120 research outputs found
ìžëë€ìì ì¬ì±ë€ì ìëì¹ ìì ìì 겜í곌 ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížì ì°êŽì±
íìë
Œë¬ž(ìì¬) -- ììžëíêµëíì : 볎걎ëíì 볎걎í곌(볎걎ì ì±
êŽëŠ¬íì ê³µ), 2021.8. ê¹ì ì.Often defined as mistimed or unwanted pregnancy, unintended pregnancy causes numerous negative health impacts on women as well as children. It is evident that its negative impacts extend to not only social and economic dimension but also to health dimension within the society. Thus, decreasing the prevalence of unintended pregnancy is imperative in public health. The global society already recognized it as urgent issue and called for addressing this problem. In the Global Strategy for Womenâs and Childrenâs Health, the United Nations(UN) has set the global goals to decrease the prevalence of unintended pregnancy which is known as one of the main causes of death for millions of girls and women suffering from unsafe abortions and severe complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. Due to the cooperation on global level, it has been reported that the number of unintended pregnancies worldwide has decreased by approximately 18% in 2015-2019 compared to 1990-1994. However, East Asia and Southeast Asia marked the lowest rate of decrease in unintended pregnancy by only 4%. Among the countries in East Asia and Southeast Asia region, women in Indonesia suffered unwanted pregnancy the most.
Meanwhile, it has been widely discussed that womenâs empowerment is also contributed to development. Also, empowering women has been regarded as one of the 21st century agendas in global health. When it comes to its terminology, womenâs empowerment tends to be used interchangeably with womenâs autonomy or womenâs decision-making power. However, womenâs empowerment should be distinguished from the concepts of autonomy or decision-making power in that it implies process-a dynamic aspect. To be specific, empowerment can be defined as a process which a person who had been denied of the ability to make strategic life choices among recognized alternatives is able to obtain such ability. Research on womenâs empowerment is insufficient in public health, nonetheless, empowering women plays pivotal role in producing various social benefits including improving community health.
The quantitative indicators of womenâs empowerment through utilizing secondary data are limited and lack scholarly consensus in the academia today. Amongst commonly replaced indicators as proxy measures are decision-making power in households and attitude towards domestic violence. These indicators were proposed by the Demographic and Health Survey Program (DHS) to measure womenâs degree of empowerment. Driven from the above narratives of womenâs health and its relation to empowerment, this study constructed four domains to measure womenâs empowerment quantitatively, which are decision-making power in households, attitude towards domestic violence, negotiation of sexual relations and decision-making power on respondentsâ health. The latter two indicators were included after a thorough review of existing literature.
The data used in this study was generated from IDHS (Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey) in 2017. For analysis, 14,118 out of 49,627 respondents are selected. The dependent variable is the experience of unintended pregnancy, which encompasses mistimed or unwanted pregnancy, in the last five years. The independent variables were as follow: womenâs empowerment, parity, types of contraceptives, contraceptive discontinuation, respondentsâ age at first birth, heard of family planning, husband/partnersâ educational level, current age, wealth index, place of residence, occupation, province, respondentsâ educational level.
In this research, Stata/SE 14.2 was used for statistical analysis, and two models were presented: a model without womenâs empowerment variables (Model 1) and a model with womenâs empowerment variables (Model 2). Chi-squared test was performed to determine whether each independent variable had a significant association with unintended pregnancy. Multiple logistic analysis was also conducted to yield adjusted odds ratio (AOR).
The result showed that 16.6% of Indonesian women became pregnant unintentionally within the last 5 years. Among the four domains that measure womenâs empowerment, only the variable of decision-making power on respondentsâ health was statistically significant. Specifically, the women who reported difficulties in deciding their own health had 1.14 times higher odds of undergoing unintended pregnancy than women who did not report difficulties. Moreover, in a subgroup analysis, among respondents who use modern contraceptive, women who report difficulties in accessing health services had 1.42 times higher odds of experiencing unintended pregnancy compared to women who did not report such difficulties. On the other hand, the other three domains, attitude towards domestic violence, decision-making power in household and negotiation of sexual relations, were not statistically significant.
These statistically insignificant results can be explained with problematic aggregation or weighting, along with a potentially unperceived fundamental drawback in the study design. Due to the nature of the DHS, the indexes for measuring empowered status of women could not be interpreted variously in accordance with different context of culture, society and country.
A qualitative study conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia discovered that womenâs decisions for family planning were not only influenced by the sexual negotiations that occurred within their marital relations, but also unexpectedly by the internalization of the surrounding society and peer womenâs norms of idealistic womanhood, such as having a child immediately within marriage and having at least one child from each gender. The qualitative research emphasized the significance of the womenâs surrounding social environments and their norms and contexts to affect womenâs reproductive plans and health, beyond the logistical conversations that occur between their spouses.
Results of this study suggest that approaching prevention of unintended pregnancy among Indonesian women should consider various societal and economic perspectives and sectors. Acknowledging the higher odds of unintended pregnancy by women who report difficulties accessing health services, policy makers and public health practitioners should consider addressing various infrastructural, physical, and psychological barriers that limit access to health services for Indonesian women. Despite the outcome of only one domain of womenâs empowerment to be statistically significant in relation to the experience of unintended pregnancy, statistically insignificant outcomes of the other three domains should be interpreted with caution. Such statistical insignificance does not confirm that womenâs empowerment initiatives have no implications towards decreasing the prevalence of unintended pregnancy among Indonesian women.
Although this study did not capture the entirety of the multi-dimensional and dynamic aspects of womenâs empowerment, its findings provide several implications. Further studies are required to determine whether the interventions for empowering women to prevent unintended pregnancy are more effective than other forms of interventions. As the current scholarly scope and tools on measuring womenâs empowerment quantitatively are limiting, revision on current tools and development of new indexes are essential. To elaborate in further depths on the effects of womenâs empowerment on womenâs health, additional qualitative and mixed method approaches should be accompanied.ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì í ê°ìžì ì 첎, ì¬ëŠ¬ì ë¶ê±Žê°ì ìŒêž°í ë¿ë§ ìëëŒ, ê·ž ë¶ì ì ìí¥ìŽ í êµê°ì ì¬í ë° ê²œì , í êµê°ì 볎걎ìë£ì²Žê³ì ê¹ì§ë íì¥ëë€ë ìž¡ë©Žìì ê³µì€ ë³Žê±Žíì ìŒë¡ ì€ìí 묞ì ìŽë€. UNì ë¹ë¡¯í ìžê³ ì¬ë¬ êµê°ë€ì 2016ë
ì ì¬ì±ê³Œ ìŽëŠ°ìŽì 걎ê°ì ìí ì ìžê³ì ì ëµ(Global Strategy for Womenâs and Childrenâs Health)ì ë°ííë©°, 2030ë
ê¹ì§ ìì 곌 ì¶ì°ìŒë¡ ìží í©ë³ìŠ ë° ìì íì§ ìì ìì ì€ëšìŒë¡ ìžíŽ ì¬ë§íë ì¬ì±ì ìŽëŠ¬êž° ìíŽ ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì ìë°©íê² ë€ë 목í륌 ìžì°êž°ë íìë€. êµì ì¬íì ë
žë ¥ì ê²°ê³Œë¡ ì ìžê³ì ìŒë¡ ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì 1990ë
-1994ë
ëë¹ 2015ë
-2019ë
ì ìœ 18%ì ë ê°ìíë€ê³ ë³Žê³ ëìë€. íì§ë§, ëììì ë° ëëšììì ì§ìì ê°ììšì 4%ììŒë©°, ìŽë ì ìžê³ìì ê°ì¥ ë®ì ìì¹ìë€. ìŽ ì§ìì ìíë êµê°ë€ ì€ ìžëë€ììì ì¬ì±ë€ì ìì¹ ìì ìì ì ê°ì¥ ë§ìŽ ê²ªê³ ìë ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€.
ííž, ì ìžê³ì ìŒë¡ ì¬ì±ë€ì ìëì ê°ííê³ ê¶ìµì ì ì¥íë ê²(womenâs empowerment)ìŽ ê²œì ë°ì 곌 ê°ë°ì ëììŽ ëë€ë ê²ìŽ ìŠëª
ëììŒë©°, êµì 볎걎 ììì ììŽì 21ìžêž° ìì ë€ë¡ ꌜíêž°ë íìë€. ì¬ì± ìíì뚌íž(womenâs empowerment)ë ì¬ì±ì ììšì±(womenâs autonomy)ìŽë ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶(womenâs decision-making power)곌 íŒì©ëìŽ ì¬ì©ëë 겜í¥ìŽ ìì§ë§, ìíì뚌ížë ìëìŽ ë°íë ìíìë ì¬ì±ìŽ ìëì íëíë â곌ì âìŽëŒë ëì ìž ì믞륌 íšì¶íê³ ìë€ë ì ìì, ììšì±ìŽë ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶ê³Œ ê°ì ì ì ìž ê°ë
곌ë 구ë¶ëë€. ìŽë ë¯ ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížê° ì€ìíê² ì¬ê²šì§ê³ ìììë ë¶êµ¬íê³ , 볎걎í ë¶ìŒìì ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížë¥Œ 죌ì ë¡í ì°êµ¬ë ë¶ì¡±í ì€ì ìŽë€.
