein interaction)๋งŒ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” RNA ํŽธ์ง‘ ์‹ธ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„์•”ํ˜ธ์˜์—ญ(non-coding region)์˜ ๋ณ€์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , RNA ํŽธ์ง‘ ์‹ธ์ดํŠธ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ 7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™, ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™, ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ PharmSafe ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 1092๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 2503๋ช…(1000 Genome Project Phase 3)์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ PharmSafe ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€์‹์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ PharmSafe ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์œ ์ „์ž ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์—์„œ AUC 0.5857~0.6502, (0.6224ยฑ0.222์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’~์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’, ํ‰๊ท ยฑํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ)๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์••๊ฐ•ํ•˜(Antihypertensivesn=22)๊ตฐ์—์„œAUC 0.6234~0.8896(0.7340ยฑ0.0539์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’~์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’, ํ‰๊ท ยฑํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ)๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œPharmSafe ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๋ณ€์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ•™์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ง€์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(CDSSClinical Decision Support System)์—์„œ ๊ฐ ํ™˜์ž๋ณ„๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์•Œ๋งž์€ ๋†๋„๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1์žฅ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ๋งž์ถค ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์œ ์ „์ฒด :๊ฐœ์ธ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 1 ์†Œ ๊ฐœ 1 ๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ• 13 ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 33 ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 43 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 49 ๋ณด์ถฉ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 58 2์žฅ RNA ํŽธ์ง‘ ์œ„์น˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ RNA ์„œ์—ด ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ฃผ์„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 114 ์†Œ ๊ฐœ 114 ๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ• 117 ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 120 ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 123 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 124 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‘œ 126 ๋ณด์ถฉ์ž๋ฃŒ 131 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 143 ์˜๋ฌธ์š”์•ฝ(์˜๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 149Docto

    Mycobacterium massiliense hsp65 ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์˜ Glycopeptidolipid ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ธฐ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2013. 2. ํ™ฉ์‘์ˆ˜.๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์›€ ์† ๊ท ์ข…์€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์–‘๊ณผ ๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ํ”ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ๊ท ์ธ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ๊ท ์ธ ๋น„๊ฒฐํ•ตํ•ญ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ท  (์ดํ•˜ NTM) ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ NTM์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. NTM์€ ํ๊ธฐ๋„์— ์ง‘๋ฝ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ท ๋ง‰ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋„์–ด ๋‚ญํฌ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ด์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ NTM ์ค‘์—์„œ Mycobacterium abscessus๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์›์ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ™˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์‹ ์†๋ฐœ์œก NTM์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์—ญํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ M. abscessus์™€ Mycobacterium massiliense๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•จ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ M. abscessus์™€ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ท ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ M. massiliense์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” M. massiliense์˜ ์ž„์ƒ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ท ์ข…์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ M. massiliense ๊ท ์ฃผ ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ ์•„์‚ฐ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์€ 149๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ heat-shock protein 65kDa (์ดํ•˜ hsp65) ์œ ์ „์ž ์ ˆํŽธ์„ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ M. massiliense๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 86์ฃผ (56.95%), 63์ฃผ (41.72%)์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 2 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์ธ Typeโ… ๊ณผ Type โ…ก ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ hsp65 ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์€ ์ง‘๋ฝ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ [Type โ…  ํ‰ํ™œ์ง‘๋ฝ vs. Type โ…  ๊ฑฐ์นœ์ง‘๋ฝ61/86๊ท ์ฃผ (70.9%) vs. 25/86๊ท ์ฃผ (29.1%)] ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์„  Typeโ… ๊ณผ Type โ…ก๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋ฉดํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์นœํ˜•์˜ ์ง‘๋ฝ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ•์ธต ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์งˆ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง€์งˆ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์— Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋‘ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šค์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ M. massiliense ์˜ GPL ์„ฑ๋ถ„ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ ์ง‘๋ฝ์ด ํ‰ํ™œ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ด์  ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” proinflammatory mediator์ธ TNF-ฮฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‹จํ•ต์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ TNF-ฮฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” TLR2์˜ ์ž‘๋™, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ TLR๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ERK ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Typeโ… ๋ณด๋‹ค TNF-ฮฑ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜ Type โ…ก๋Š” TLR2์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ERK ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” M. massiliense์˜ 2 ๊ฐœ์˜ hsp65 ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์€ ์ง€์งˆ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ง‘๋ฝ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” M. massiliense Type II ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์€ (๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ง‘๋ฝํ˜•ํƒœ) ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ธต์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” GPL์ด Type I ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.์ดˆ๋ก i List of Abbrebation and Symbol iii ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iv List of Table vi List of Figure vii โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 2.1 ๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ท ์ฃผ 6 2.2 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 6 2.3 DNA ์ถ”์ถœ๊ณผ PCR 7 2.4 hsp65 ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” Hinfโ…  PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis 8 2.5 ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๋ถ„์„ 9 2.6 ์ง€์งˆ์ถ”์ถœ๊ณผ TLC ๋ถ„์„ 9 2.7 M. massiliense๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด GPL ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ 10 2.8 MALDI-TOF ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ถ„์„ 11 2.9 ELISA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ TNF-ฮฑ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„ ์ธก์ • 11 2.10 ERK assay 12 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 13 3.1 PCR๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๋ถ„์„์— ์˜ํ•œ M. massiliense์˜ ๋™์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ hsp65 ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•๊ณผ ์ง‘๋ฝ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 13 3.2 Hinf โ…  PRA์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” M. massiliense์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ hsp65 ์œ ์ „์žํ˜• ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 19 3.3 TLC๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•œ M. massiliense์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ hsp65 ์œ ์ „์žํ˜• ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์งˆ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ์ฐจ์ด 23 3.4 MALDI-TOF๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•œ M. massiliense์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ hsp65 ์œ ์ „์žํ˜• ๊ฐ„ GPL์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 26 3.5 M. massiliense์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ hsp65 ์œ ์ „์žํ˜• ๊ฐ„ TNF-ฮฑ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๊ณผ TLR2์˜ ์ž๊ทน์ •๋„ ์ฐจ์ด 29 3.6 ERK์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•œ M. massiliense์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ hsp65 ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด 33 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 38 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  41 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 42 Abstract 51Maste