ìŽë° 묞ì ììì ë°íìŒë¡ êž°ì¡Žì ì°êµ¬ë€ì ê³ ì°°íì ë, ìì ì°êµ¬ìì ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížì ë늬ì§í륌 구ì±íšì ììŽ íìë€ê° ìŒì¹ë í©ìë ìŒêŽë 겜í¥ì±ì íìží ì ììë€. íì§ë§, ê°ì¥ ë§ìŽ ì°ìŽë ì§íë¡ë âê°ì ëŽ ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶â곌 âê°ì íë ¥ì ì ë¹ííë íëâ ê° ìììŒë©°, íŽë¹ ì§íë€ì ìžêµ¬ë³Žê±Žì¡°ì¬ íë¡ê·žëš(Demographic and Health Survey Program, DHS)ìì ì¬ì± ìíìëšŒíž ìž¡ì ì ìíŽ ì ìí ì§íë€ìŽë€.
ë°ëŒì, 볞 ì°êµ¬ììë ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížë¥Œ ëíëŽë ë늬 ì§í륌 ìŽ 4ê°ì§ ìžë¶ ìììŒë¡ 구ì±íìë€. DHSìì ì ìí ì§íìž âê°ì ëŽ ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶â곌 âê°ì íë ¥ì ì ë¹ííë íëâ ìžì, êž°ì¡Ž 묞í ê³ ì°°ì íµíŽ íì
í âì± êŽë š 죌ì ì ëí íìë ¥â ë° âìëµìì 걎ê°ê³Œ êŽë šë ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶âì ì¬ì± ìíìëšŒíž ë늬 ì§íë¡ ìŒìë€.
ë¶ì ì íì©í ìë£ë 2017ë
ìžëë€ìì DHS ìë£ë¡, ì°êµ¬ ëì ì ì êž°ì€ì ë°ëŒ ì 첎 íë³žìž 49,627ëª
ì€ 14,118ëª
ì ë¶ì ëììŒë¡ ì ì íìë€. ì¢
ì ë³ìë ìëì¹ ìì ìì 겜í ì¬ë¶ë¡, íì íží¥ (recall bias)ì íµì íêž° ìíŽ 5ë
ìŽëŽì ìì ì 겜íí ì¬ì± ì€ ì í ìíì§ ììë ìì ì 겜ííê±°ë, ìêž°ê° ë§ì§ ìì ìì (mistimed pregnancy)ì 겜ííì ê²œì° ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì 겜íí ê²ìŒë¡ ì ìíìë€. ë
늜ë³ìë¡ë ì¬ì± ìíì뚌íž, ì¶ì°ë ¥, íŒìë구 ì¢
ë¥, íŒìë구 ì¬ì© ì€ëš 겜í ì¬ë¶, 첫 ì¶ì° ì°ë ¹, ê°ì¡± ê³í ë©ìì§ ì²ì·š 겜í ì¬ë¶, ìžêµ¬ì¬ííì ë³ì(íì¬ ì°ë ¹, 거죌 ì§ì, 거죌 íí, ìëµì ë° ëšížì êµì¡ ìì€, ì§ì
, ì¬ì° ìì€)ê° ì¬ì©ëìë€.
íµê³ ë¶ìì Stata/SE 14.2륌 íì©íììŒë©°, ì¬ì± ìíìëšŒíž ë³ìê° ë€ìŽê°ì§ ìì 몚í (몚í 1`)곌 ë€ìŽê° 몚í (몚í 2)ì ê°ê° ì ìíìë€. ì¹ŽìŽ ì ê³± ê²ì ì íµíŽ ê° ë
늜ë³ìê° ì¢
ìë³ìì ì ìí êŽë šì±ìŽ ìëì§ íìžíìê³ , ìŽí ë¡ì§ì€í± íê· ë¶ìì íµíŽ ì ìí ì¡°ì ë ì€ìŠë¹ë¥Œ ì°ì¶íìë€.
ë¶ì 결곌, ìžëë€ìì ì¬ì±ë€ ì€ 16.6%ê° ìµê·Œ 5ë
ìŽëŽì ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì 겜íí ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€. ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížë¥Œ 구ì±íë 4ê°ì ìžë¶ìì ì€ âìëµìì 걎ê°ê³Œ êŽë šë ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶â ììë§ p-ê°ìŽ 0.05 ìŽíìì íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìí êŽê³ë¥Œ ê°ë ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€. 구첎ì ìŒë¡, 걎ê°ê³Œ êŽë šë ìì¬ ê²°ì ì 묞ì ê° ìë€ê³ ìëµí ì¬ì±ë€ì ë¹íŽ ìì¬ ê²°ì ì 묞ì ê° ìë€ê³ ìëµí ì¬ì±ë€ìŽ ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì 겜íí ì€ìŠê° 1.14ë°°ë¡ ëììŒë©°, ìŽë íµê³ì ìŒë¡ë ì ìíìë€. 구첎ì ìŒë¡, íìì§ëš ë¶ìì íµíŽ íëì íŒìë구(Modern contraceptive methods)륌 ì¬ì©íë ì¬ì±ë€ìê²ìë§ âìëµìì 걎ê°ê³Œ êŽë šë ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶â곌 ìëì¹ ìì ìì 겜íìŽ íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìí êŽê³ë¥Œ ê°ë ê²ìŒë¡ ëë¬ë¬ë€. ë°ë©Žì, íŒìë구륌 ì¬ì©íì§ ìëë€ê³ ìëµí ì§ëšê³Œ ì íµì íŒìë구(Traditional contraceptive methods)륌 ì¬ì©íë ì§ëš, ì¥êž°ê° ë° ë¶ê°ìì íŒìë구 (Long-acting and permanent methods, LAPMs)륌 ì¬ì©íë ì§ëšììë âìëµìì 걎ê°ê³Œ êŽë šë ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶â ìììŽ ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì 겜íí ì€ìŠì íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìí ìí¥ì 믞ì¹ì§ ììë€.
ííž, ì¬ì± ìíìëšŒíž ë³ìì 4ê° ìì ì€ âê°ì ëŽ ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶â, âê°ì íë ¥ì ì ë¹ííë íëâ ë° âì± êŽë š 죌ì ì ëí íìë ¥â ë³ìë ìëì¹ ìì ìì 곌 íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìí ì°êŽì±ì ê°ê³ ìì§ ììë€. DHSìì ì ìí âê°ì ëŽ ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶â곌 âê°ì íë ¥ì ì ë¹ííë íëâê° ì ìíì§ ìì ìŽì ë ê° ììì íëì ì§íí íë 곌ì í¹ì ê°ì€ì¹ì ë¶ì¬ ëë¬žìŒ ê°ë¥ì±ìŽ ìë€. í¹í âê°ì ëŽ ìì¬ê²°ì ê¶âìŽ Kabeerê° ì ìí âì ëµì ì¶ì ì íâì ë°ìíëì§ ê²í í íìê° ìë€. í¹ì 볞ì§ì ìŒë¡ ê° ìììŽ ê°ë ìë¯žê° ìë¡ ë€ë¥ž êµê°, ì¬í, 묞íì 맥ëœì ë°ëŒ ë€ë¥Žê² íŽìë ì¬ì§ê° ê°íêž° ë묞ì, íŽë¹ ì§íì 묞ì ê° ìë€ë íìë€ì ì§ì 곌 궀륌 ê°ìŽ í ê²ìŽëŒ 볌 ìë ìì ê²ìŽë€. âì± êŽë š 죌ì ì ëí íìë ¥â ìììŽ ì ìíì§ ìì ìŽì ë ìžëë€ìì륌 ëììŒë¡ í ì§ì ì°êµ¬ë¡ë¶í° ìì¬ì ì ì»ì ì ììë€. íŽë¹ ì°êµ¬ì ë°ë¥Žë©Ž, ì± êŽë š 죌ì 륌 ëšíž/íížëì ììíê³ íìíë€ê³ íëëŒë ì¬ì±ë€ìŽ ì¬í ë° ì¬íì ê·ë²(ê²°íŒ ì§í ìì ì íŽìŒ íë€ë íì¡°, ìë
ë ê°êž° ë€ë¥ž ì±ë³ë¡ í ëª
ì©ì ë°ëì ììŽìŒ íë€ë íì¡° ë±)곌 ìížìì©íë©°, ê²°ë¡ ì ìŒë¡ë ì¬ì±ì ì±ì ìêž° ê²°ì ê¶ì ìµìíë ííë¡ ë°íëìì ê°ë¥ì±ìŽ ìë€ë ê²ìŽë€. ìŠ, ëšíž/íížëì ì± êŽë š 죌ì ì ëí ì€ì ì íì볎ë€ë ì¬íì ì¬êµ¬ì±ì ê±°ì¹ ì¬ì±ì ì¬ìì° ëª©íê° ë í¬ê² ìì©íë€ê³ íŽìíŽë³Œ ì ìì ê²ìŽë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ê²°ê³Œë¥Œ ë°íìŒë¡ í ìêž° ê³ ì°°ì ìžëë€ìì ì¬ì±ë€ì ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì ìë°©íêž° ìíŽì ë€ìí ê°ëììì ì ê·ŒìŽ íìí ì ìë€ë ì ì ìì¬íë€. í¹í, íìí 볎걎ìë£ìë¹ì€ë¥Œ ë°ë ê²ì 묞ì ê° ìë€ê³ ìëµí ì¬ì±ë€ìŽ ê·žë ì§ ìì ì¬ì±ë€ì ë¹íŽì ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì 겜íí ì€ìŠê° ëê² ëíë¬êž° ë묞ì, ìžëë€ìì ì¬ì±ë€ì 볎걎ìë£ìë¹ì€ ì ê·Œì ëí 묌늬ì ë° ì¬ëŠ¬ì ì¥ë²œì íŽìíë ê²ìŽ íìí ê²ìŒë¡ ì¬ê²šì§ë€. ëí, íŒìë구 ì¬ì© ì€ëšì 겜íí ì¬ì±ìŽ ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì 겜íí ì€ìŠê° íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìíê² ëìêž° ë묞ì ì¬ì±ë€ìŽ íŒìë구 ì¬ì©ì ì€ëšíë ììžì 구첎ì ìŒë¡ íì
í íìê° ìë€. ë ëìê°, ìžëë€ìì ì¬íìì ì¬íì ê·ë²ìŽë ë¶ìêž°ê° ì¬ì±ë€ì ì¬ìì° ê³í곌 걎ê°ì ìí¥ì 믞ì¹ê³ ìë€ë ì ì ê³ ë €íì¬ ë³Žê±Žíì ì€ì¬ë¥Œ ì€ê³íŽìŒ íë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ììë ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížì ìžë¶ ìì 4ê° ì€ 1ê°ì ììë§ìŽ ì ìíê² ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì ìí¥ì 믞ì¹ë€ê³ ëíë¬ì§ë§, ìŽ ê²°ê³Œë§ì íµíŽ ìžëë€ììì ìëì¹ ìì ìì 묞ì 륌 íŽê²°íêž° ìí ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížê° ì믞륌 ê°ì§ ìëë€ê³ ëšì ì§êž°ë ìŽë µë€.
ë€ìí ì°êµ¬ë€ìŽ ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížê° ì¬íì ìŒë¡ ì¬ë¬ êŽë š ë¶ìŒìì ížìµë€ì ì°ì¶í ì ìë€ë ì€ìŠì 귌거ë€ì ì ìíê³ ìë€. ìŽë° 맥ëœìì, 볞 ì°êµ¬ë ìžëë€ìì ì¬íìì ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížì ìëì¹ ìì ìì ê°ì êŽë šì±ì í구íë€ë ìì륌 ê°ëë€. íì§ë§ ìëì¹ ìì ìì ì ìë°©íêž° ìíŽ ì¬ì±ë€ì ìëì ê°ííê³ ê¶ìµì ì ì¥(ìíì뚌íž)íë ì€ì¬ì íšê³Œì±ì íìžíêž° ìíŽìë ì¶ê°ì ìž ì°êµ¬ê° íìí ê²ìŒë¡ ì¬ê²šì§ë€. ë§ì íìë€ìŽ ì§ì íë¯, êž°ì¡Žì ì¬ì± ìíì뚌ížë¥Œ ìì ìŒë¡ ìž¡ì íë ë구ì ëí ìì 곌 ê°ë°ìŽ ì구ëë©°, ì¬ì±ë€ì ì¬íì ìížìì©ê³Œ ìíì뚌ížì ìëì , ë€ìžµì ë° ë€ì°šìì í¹ì±ì ê³ ë €íêž° ìíŽìë ì¶ê°ì ìž íŒí©ì°êµ¬ ë° ì§ì ì°êµ¬ê° ë³íëë ê²ìŽ íìíë€.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. Purpose of Study 3
1.3. Hypothesis 4
Chapter 2. Literature Review 5
2.1. Literature Review 5
2.1.1. The main variable: Women's empowerment 5
2.1.2. The outcome variable: Unintended pregnancy 8
2.1.3. The effect of women's empowerment on woman-centered health outcomes 10
2.2. Theoretical Framework 12
Chapter 3. Methods 13
3.1. Data Sources and Study Sample 13
3.2. Study Design 15
3.3. Variables 16
3.4. Ethical Considerations 27
Chapter 4. Results 28
Chapter 5. Discussion 50
Chapter 6. Conclusion 58
Abstract in Korean 61
Bibliography 66
Appendix 74ì
ì ì¥ ì ì 첎 ë¶ìì ìŽì©í ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢ ì ì ì ì í¹ì± ê·ëª
íìë
Œë¬ž (ë°ì¬) -- ììžëíêµ ëíì : ì곌ëí ììì곌í곌, 2021. 2. ì°íê· .Background and Purpose: Radiation-induced sarcoma (RIS) is a rare secondary malignancy that is caused by treatment-related ionizing radiation after a long latency period. Despite unfavorable clinical outcomes, the genomic footprints of ionizing radiations in RIS development remain largely unknown. Hence, this study was aimed at characterizing the genomes and analyzing the genomic alterations in RIS.
Materials and Methods: The patients with secondary sarcoma associated with radiotherapy were reviewed between 2000 and 2019. Thirty sarcomas developed in the previously irradiated area were reviewed by two experienced pathologists. DNA sample was extracted from freshly frozen tumor tissues or isolated tumor through microdissection, along with normal tissue or blood derived from the same individuals. We finally enrolled 11 samples for which libraries were successfully created. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed with the average coverage of tumor 90ïœ and of normal 60ïœ. The pipelines for analyzing single nucleotide variations, short insertion/deletion, somatic copy number alterations, structural variations, and germline mutations were constructed.
Results: The mutation abundance of RIS genomes including one hypermutated genome was variable. Cancer-related genes might show different types of genomic alterations. For instance, NF1, NF2, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, PIK3CA, RB1, and TP53 showed singleton somatic mutations; MYC, CDKN2A, RB1, and NF1 showed recurrent copy number alterations; and NF2, ARID1B, and RAD51B showed recurrent structural variations (SVs). The effects of non-homologous end joining on short insertions-deletions and SVs were substantial in RIS genomes, compared with in spontaneous osteosarcoma genomes, representing the genomic hallmark of RIS genomes. In addition, frequent chromothripsis and predisposing germline variants in DNA damage-repair pathways were identified.
Conclusion: Taken together, WGS-scale characterization of RIS genomes may pave the way for advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for RIS.배겜 ë° ëª©ì : ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ì ì 늬 ë°©ì¬ì ì¹ë£ í ìŒì êž°ê°ìŽ ì§ë í ë°ìíë í¬ê·í 2ì°š ì
ì± ì¢
ììŽë€. ì ì¢ì ìì ìíìë ë¶êµ¬íê³ , ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ë°ì곌 êŽë ší ì ì ì êž°ì ì ê±°ì ìë €ì§ì§ ììë€. ìŽ ì°êµ¬ë ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ì ëì°ë³ìŽ í¹ì±ì í구íêž° ìíŽ ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ìŒë¡ ì§ëšë íìë¡ë¶í° ì»ì ìíì íµíŽ ì ì¥ ì ì 첎 ììŽì ë¶ìíìë€.
ë°©ë²: 2000ë
곌 2019ë
ì¬ìŽì ì§ëšë ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
íì륌 ê²í íìë€. ìŽì ì ë°©ì¬ì ì¡°ì¬ë¥Œ ë°ì ë¶ììì ë°ìí 30ê°ì ì¡ì¢
ì 겜íìŽ íë¶í ë ëª
ì ë³ëŠ¬íìê° ê²í íìë€. ëìŒí ê°ì²Žìì ì¶ì¶í ì ì곌 ì¢
ì ì¡°ì§ìì DNA륌 ì»ìë€. ì±ê³µì ìŒë¡ ëŒìŽëžë¬ëŠ¬ ìì±ìŽ ìë£ë 11ê°ì ìíì ìµì¢
ì ìŒë¡ í¬íšì쌰ìŒë©°, ì¢
ì곌 ì ìì¡°ì§ì ê°ê° 90ïœ, 60ïœ ê¹ìŽë¡ ìŒêž° ììŽ ë¶ìì ìííìë€. ëšìŒ ìŒêž° ììŽ ë³ìŽ, 짧ì ìœì
/ê²°ì€, ë³µì ì ë³í, 구조 ë³ìŽ ë° ìì ëì°ë³ìŽ ë±ì ë¶ìíêž° ìí íìŽíëŒìžì 구ì¶íìë€.