    Investigation of Hysteresis, Off-Current, and Instability in In-Ga-Zn Oxide Thin Film Transistors Under UV Light Irradiation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตฌ.Amorphous oxide-based thin film transistors (TFTs), for instance, amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) TFTs, are expected to meet emerging technological demands where conventional silicon-based TFTs confront with the limitation of the electrical performance such as field-effect mobility, uniformity, and process temperature. However, the variation of characteristics and the stability in IGZO TFTs under light illumination still needs to be verified for further application. In this thesis, the characteristics and reliability of IGZO TFTs under light illumination were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of mechanical bending on flexible IGZO TFTs was analyzed for flexible displays. First, the effects of light on initial characteristics of IGZO TFTs were studied. Under illuminated condition, significant hysteresis and off-current (Ioff) were observed due to the creation of donor-like interface states near conduction band energy level arising from ionized oxygen vacancy (Vo2+). From hysteresis, the response time (~10^0 s) of Vo2+ at the interface was obtained, which is important parameter for analyzing hysteresis. On the contrary to conventional mechanism of photo-current, the change in Ioff increased with increasing light intensity. The increase of Ioff occurs because Vo2+ at the interface prevents carrier depletion with Fermi-level pinning. Second, the reliability of IGZO TFTs under the conditions combined with negative gate bias stress and light illumination were investigated. Under illumination, negative shift of threshold voltage (Vth) is accelerated by the photo-induced holes and Vo2+. In TFTs featuring passivation layer, a long characteristic time (~10^2 s) for Vo2+ generation in IGZO bulk was extracted. It was also found that the charge trapping probability of single carrier did not change. Finally, the reliability of flexible IGZO TFTs was analyzed when the bending radius was 10 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm. The device characteristics were hardly changed under mechanical strain unless the gate bias stress was applied. However, Vth shift was increased by mechanical strain under the gate bias stress due to valence band energy level shift.Abstract i Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Recent flat panel display 1 1.2 Dissertation Organization 8 Chapter 2 Review of IGZO TFTs 9 2.1 Oxide semiconductor for TFT application 10 2.2 Reliability of IGZO TFTs 17 2.3 Passivation layer in IGZO TFTs 24 Chapter 3 Effect of light on initial characteristics of IGZO TFTs 27 3.1 Experiment 29 3.2 Electrical Characteristics of IGZO TFT under light illumination 33 3.3 Conclusion 58 Chapter 4 Effect of UV light on reliability of IGZO TFTs 61 4.1 Reliability of IGZO TFTs depending on gate insulator layer 63 4.2 IGZO TFT with SiO2 gate insulator layer 67 4.3 IGZO TFT with SiNx gate insulator layer 81 4.4 Conclusion 96 Chapter 5 Characteristics of IGZO TFT on Flexible Substrate 99 5.1 Overview of flexible TFT 100 5.2 Fabrication and Experiment of Flexible IGZO TFT 107 5.3 The effect of mechanical bending on electrical characteristics of Flexible IGZO TFT 112 5.4 The effect of mechanical bending on stability of Flexible IGZO TFT 119 5.5 The effect of light on flexible IGZO TFTs 131 5.6 Conclusion 136 Chapter 6 Summary 139 Appendix A Design and Fabrication of Simultaneous Emission AMOLED Pixel Circuit 143 Bibliography 165 ์ดˆ ๋ก 177Docto

    ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ(Facebook)๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ทœ์ •(GDPR)์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์™ธ๊ตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022. 8. ๊น€์ƒ๋ฐฐ.In recent days, states have begun to strengthen regulations on online platforms. It is because online platforms have started to threaten the role and existence of the state itself as they become out of the control of the state with data as a resource of power. It means the power game between the state and corporation has begun. The European Union is at the forefront of regulating online platforms since the EU regulated data which can be a source of power for an online platform through a norm called General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR). GDPR has drawn attention from academia along with its emergence, and this study will categorize existing studies roughly into two parts, focusing on the interpretation of GDPR. It is an economic and legal/value interpretation. However, this study shows that these interpretations have limitations, and attempts to supplement it by interpreting it from a political view. To this end, this study shows that the state and corporation are competing for power, focusing on Facebook, a platform that is most at odds with the European Union, and it confirms what role GDPR plays in the process. First of all, Facebookโ€™s resources of power are data produced by individuals using a social media platform, Facebook. Facebook secures resources through a network of users worldwide. Unlike other resources, data has a feature that grows exponentially rather than competitive or depleted as user networks expand. It doesnโ€™t mean much if you gather resources of power and do nothing. Realizing power with data is the point, and Facebookโ€™s means to actualize power lies in its ability to design algorithms. It has the potential to actualize its power in reality through algorithmic design ability. The European Union faces threats in two aspects due to Facebookโ€™s data power. First, the role of the state in the market has shrunk. By making companies compete with others, the state should create a competitive market environment to ensure the consumersโ€™ welfare. It should also collect taxes appropriately, which are financial resources for the state, and hold the ability to issue money on its hand. However, the European Union is not playing enough of these states' roles due to Facebook. Next, in domestic politics, the state is exposed to the risk of collapse of the democratic system and feels the ontological threat. The European Union can use institutional resources such as the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council, and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Using these institutional resources, the EU can set the agenda on problems, access systematically, and effectively apply the regulations, GDPR, created through the institutions. In the worst case, Facebook, which cannot withstand EU regulations, could abandon its market in the EU, so to prepare for this, it needs to cascade its norms around the world, make other countries adopt them and create an environment where Facebook has no choice but to abide by its norms. The European Union has an identity as a normative leader. And GDPR has clauses to help the norm spread, and there is a real case to confirm that what the European Union pursues through the GDPR is spreading around the world. The cascade of norms means that a network of cooperation between countries exists. Just as Facebook forms a network around the world to gather data and use it as a power resource, the European Union responds to Facebook's data power by forming a network of norms. Looking at the process of the European Unionโ€™s response to Facebookโ€™s data power, it can be seen that the EU uses GDPR as a means to restore its power against online platforms. The GDPR seems to focus on the individual by strengthening the individualโ€™s authority over data, but by taking power away from companies and attributing it to individuals, the stateโ€™s ultimate goal is to restore its role in the market and consolidate its position.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ทœ์ œ์—์„œ ์„ ๋‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ทœ์ •(GDPR)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํž˜์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋‹ค. GDPR์€ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” GDPR์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์ ยท๊ฐ€์น˜์  ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•ด์„์ด ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ์ •์น˜์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•ด์„์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ GDPR์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Š ์ž์›๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š”์ปค๋…• ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ๊ทธ์น˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ, ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์‹คํ˜„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์‹œ์žฅ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ›„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฌ์›์ธ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ง•์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ™”ํ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์†Œํ™”ํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ์œ„ํ˜‘๋„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํšŒ ๋ฐ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ๋„์  ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๋„์  ์ž์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ทœ์ •์ธ GDPR์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹œ์žฅ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๊ฒฌ๋””๋‹ค ๋ชปํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ์žํƒ€๊ณต์ธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ์„ ๋„์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , GDPR์—๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด GDPR์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ๊ณง ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด GDPR์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GDPR์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์†์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ์•„์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ช…๋ถ„์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์—ญํ•  ํšŒ๋ณต ๋ฐ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ ๋ถ•๊ดด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 3. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  1) ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ GDPR์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ•ด์„ 2) ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ GDPR์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ ๊ฐ€์น˜์  ํ•ด์„ 3) ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•ด์„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 4. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ โ…ก. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ(Facebook)์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ 1. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณด์œ  2. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์› ํ™•๋ณด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ: ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 3. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์‹คํ˜„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ…ข. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ธ์‹ 1. ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ฒŒ์ž„: ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์—ญํ• ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ฒŒ์ž„: ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ์œ„ํ˜‘ โ…ฃ. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‘ 1. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์› 1) ์ œ๋„์  ์ž์› 2) ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹œ์žฅ(single market) 3) '๊ทœ๋ฒ” ์„ ๋„์ž(norm entrepreneur)'๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ 2. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ GDPR์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ Abstract์„