결곌: ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ì ì 첎 ì€ íëë 곌ëì°ë³ìŽë¥Œ 볎ììŒë©°, ë€ìí ì ë륌 볎ìë€. ì°íì± ìŒêž° ë³íì A·T G·C ì ìŽë¥Œ 볎ìŽë ëì°ë³ìŽ í¹ì±ì ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ìì íí ëíë¬ë€. ì êŽë š ì ì ì ì€ NF1, NF2, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, PIK3CA, RB1, TP53ììë ëšìŒ 첎ìží¬ ëì°ë³ìŽê°, MYC, CDKN2A, RB1, NF1ììë ë°ë³µ ë³µì ì ë³íê° ë³ŽììŒë©°, NF2, ARID1B, RAD51Bììë ë°ë³µ 구조 ë³ìŽê° êŽì°°ëë ë± ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ì ì ì 첎 í¹ì§ìŽ êŽì°°ëìë€. ìë°ì 곚ì¡ì¢
곌 ë¹êµíì¬, ë¹ìëì±ë§ëšê²°í©ì ìí¥ì ë°©ì¬ì ì ë°ì¡ì¢
ì ì 첎ì í¹ì§ìž 짧ì ìœì
-ê²°ì€ ë° êµ¬ì¡°ì ë³ìŽìì ìë¹í 볎ì¬ì§ë€. ëí, ë¹ë²í ì ì 첎 ì°ì°ì¡°ê° íì (chromothripsis) ë° ì ì ì ìì 복구 겜ë¡ìì ìì ìží¬ ëì°ë³ìŽë€ìŽ êŽì°°ëìë€.
ê²°ë¡ : ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ì ì 첎ìì ì ì¥ ì ì 첎 ë¶ìì íµí í¹ì±ì ì¢
í©íì¬ ë°©ì¬ì ì ë° ì¡ì¢
ì ëí ë°ì ë ì§ëš ë° ì¹ë£ ì ëµì ìí ë°©ë²ì 몚ìí ì ìì ê²ìŽë€.Abstract âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ i
Contents âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ iii
List of Figures ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââiv
List of Tables âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ vi
Introduction ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ1
Materials and Methods âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ 3
Results âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ 8
Discussion âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ 47
Conclusion ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ 51
References ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ 52
Abstract in Korean âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ 61Docto
êµì ì© ë¯žëì€í¬ë¥ ì ê±°í ì¹ì¡°ê³šì ì¹ì ìì
ì¹ê³Œëí/ìì¬Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) such as miniscrews are frequently used for contemporary orthodontic treatment. However, visible scarring is noted at the removal sites and the bone healing process after the removal of TADs is still unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the course of alveolar bone healing after the removal of orthodontic miniscrews.
Total of 40 orthodontic miniscrews (1.4mm in diameter) were inserted in the interdental bone of both maxilla and the mandible in two beagle dogs. The miniscrews were serially removed with the systemic injection of calcein, tetracycline, xylonol orange, arlizarin red to evaluate the removal site after the healing period of 3,5,7,10 and 13weeks. Micro CTs were taken and bone volume(BV)/tissue volume(TV) of the miniscrew removal sites were measured and compared to the neighboring interdental bone(control) followed by histologic evaluation using undecalcified histological sections.
The removal of the miniscrew resulted in a distinct radiolucent region in the shape of the removed miniscrew in the alveolar bone with a discontinuous cortical coverage. However, the removal site morphologically became similar to the adjacent alveolar bone after 7weeks. BV/TV of the removal sites was significantly reduced compared to the control interdental bone up to 5weeks(p<0.05). However, BV/TV increased and reached similar levels with the adjacent bone after 7weeks. Histologically, active mineral apposition was noted at the removal site from 2 weeks after removal. However, the removal site was filled with woven bone, which was distinguished from the adjacent lamellar bone even after 7 weeks of healing.
Many clinicians expect complete healing after the removal of TADs. However, the removal of TADs leaves a transit full thickness defect penetrating the oral cavity, soft tissue and the underlying alveolar bone. Fortunately, BV/TV reached similar levels to the adjacent bone after the period of 7 weeks indicating natural healing of the alveolar bone. However, the quality of the bone per se was distinct from the adjacent bone even after 7 weeks, suggesting the need for long term monitoring of healing after the removal of TAD in the clinical setting.ope
A Study on utilization of book contents for expanded literary value - Focusing on everyday objects that utilize the implicit characteristic of poetry
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : ëììžíë¶(ìê°ëììžì ê³µ), 2015. 8. ê¹ê²œì .íë ìë¹ì¬íìì ìë¹ìë€ì ëšìí êž°ë¥ìŽë ì¬ë¬Œì íëíêž° ìíŽì ìë¹íë ê²ìŽ ìëëŒ ì¬ë¬ŒìŽ ê°ì§ ë€ìí 컚í
ì€íž(context) ììì ê°ì¹ë¥Œ ì°Ÿêž° ìíŽ ìë¹íë€. ìŽì²ëŒ ì°ëŠ¬ê° ìŽê³ ìë ì¬íë ëì³ëë ì¬ë¬Œì ê°ì¹ë¥Œ ëìŽêž° ìíŽ ì¬ë¬Œì 믞ì ìž ê²ê³Œ êž°ë¥ì ìž ê²ì ëíì¬ ë€ë¥ž ì¬ë¬Œê³Œì ì°šë³íì ëí ì€ìì±ì ê°ì¡°íë íëŠì 볎ìžë€. ìžë¥ 묞ëª
ì ë°ë¬ê³Œ ìžê°ì ë§ì ì§ì íëì ìì¬ë¥Œ ëŽê³ ìë ì±
ëí ìëì ë³íì ìë¹ë¬žíì ë³íì ë°ëŒ ìë¹ì ì¬ë¬Œë¡ì ê°ë ìë¹ê°ì¹ì ìíì±ìŽ íìíê² ëìë€.
ì±
ì ìì ê³ìžµë§ìŽ ìì íë ìë륌 ì§ë êž°ì ìŽ ë°ë¬íë©Žì ëëìì°ëìê³ ë§ì ìŽë€ìê² ë³Žêžë ì ììë€. ìŽë¬í ìꞰ륌 ê±°ì³ ì±
ì íëì¬íì ì¶ ììì ìµìí ì¬ë¬Œë¡ ìžìëêž° ììíìê³ íë ì¬íì ìŽë¥Žë¬ íëì ìë¹ìíìŽ ëìë€. ëë ìŽ ë³íŽê°ë ìë¹ì¬íì 묞íì ê°ì¹ì ìíŽ ì±
ìŽëŒë 묌ì±ì 곌거ì ìí 곌 êž°ë¥ê³Œë ë€ë¥Žê² ìë¹ëê³ ìë€. ìë¹ì¬íë¡ ì ìŽë€ìë¡, ìíìŽ íì±íŽì§ê³ ìë¹ê° ìŒë°íëìë€. ìŽë¬í ë³í ê°ìŽë° ìë¹ìë€ì ìë¹ ì구륌 ìê·¹íë ì¬ë¬Œ ì첎ì 볞ì§ë¿ë§ ìëëŒ ê·žê²ìŽ ëŽê³ ìë ìê°ì ìŽë¯žì§ë êž°ížìë êŽì¬ì ê°ì§ê² ëìë€. ì±
ìì êžì륌 íµí ì믞 ì ë¬ë§ì 볞ì°ì êž°ë¥ë¿ ìëëŒ ë€ìí ë°©ë©Žìì 묞íì ê°ì¹ë¥Œ ì§ë ìíìŒë¡ìì ê°ì¹ê° íìíë€.
ë¿ë§ ìëëŒ, ì¬í 구조ì êžê²©í ë³íì 믞ëìŽì ë°ë¬ë¡ ì¬ëë€ì 묎íí ì 볎륌 ì±
ìŽ ìë ë€ë¥ž 맀첎ìì ììœê² ìµëí ì ìê² ëìê³ , ì§ìì ë¬ìŽëŒë ì±
ì 볞ì°ì êž°ë¥ì ìží°ë·ê³Œ ê°ì ë€ìí 맀첎ì ëê²šì£Œê² ëìë€. ì±
ëí ìëê° ë³íë©Žì ì ì°šì±
ìŒë¡ ííê° ë³íêž°ë íê³ , ííì 구ì ë°ì§ ìê³ ì¹ìì í
ì€ížë¡ ì¡Žì¬íêž°ë íë€. ì±
ì ííì ììì íëëë ë°ë©Ž, ì±
ì êž°ë¥ì ìž ìí ì íì í ì€ìŽ ë€ë©Žì ì±
ìì ì ì°š ëì§ížíëë ìëê° ë ê²ìŽë€. ìŽì ë°ëŒ ìë¡ìŽ ë¶ ìœí
ìž ë€ì ê°ì íì€ìì ëë ì ìë ì±
ì ìë ë¡ê·ž ê°ì±ê³Œ ì±
ì íµí ìŽê°ì ìž ê²œíì ë°íìŒë¡ ì§ìì ë¬ìŽëŒë ì íµì ìž ì±
ì ì믞륌 ëìŽì ë€ë¥ž ëì§íž 맀첎ì ì°šë³í륌 ê°ì§ ì ìë ê°ì¹ë¥Œ ë§ë€ìŽëŽë ìŒìŽ ì€ìíë€.