    Consumers Perceptions on Food Additives - Analysis of Social Web Data

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์–‘ํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 8. ๊ถŒํ›ˆ์ •.์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹์€ ์‘๋‹ต์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌํ„ธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์ถ”์ด, ์†Œ์…œ ์›น ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ๋“ฑ ์†Œ์…œ ์›น ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ๋‘ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ† ํ”ฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ, ์นดํŽ˜ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ด€์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์˜ ๊ธ์ • ๋ถ€์ • ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2010๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์–ด MSG'์™€ '์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ PC์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 5๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณผ ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต์ค‘ํŒŒ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์‹์•ฝ์ฒ˜ ๋ณด๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณต์ค‘ํŒŒ๋‚˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ์‹์•ฝ์ฒ˜ ๋ณด๋„์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์ „ํ™˜์— ์•ž์„œ ์„ฃ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ํ™•๋Œ€์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ๋งŒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹˜์ด ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ–‰์ •์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„ ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ›„์† ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ, ์นดํŽ˜ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 2013๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ MSG์™€ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ† ํ”ฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„์„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ธ TONK๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์™€ ์นดํŽ˜์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋กœ MSG๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ €์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋“ค ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ํ˜ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ „์ œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. MSG, ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํŠน์ • ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋„ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์นซ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ธ์‹์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ค„ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ KBS ๋‰ด์Šค์™€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‰ด์Šค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์˜ ๊ธ์ • ๋ถ€์ • ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MSG ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ MSG์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋Œ“๊ธ€๊ณผ MSG๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ“๊ธ€์ด ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ“๊ธ€๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ“๊ธ€์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5๊ฐœ, 17๊ฐœ, 17๊ฐœ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋Œ“๊ธ€์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4๊ฐœ, 12๊ฐœ, 11๊ฐœ๋กœ 80%, 71%, 65%๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์€ ๋‹น๋‡จ, ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด๊ตํ™˜ ์นดํŽ˜์—์„œ ์ฒดํ—˜๊ธ€, ๋ ˆ์‹œํ”ผ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , MSG์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ธํ•˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์†Œ์…œ ์›น ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  5 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 6 ์ œ 2์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์†Œ์…œ ์›น ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ 14 ์ œ 3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ํฌํ„ธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ด์™€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณด๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 23 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ํ† ํ”ฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์†Œ์…œ ์›น ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋ถ„์„ 26 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋‰ด์Šค ๋Œ“๊ธ€์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 30 ์ œ 4์žฅ L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 32 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์„œ๋ก  32 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 34 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  64 ์ œ 5์žฅ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 68 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์„œ๋ก  68 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 75 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  97 ์ œ 6์žฅ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 101 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  101 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ 107 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 111 ๋ถ€๋ก 119 ๋ถ€๋ก 1: KBS ๋‰ด์Šค, [๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ถฉ์ „] MSG๋Š” ๋ชธ์— ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค์˜คํ•ด์™€ ์ง„์‹ค 119 ๋ถ€๋ก 2: ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‰ด์Šค, ์‹์•ฝ์ฒ˜ "์‹ํ’ˆ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ MSG๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ๋จน์–ด๋„ ์•ˆ์ „" 125 ๋ถ€๋ก 3: ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‰ด์Šค, ๋นต๊ณผ์ž์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ—ˆ์šฉ 128 Abstract 131Docto