ìŽì ìë¹ìë ìì ì ì구ì ë§ê² êž°íë¹ì©ì ê³ ë €íê³ ìì ìŽ ìíë ìíì ìœê² 구맀í ì ìë€. ë°ëŒì ìë¹ìì ì¬ë¬Œì ì êž°ì ìž ì»€ë®€ëìŒìŽì
ìŽ ì€ìíë€. ì±
ìì ë
ììì 컀뮀ëìŒìŽì
ìŽ ì€ìí ê²ìŽê³ , êž°ì¡Žì ìŒë°©ì ìž ì 볎륌 ì ë¬íë ë°©ììŽ ìë ë
ììì 겜í곌 ì°žì¬ê° ì 목ëìŽ ìë°©í¥ìŒë¡ êµë¥ê° ìŽìŽì žìŒ í ê²ìŽë€.
ìŽë¥Œ ìíŽ ë³ž ì°êµ¬ë íë ìë¹ì¬íì 맥ëœìì, ë
ìì ì±
ì ì ëêŽê³ê° ì§ìì ìŒë¡ ì¹ë°íê² ê³µì¡Ží ì ìë ë°©ì곌 ê°ì¹ ìë ìíìŒë¡ì ì±
ìŽ ê°ê² ë ìí 곌 ì믞륌 ìê°ì ì ê·Œì íµíŽ ì°êµ¬íë€. ëí ì±
ìŽëŒë ë§€ì²Žê° ê°ì§ê² ë 믞ëì 몚ìµê³Œ ë
ìë€ìŽ ì íê² ë ì±
ì íì, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì±
ìŽ ê°ì§ê³ ìë ê³ ì í ìë ë¡ê·ž ê°ì±ìŽ ë°ì íë 믞ëìŽ ë§€ì²Žìì ìì¡Ží ë°©ìì ëíŽ ì°êµ¬íë€. íë©Žìë§ ëšžë¬Œë¬ìŒíë ë¶ ìœí
ìž ë¥Œ ì±
ìŽëŒë 묌늬ì 맀첎ì êµííì§ ìê³ ì±
ì ì°ì¥ì ìì ìŒììí곌 ë§ë í¥ë¯žë¡ê³ ì êž°ì ìž ííê° ë ì ìëë¡ ì ê·Œíë€. ìŽë¥Œ íµíŽ ì±
ì ëí êŽì¬ë¿ë§ ìëëŒ ë¬žíì ê°ì¹ê° íì¥ë ì ìêžž êž°ëíë€.êµë¬žìŽë¡ 1
목찚 3
ê·žëŠŒëª©ë¡ 5
íëª©ë¡ 8
ì 1ì¥ ìë¡ 9
1.1. ì°êµ¬ë°°ê²œ 10
1.2. ì°êµ¬ëª©ì 11
ì 2ì¥ ë°°ê²œ ìŽë¡ 13
2.1. ìë¹ì ì¬í 14
2.1.1. ìíì êž°íž ê°ì¹ 14
2.1.2. êž°íž ê°ì¹ë¥Œ ìí ë§ìŒí
ì ì§í 16
2.2. íëì¬íì ì±
21
2.2.1. ìë¹ìí, ì±
21
2.2.2. 믞ëìŽì ë³í 22
ì 3ì¥ ì±
ì ìì¬ 24
3.1. ì±
ì ê·Œì 25
3.2. ìžìì 곌 ì¶íì ë°ì 28
ì 4ì¥ ì±
ì ìíì ê°ì¹ 30
4.1. ë¶ëììž 31
4.2. ë¶ëììžê³Œ ë§ìŒí
ì ê²°í© 35
4.2.1. íì§ ëììžì êž°ë¥ 35
4.2.2. ë ì§ì ì§í 37
4.2.3. ë
ììì ìíµ, ìŽì ë§ìŒí
39
4.3. ì€ëžì ížë¡ìì ì±
ì ë³í 42
4.3.1. ì±
ìŽëŒë 맀첎륌 ìŽì©í ì€í 늬 ë§ìŒí
42
4.3.2. ê³µê°ì íì©íì¬ ì±
ì ìì ì ìíìŒë¡ íí 48
4.3.3. ë¶ ìœí
ìž ì íì¥ê³Œ ìì© 52
ì 5ì¥ ì íì°êµ¬ 56
5.1. ììžë êž°ë
í ëììž 57
5.2. 겜ë¶ì¢
ê°ë¬žì¥ì íì©í ëª
ííì¬ì
60
5.3. êµëŠœì€ìëìêŽ êž°ë
í ëììž ê°ë° 64
ì 6ì¥ ìµì¢
ìí ì°êµ¬ 67
6.1. ì°êµ¬ ëì ì ì 68
6.1.1. ìê°í ëì ì°êµ¬ 72
6.1.2. ìê°í íí ì°êµ¬ 73
6.2. ìœí
ìž ì ìê°í (ê·žëíœ ëªší°í ê°ë°) 75
6.2.1. ììŽ(è©©èª)ì ìŒìì íŽì 75
6.2.2. íìŽí¬ê·žëíŒ, ìŽìšì íì© 77
6.2.3. 묞íì ê·žëíœ ìì 79
6.3. ìì ìŒìì ì€ëžì íž (ì€ëžì íž ëì ì ì ) 87
6.4. ìœí
ìž ìŽí늬ìŒìŽì
ì°êµ¬ 87
ì 7ì¥ ê²°ë¡ 95
ì°žê³ ë¬ží 101
Abstract 104Maste
ì§ì겜찰ì 'ìë¹ì€ ì§í¥ì 겜찰 ìí 몚ëž'ì ìì©
íìë
Œë¬ž(ìì¬)--ììžëíêµ ëíì :ì¬í곌íëí ì¬íí곌,2019. 8. ê¶íì§.볞 ì°êµ¬ë ìë¹ì€ ì§í¥ì 겜찰 ìí 몚ëžìŽ ìê³ì ìž ê²œì°° ì¡°ì§ êµ¬ì¡°ìì ìµë§ëš ë믌ì
묎 ë¶ììž ì§êµ¬ë/íì¶ììì ìŽë»ê² ì€ì ë¡ ì§íëê³ ìëì§ë¥Œ ë€ë£¬ë€. í¹í ìì°°ììë€ì ì¬ëì ìí ìë¹ì€ ìí ìì© í¹ì ê±°ë¶ì 죌목íë€. ì§êµ¬ë/íì¶ìë ì§ì죌믌곌ì ìíµì ìŒìì ìŒë¡ ëŽë¹íë ë¶ìëŒë ì ìì ìë¹ì€ ì§í¥ì 겜찰 ìí 몚ëžì ëì
ì ë°ë¥ž ë³íì ê°ì¥ ì§ì ì ìž ìí¥ì ë°ë ë¶ììŽë€. ê·žë¬ë ìŒì êŽë£ë¡ì ì§ì 겜찰êŽì ìŒì íì¥ì ì§ì ë€ë£¬ë€ë ì ìì ì€ììŒë¡ë¶í° ìŒì í ííì 거늬륌 í볎í ì ìë ì¬ëì ê°ëë€. ì§ì겜찰êŽì ì¬ëì ìíŽ ìë¡ìŽ ìë¹ì€ ìí ì 겜찰ì íëë ìí ë¡ì ìì©íê±°ë í¹ì ìë¡ìŽ ë³í륌 ê±°ë¶íêž°ë íë€. ë³žê³ ììë ì¬ìžµ ë©Žì ì íµíŽ ìŽë¬í ì§ì겜찰êŽì íë륌 êŽë¡íì ì ëíì ìž¡ë©Žì 죌목íì¬ ì
첎ì ìŒë¡ ì¡°ë§íë€.This study concerns how the police introduced service-oriented police role model into their hierarchical structure, especially acceptance and denial of such role among the patrol police. The patrol police are most directly affected by the introduction of the service-oriented police role model in that their duty is intimately related with communication with community. However, as street-level bureaucrats, they have discretion to distance themselves from the central agency. They may or may not accept the newly introduced service role as an extended part of their duty. This article approaches attitudes of the patrol police in various angles in terms of convention and gender.ì 1 ì¥ ìë¡ : 묞ì ì êž° 1
ì 2 ì¥ ì í ì°êµ¬ ê²í 5
ì 1 ì 겜찰ì ìí ê·ë² ë³í 6
ì 2 ì ìŒì êŽë£ë¡ì ì§ì겜찰곌 ì¬ë 11
ì 3 ì ì°êµ¬ì ì€ê³ 17
ì 3 ì¥ ë¶ìí ë° ì°êµ¬ë°©ë² 23
ì 1 ì ë¶ìí ë° ì°êµ¬ì ì€ê³ 23
ì 2 ì ì°êµ¬ë°©ë² 25
ê°. ì°êµ¬ìë£ 25
ë. ì°êµ¬ë°©ë² 26
ì 4 ì¥ ê²œì°° ì¡°ì§ì ìë¹ì€ ìí ìì© 28
ì 1 ì 겜찰ì ìë¹ì€ ìí ëì
배겜 51
ì 2 ì 'ìë¹ì€ ìí 'ì 겜찰 ì¡°ì§ ìì© 66
ì 3 ì ì ê²° 82
ì 5 ì¥ ì§ì겜찰ì ìë¹ì€ ìí ìì© 26
ì 1 ì ìë¹ì€ ìí 곌 êŽë šë ìŒì ì¡°ì§ì ë³í 57
ê°. ì§ì 겜찰 ì
묎ì ìì€í
í 58
ë. ì§ì 겜찰êŽì ì¬ë 65
ì 2 ì ì§ì 겜찰ì ìë¹ì€ ìí ì ëí íë 74
ê°. 겜찰 ìí ì 볞ì§ê³Œ ì§ì 겜찰ì ìë¹ì€ ìí 75
ë. ì§ì 겜찰ì ëí ì¡°ì§ì , ì¬íì íë 83
ì 3 ì ì§ì 겜찰 ì¡°ì§ììì ì ëí ë
ŒëŠ¬ 91
ê°. 볎ìíë ì¬ëì ì ëí 92
ë. ì ëíì ëí ì ê·¹ì íŽì곌 íê³ 98
ì 4 ì¥ ê²°ë¡ 108
ì°žê³ ë¬ží 114
Abstract 119Maste
Studies on the Potential Probiotic Strains Isolated from Korean Traditional Fermented Foods for Alleviating the Intestinal Inflammation
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : êµì ëì
êž°ì ëíì êµì ëì
êž°ì í곌, 2018. 2. íì² ì±.Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including ulcerative colitis and crohns disease is caused by chronic inflammation in the digestive tract. Even though the exact pathogenesis remains unclear, dysbiosis of gut microbiota, damage of epithelial integrity, imbalance of cytokine profile and infection of specific pathogenic bacteria have been considered as the primary factors for triggering IBD. For developing probiotics which could positively modulate gut microbiota and immune response, this study aimed to screen and characterize putative probiotics with various functions to alleviate intestinal inflammation associated with IBD. First, using selective and differential media, 399 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from 77 traditional fermented food samples produced in Gangwon province, Korea. Second, 10 strains with putative functional LAB were screened and selected based on the probiotic properties, such as resistance to intestinal conditions, safety assessment and adhesion ability for human epithelial cell line. Then, the selected bacterial strains were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against pathogens, particularly related to IBD by disk diffusion and agar-well diffusion methods and ATP assay. Almost every strains showed inhibition activities against pathogen indicators except the strain of B4 compared to reference strain, LGG. Anti-inflammatory effects of the selected strains suppressing excessive intestinal inflammation were assessed by nitric oxide (NO) assay using murine macrophage RAW264.7 cell line. In addition, concentration of IL-8 produced by HT-29 cells and the expression levels of tight junction proteins in caco-2 cells which were both treated by 10 ng/ml of TNF-α were significantly regulated positively. After inducing colitis in mice by administration of 2.5 and 5 % DSS for 3 days, LGG, HS-2 and NG-4 strains were treated orally for 14 days to verify the attenuation effects of intestinal inflammation. The groups of NG-4 treatment showed increased average feed intake, better survival, less DAI scores, shortening of the colon length, modulating gut microbiota positively and upregulating the expression of TJ proteins compared to LGG group. In conclusion, Pediococcus acidilactici NG-4 is anticipated to have possibilities and apply as probiotics for IBD patients to alleviate the symptoms of intestinal inflammation followed by clinical tests.1.Introduction 10
2.Review of Literature 12
2.1.Gut immunity 12
2.1.1.Mucosal immune system 12
2.1.2.Immune homeostasis 14
2.1.3.Gut microbiota 16
2.2.Bowel disorders 19
2.2.1.Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 19
2.2.2.Inflmmatory bowel disease (IBD) 20
2.2.3.IBD and gut immune response 22
2.3.IBD and probiotics 24
2.3.1.Probiotics 24
2.3.2.Relationships between probiotics and IBD 25
2.3.3.Probiotic products for IBD treatment 27
3.Materials and Methods 29
3.1.Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria 29
3.1.1.Collection of traditional fermented foods 29
3.1.2.Isolation of lactic acid bacteria 30
3.1.3.Resistance to low pH and bile salts 32
3.1.4.Safety assessment 33
3.1.5.16S rRNA sequencing 34
3.1.6.Enzyme and carbohydrate fermentation test 35
3.2.Characterization and validation of LAB for functionality 36
3.2.1.Bacterial adhesion assay 36
3.2.2.Antimicrobial activity 37
3.2.3.Anti-inflammatory effects 39
3.2.4.Evaluation of tight junction integrity 41
3.3.Validation of selected strains in in vivo model 43
3.3.1.Mice and experimental design 43
3.3.2.Probiotics preparation 44
3.3.3.Sampling of fecal, serum and colons 45
3.3.4.Evaluation of colitis 45
3.3.5.Measurement of cytokines 46
3.3.6.RNA Extraction and Real-time PCR 46
4.Results 49
4.1.Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria 49
4.1.1.Lactic acid bacteria isolation 49
4.1.2.Screening and identification of LAB with probiotic properties 50
4.1.3.Enzymatic and fermentation profiles 55
4.2.Characterization and validation of functionality 57
4.2.1.Adherence ability to epithelial cells 57
4.2.2.Antimicrobial actitivity 58
4.2.3.Anti-inflammatory activity 63
4.2.4.Evaluation of tight junction integrity 65
4.3.Validation of selected strains in in vivo model 67
4.3.1.Evaluation of colitis 67
4.3.2.Colon length 70
4.3.3.Analysis on cytokine profile 71
4.3.4.Microbiology analysis of mouse feces 72
4.3.5.Evaluation of tight junction integrity 74
5.Discussion 75Maste
겜ì ìêž°ì ëìíë ì ë¶ì§ì¶ ê²°ì ììžì êŽí ì°êµ¬
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬)-- ììžëíêµ íì ëíì : íì í곌(ì ì±
íì ê³µ), 2012. 8. ê¹ìí.2007ë
믞êµë° ìëžíëŒì ì¬íë¡ ììë êžë¡ë² 겜ì ìêž°ì ëí ëì±
ì ì¬ì íëê° ì£Œì ëì±
ì ì€ì¬ìŽëŒë ì ìì ëê³µí©ìŽë ìžíìêž°ì 겜ì°ì ì ì¬íë€ê³ í ì ìë€. ê°êµ ì ë¶ë 겜ì ìêž°ì ëí ëììŒë¡ 칚첎ë ì íšìì륌 íëíêž° ìíŽ ììŽí ê·ëªšì ê°ìž, ë€ìí ë¶ìŒì ì§ì¶íë ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ìŽë€ì ì¡°í©í ì±ì¥ìŽì§íší€ì§(stimulus package)륌 ë°íí ë° ìë€.
ì ë¶ì ì¬ì ì§ì¶(government expenditure)ì êŽí ë
Œìë ì€ë êž°ê° ëì ì°êµ¬ìë€ì êŽì¬ì ëìŽ ììŒë, êžë² 겜ì ìêž°ì ëìíë ì ë¶ì§ì¶ì ê²°ì íë ììžì ëíŽìë ìê²¬ìŽ ë¶ë¶íë€. 볞 ì°êµ¬ììë 겜ì ìêž°ì ëìíë ì ë¶ì§ì¶ì ê²°ì íë ììžìŽ 묎ììžì§ë¥Œ ì€ìŠì ìŒë¡ 볎ìŽêž° ìíŽ GDP ëë¹ ì ë¶ë¶ì±ë¹ìš, GDP ì±ì¥ë¥ , ìŒìžë¹ GDP ë±ì 죌ì ë
늜ë³ìê° ê²œì ìêž°ì ëìíë ì ë¶ì§ì¶ì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì ë¶ìíìë€.
ì ë¶ì 겜ì ìêž°ì ëìíêž° ìí ì¬ì ì§ì¶ì ê°êµì ìê³ìŽ ìë£ë¥Œ ìŽì©íì¬ ì¶ìžì ì ëì¶í í, ì¶ìžì 곌 겜ì ìêž° ë¹ììž 2008~9ë
ì ì€ì ì¹ì ì°šìŽë¥Œ 겜Ʞì ëìíë ê°êµì ì¬ì ì§ì¶ ìŠê°ë¶ìŒë¡ íì
íìë€. ë°ëŒì ì¢
ìë³ìë, GDP ëë¹ (ì ë¶ì§ì¶-ì ë¶ì§ì¶ì ì¶ìž)ê° ëë€.