    Combination treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ursodeoxycholic acid dissolves cholesterol gallstones in mice

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    The increasing prevalence of cholesterol gallstone disease places an economic burden on the healthcare system. To identify novel therapeutics, we assessed the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in combination with UDCA in a mouse model of cholesterol gallstones. Gallstone dissolution, gallbladder wall thickness, mucin gene expression in the gallbladder, and levels of phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile acids in bile and serum were analysed. RNA was extracted from the liver for mRNA sequencing and gene expression profiling. Combination treatment resulted in greater gallstone dissolution compared with the control group, and PUFA and combination treatments reduced the thickness of the gallbladder wall. Expression levels of mucin genes were significantly lower in the UDCA, PUFA, and combination groups. Transcriptome analyses revealed that combination treatment modulated hepatic lipid metabolism. The PUFA and combination groups showed elevated bile phospholipid and bile acid levels and a lower cholesterol saturation index. Combination treatment with PUFA and UDCA dissolves cholesterol gallstones in mice by decreasing mucin production, increasing levels of phospholipids and bile acids in bile, and decreasing cholesterol saturation. Further studies of the therapeutic effects of combination PUFA and UDCA treatment in patients with cholesterol gallstones are warranted.ope

    The Effect of Androsterone as the Metabolite of Testosterone to Seizure Suppression

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    Background: Androsterone is one of the major metabolites from testosterone whose clinical importance remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of androsterone on seizure susceptibility in mouse models of epilepsy. Methods: The efficacy of androsterone (10~200 mg/kg, i.p.) against seizures induced by various GABA receptor antagonists and glutamate receptor agonists was evaluated. Results: Androsterone protected mice against seizures induced by PTZ (pentylenetetrazol), PCX (picrotoxin), and DMCM (methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-ฮฒ-carboline-3-carboxylate) in a dose-dependent manner. Androsterone did not protect against seizures induced by kainic acid, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid), or 4-AP (4-aminopyridine) in mice. Conclusions: These results suggest that androsterone exhibits anticonvulsant activity that occurs largely via nongenomic mechanisms. Testosterone-derived androsterone might be an endogenous protective neuroactive steroid in the brain. Key Words: Androsterone, GABA, Seizure, Neuroactive steroidope

    Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and ursodeoxycholic acid have an additive effect in attenuating diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice

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    Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress into liver cirrhosis; however, no definite treatment is available. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega-3) has been reported to alleviate experimental NASH, although its beneficial effect was not evident when tested clinically. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the additive effect of omega-3 and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on diet-induced NASH in mice. C57BL/6 mice were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks, at which point the mice were divided into three groups and fed HFD alone, HFD with omega-3 or HFD with omega-3 in combination with UDCA for another 24 weeks. Feeding mice an HFD and administering omega-3 improved histologically assessed liver fibrosis, and UDCA in combination with omega-3 further attenuated this disease. The assessment of collagen ฮฑ1(I) expression agreed with the histological evaluation. Omega-3 in combination with UDCA resulted in a significant attenuation of inflammation whereas administering omega-3 alone failed to improve histologically assessed liver inflammation. Quantitative analysis of tumor necrosis factor ฮฑ showed an additive effect of omega-3 and UDCA on liver inflammation. HFD-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation was attenuated by omega-3 and adding UDCA accentuated this effect. In accordance with this result, the expression of sterol regulatory binding protein-1c decreased after omega-3 administration and adding UDCA further diminished SREBP-1c expression. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which may reflect oxidative stress-induced tissue damage, was suppressed by omega-3 administration and adding UDCA further attenuated iNOS expression. These results demonstrated an additive effect of omega-3 and UDCA for alleviating fibrosis, inflammation and steatosis in diet-induced NASH.ope
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