ë¶ì결곌, GDP ì±ì¥ë¥ 곌 ì¢
ìë³ììž ê²œì ìêž°ì ëìíë ì ë¶ì§ì¶ì ìì ë°©í¥ìŒë¡ íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìí ê²°ê³Œê° ëíë¬ë€. ìŽë 겜ì ìêž° ë¹ì í° í격ì ë°ì GDP ì±ì¥ë¥ ìŽ í¬ê² ë®ìì§ êµê°ìŒìë¡ ìŽì ëìíë ì ë¶ì§ì¶ì ë늰 ê²ìŒë¡ íŽìí ì ìë€. ìŒìžë¹ GDPì ì¢
ìë³ìì êŽê³ ìì íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìí ê²°ê³Œê° ëì¶ëìë€. ìŽë¬í 결곌ë ìŒìžë¹ GDPê° ê²œì ìí©ì ë°ìíë€ê³ 볌 ë 겜ì ìí©ìŽ ìëì ìŒë¡ ìíží êµê°ë 겜ì ìêž°ì ëìíë ì ë¶ì§ì¶ì ë늎 ì¬ë ¥ìŽ ììì ì€ìŠì ìŒë¡ 볎ì¬ì€ë€. ííž, ì ë¶ë¶ì±ë¹ìšì ê²œì° ì¢
ìë³ìì ì ìí ìêŽêŽê³ë¥Œ 볎ìŽì§ ììë€. ìŽë 겜ì ìêž°ì ì§ë©Ží êµê°ì ììê°ì©ë¥ë ¥ì ì¬ì ì¬ë ¥(Fiscal space)ìŒë¡ 볎ìì ë, ìŽì íŽë¹ëë 구첎ì ìž ììžìŒë¡ ì ë¶ë¶ì±ë¹ìšì ì ìíë êž°ì¡Žì ì°êµ¬ì ë€ë¥ž 결곌륌 볎ì¬ì€ë€.
ìŽë¬í 결곌ìë ë¶êµ¬íê³ ë³ž ì°êµ¬ë ë³ìì ë°ëŒ ëëœë êµê°ë€ìŽ ë§ë€ë ì ìì ìë£ì ë¶ìì ì±ìŽë ë³Žë€ ìë°í ìŽë¡ ì ê³ ì°°ì ë¶ì¡± ë±ì íê³ë¥Œ ìê³ ìë€. í¥í ì§íë ì°êµ¬ììë ìŽë¬í íê³ì ëí ìžì곌 볎ììŽ ìŽë£šìŽì žìŒ í ê²ìŽë€.
죌ììŽ : 겜ì ìêž°(economic crisis), ì ë¶ì§ì¶(government expenditure), ì±ì¥ìŽì§íší€ì§(stimulus package), ì¬ì ì¬ë ¥(fiscal space)
í ë² : 2010 - 23849
ì 1ì¥ ìë¡
ì 1ì ì°êµ¬ì ìì ë° ëª©ì
ì 2ì ì°êµ¬ë²ì ë° ë°©ë²
1. ìì íì ì±
ì íìì±ì ëí 견íŽ
2. ì ì¹ì ììžê³Œ 겜ì ìêž°ì ëìíë ì ë¶ì§ì¶ê³Œì ì°êŽì±ì ëí ì°êµ¬
3. 겜Ʞë³ë곌 ì¬ì ì ì±
ì¬ìŽì êŽê³ì ëí ì°êµ¬
4. ì¡°ìžì 겜Ʞë³ëì ëí ì°êµ¬
5. ì¬ì ì ì±
곌 ì¬ì ìì§ì êŽê³ì ëí ì°êµ¬
6. 겜Ʞë¶í©ê³Œ 겜ì 구조 ì¬êµ¬ì±ì êŽí ì°êµ¬
ì 2ì¥ ì°êµ¬ì ìŽë¡ ì ë
Γ
ì 1ì ì¬ì ì ì±
ì ìì
1. ì¬ì ì ì±
ì 목í
2. ì¬ì ì ì±
곌 겜ì ì±ì¥
3. 겜Ʞ조ì ì ì±
ìŒë¡ìì ì¬ì ì ì±
ì ì¥ëšì
ì 2ì í 겜ì ìêž°ì ëìí ì¬ì ì ì±
1. ê°ì
2. í 겜ì ìêž°ì ëìí ì¬ì ì ì±
ì 구ì±
ì 3ì¥ ì°êµ¬ì€ê³ ë° ë¶ì몚í
ì 1ì ì°êµ¬ë¬žì ì ì ì
ì 2ì ì°êµ¬ì€ê³
1. ë³ìì ì€ì
1.1 ì¢
ìë³ì
1.2 ë
늜ë³ì
2. ì°êµ¬ì ë¶ìí
ì 3ì ìë£ìì§ ë° ë¶ìë°©ë²
1. ìë£ì ìì§
2. ë¶ìë°©ë²
ì 4ì¥ ë¶ì결곌
ì 1ì êž°ì íµê³ ë° ìë¹íì
ì 2ì 몚íì ì¶ì 결곌
ì 5ì¥ ê²°ë¡
ì 1ì ì°êµ¬ê²°ê³Œì ììœ
ì 2ì ì°êµ¬ì íšì
ì 3ì ì°êµ¬ì íê³ ë° ììŒë¡ì 곌ì
ì°žê³ ë¬žíMaste
Institutional Investors Investment Horizon and Analysts Target Price Accuracy
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : 겜ìí곌, 2016. 2. 백복í.This paper investigates whether the investment horizon of institutional investors influences sell-side analysts target price (TP) accuracy. Especially, I examine whether a sell-side analyst compromises TP accuracy on a stock if the stock is held by short-term institutional investors since those investors are sensitive to near-term price impact from TP issuances and, therefore, are more likely to exert pressures on analysts to keep the stock price high. Using a database of analysts TPs issued from 1999 to 2013, I find that TP error increases as transient institutional investors ownership increases, but not with the holdings of long-term institutional investors. The market partly appreciates the optimistic biases in the analysts TP revisions, reacting less favorably to a revision if the revision is preceded by the purchase of short-term institutional investors. However, the market overreacts in general and corrects itself in subsequent months. Overall, empirical results indicate that sell-side analysts and the market identify the heterogeneity of institutional investors and react selectively according to institutional investors investment horizons.â
. INTRODUCTION 5
â
¡. RELATED STUDIES AND HYPOTHESES 11
1. Institutional investors investment horizons 11
2. Sell-side analysts responses to the heterogeneity of institutional investors 11
3. Sell-side analysts target prices 12
â
¢. VARIABLE DESCRIPTIONS 15
1. TP accuracy 15
2. Institutional investors investment horizons 16
3. Control Variables 16
â
£. DATA AND SAMPLE 19
â
€. EMPIRICAL RESULTS 21
1. Heterogeneous Institutional Investors and Sell-side Analysts Target Price Errors 21
2. Reverse Causality 24
3. Postevent Market Reactions Associated with Sell-side Analyst Target Price Revisions 27
â
¥. CONCLUSIONS 32
REFERENCES 33Maste
ê¹êž°ìì ìŽê°ëì ìŽêž° íêµì°œììì ë¹êµì°êµ¬
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : ìì
ëí ìì
곌 êµì
ìŽë¡ ì ê³µ, 2016. 2. ê¹ì°ì§.ë³žê³ ë ê¹êž°ìì ìëëŒì ìŽê°ëì ìíëì ë¶ì, ë¹êµíì¬ ë ìíì í¹ì§ì 구ëª
íê³ ëìê° ìŽêž° íêµì°œììì
ì í¹ì§ì ë°íëë° ê·ž 목ì ìŽ ìë€. ê¹êž°ìì ìŽê°ëì 몚ë ìŽìì§ìì
ë¶ ë¶ì€ ìì
ë¶ììì±ì ì¶ì ìŒë¡ 1962ë
ì ê°ê° ê¹êž°ìë ìëëŒë¥Œ, ìŽê°ëì ìíëì ë°ííììŒë©°, ë 곡ì ê·ž íŽ ë°ê°ë ??ì êµì
볎??ì ìë¡ëìë€. íìµë°°ê²œ ë° ìëì ì ì¬ì±ì ì§ë ë ì곡ê°ì ìíì ë¹êµ, ë¶ìíì¬ ê° ìíìŽ ìŽë»ê² ì íµìì
ì ìì©íìŒë©°, ìŽë í êž°ë²ë€ì ìë¡ê² ì¬ì©íìëì§ ìŽíŽë³Žìë€. ë ì곡ê°ì ìì ë° ìííëì ë°íìŒë¡ ê¹êž°ìì ìëëŒì ìŽê°ëì ìíëì ë¶ì, ë¹êµí 결곌륌 ì 늬íë©Ž ë€ì곌 ê°ë€.
첫짞, ìëëŒì ìíëì 1962ë
ì ë°íë ìíìŒë¡ íì ìì ë¹ì ìëìí©ê³Œ ì곡ìì ëꞰ륌 ì¿ë³Œ ì ìë€. ê°ì ìêž°ì ë°íë ë ìíì ìíì íì ì 몚ë ìëŒë ì ëì¬ë¥Œ ë¶ì¬ êž°ì¡Žì ê²ê³Œë ë€ë¥ž ê²ì ëíëŽë € íê³ ììŒë©°, ìŽë ë¹ì ìëìí©ê³Œ ê·ž 맥ëœì ê°ìŽ íë€.
ë짞, ì 첎ì ìí ê°êŽì ìŽíŽë³ž 결곌 ìëëŒì ìíë 몚ë ìììì
ìì ì¬ì©íë ì€ì Ʞ볎ë², ëíëë§, ì
ìêž°ížë¥Œ ì¬ì©íìë€. íì§ë§ ì 첎ì 구ì±ê³Œ ì ë² ë° ì¥ëšì ì íµìì
, ê·ž ì€ììë ê¶ì€ìì
곌 ë¹ì·íë€.
ì
짞, ì
êž°ížì±ì ë 곡 몚ë ì íµìì
ìì 볎ìŽë ëê·ëªš êŽíì
ížì±ìŽë€. ì°šìŽê° ìë€ë©Ž ìëëŒê° ížì¢
, ížê²œ, ìêž, ë¹í, íì, ë¶ ë±ìŽ ë 첚ê°ëìŽ ì íµìì
, ê·ž ì€ììë ê¶ì€ìì
곌 ì ì¬í ì
êž°ížì±ì ì¬ì©íë ê²ìŽë€.
ë·ì§ž, ì ë² ë° ì¥ëšì ì íµìì
ì ê²ì ì¬ì©íë€. ì ë²ì ê¶ì€ìì
ìì ë§ìŽ ì¬ì©íë 5ììê³ íì¡° ì ë²ì ì¬ì©íê³ ìë€. ë€ë§ ìíëìŽ ê³¡ ì 첎ì ìŒë¡ é»éŸå¹³èª¿ë¥Œ ì¬ì©íê³ ìë ë°ë©Ž ìëëŒë ì¥ë³, ë¶ë¶ë³ é»éŸå¹³èª¿ìžìë 仲å平調, åå平調ë±ìŒë¡ ë³ì¡°íë€. ìŽì ìŒë¡ 볎ì ìíëìŽ ìëëŒë³Žë€ ì íµìì
곌 ì ì¬í í¹ì§ì 볎ìžë€ê³ í ì ìë€. ì¥ëšì ì íµìì
ì ì¥ëšì ì¬ì©íë©°, ë³íì¥ëšì ê±°ì ì¬ì©íì§ ìëë€. ë€ë§ ìíëìŽ ìëëŒì ë¹íŽ ë³ì¡°ë¥Œ ì¬ì©íì§ ìë ì ìŒë¡ 볎ì ìíëìŽ ë³Žë€ ë ì íµìì
곌 ì ì¬í í¹ì§ì 볎ìžë€ê³ í ì ìë€.
ë€ì¯ì§ž, ì ìšê³Œ íìì ì íµìì
곌 ì ì¬íë€. ë 곡 몚ë ì ìšêµ¬ì±ì ëêž°ì ìš ìë ì íµìì
곌 ê°ì ë°©ììŽë€. ëë¶ìŽ 죌ì ìšì ê°ê° êŽì
êž°ìž ìêžê³Œ ë¹ì ìŽ ëŽë¹íì¬ ì íµìì
곌 ê°ì ì
êž° ì°ìì 볎ìžë€. íìì ìëëŒì ìíë 몚ë ì 첎ì ìŒë¡ ì íµìì
ì ë§â€ì€â€ì곌 ê°ìŽ ëëŠ¬ê² ììíì¬ ì ì 빚ëŒì§ë íìì ê°ì§ê³ ìë€. ëí 곳곳ìì ë©êž°ê³ ë°ë íì, ì°ìíìì ì¬ì©íë€. ì°šìŽì ìŽ ìë€ë©Ž ìëëŒììë ë¶ë¶ë³ë¡ ì
êž°êµ°ì ë¶ì£Œ(åå¥)ê° ë³ŽìŽì§ë§, ìíëì ê²œì° ê³¡ ì 첎ì ìŒë¡ ìŽì£Œë¥Œ ì¬ì©íì¬ ì íµìì
ì ë ê°ê¹ìŽ í¹ì§ì ëíëë€.
ì¬ì¯ì§ž, ì
Ʞ죌ë²ì ê³µíµì ìŒë¡ êž°ì¡Ž 죌ë²ì ì£Œë¡ ì¬ì©íê³ , ìŽ ìž ì íµìì
ìì ì°Ÿì 볌 ì ìë ìë¡ìŽ 죌ë²ìŽ 볎ìžë€. 뚌ì êž°ì¡Ž 죌ë²ìŒë¡ë ê°ìŒêž, ê±°ë¬žê³ ë±ì íì
êž°ìì êž°ì¡Žì ìì²ëë늬 죌ë²ìŽ ë±ì¥íë€. ìë¡ìŽ 죌ë²ìŒë¡ë ê°ìŒêž, ê±°ë¬žê³ , ìì, ìêž, ë¹í ë± íì
êž°êµ°ìì ëì, í¹ì ìžìì ëìì ì°ì£Œíë íì죌ë²ìŽ ë±ì¥íë€. ììì Pizz., êŽì
êž°ì ì€í칎í ë±ì ì£Œë² ìì ì íµìì
ììë ì°Ÿì볌 ì ìë ê²ìŒë¡ ìŽë¬í ìë¡ìŽ ì
êž° 죌ë²ì ìììì
ì ìí¥ìŽëŒê³ ì¬ë£ëë€.
ìŽìì ì 늬íë©Ž, ìëëŒì ìíëì ì곡ì ê°ìžì ì견곌 ëë¶ìŽ ìëì 배겜ì ëŽê³ ìë 곡ìŒë¡ êž°ì¡Žì ì íµìì
ì ììì ìê³¡ë² ë° êž°ë³Žë², ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ìë¡ìŽ 죌ë²ìŽ ëì
íì¬ ë§ë€ìŽì§ 곡ìŽë€. í° íìì ìì
ì í¹ì§ì ê·ì ì§ëë€ê³ 볌 ì ìë ì ë², ì¥ëš ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì
êž°ížì±ì ì íµìì
, ê·ž ì€ììë ê¶ì€ìì
곌 ë§€ì° ì ì¬íë€. í¹í ëêž°ì ìš ììŽ ì ìšì ìŽë£šë ë°©ìì ì íµìì
곌 ì ì¬í ê²ìŒë¡ 곡 ì 첎륌 êŽíµíë€.
íì§ë§ ìì
ì 구ì±íê³ ì곡íë ë°©ìì ììŽìë ì°ì£Œìì íŽì곌 ìŠí¥ì±ì ì€ìíë ì íµìì
곌 ë¬ëŠ¬ ìììì
ì ì ë©Žì ìŒë¡ ìì©íìë€. ìŽê²ì íêµì°œììì
ìŽ ì°ì£Œìì íŽì곌 ìŠí¥ì±ì ë°°ì í ì± ë°ì ëìŽìš ê²ì ìí¥ì ëŒì³€ì ê²ìŽëŒ ì¬ë£ëë€. ìŽë ê³µíµì ìŒë¡ ì íµìì
êµì¡ì ë°ì ë 1ìžë íêµì°œììì
ì곡ê°ì í¹ì§ìŽë©°, ë ëìê°ìë ìŽêž° íêµì°œììì
ì í¹ì§ìŽëŒ íê² ë€.â
. ìë¡ 1
1. ì°êµ¬ì íìì± ë° ëª©ì 1
2. ì íì°êµ¬ ê²í 4
3. ì°êµ¬ëì곌 ì°êµ¬ë°©ë² 11
â
¡. ì곡ê°ì ìì ë° ìíê°êŽ 14
1. ê¹êž°ìì ìì ë° ìíê°êŽ 14
ê°. ê¹êž°ìì ìì ë° ìí íë 14
ë. ê¹êž°ìì ìëëŒ ê°êŽ 17
2. ìŽê°ëì ìì ë° ìíê°êŽ 21
ê°. ìŽê°ëì ìì ë° ìí íë 21
ë. ìŽê°ëì ìíë ê°êŽ 23
â
¢. ìëëŒì ìíë ë¶ì ë° ë¹êµ 27
1. ì
êž°ížì± 27
2. ì ë² ë° ì¥ëš 34
3. ì ìš ë° íì 55
4. ì
êž°ì£Œë² 85
5. ê¹êž°ìì ìŽê°ë ìŽêž° ìíì í¹ì§ê³Œ 배겜 91
â
£. ê²°ë¡ 96
ì°ž ê³ ë¬ž í 99
Abstract 103
ë¶ ë¡ 107
1. ê¹êž°ìì ìíëª©ë¡ 107
2. ìŽê°ëì ìíëª©ë¡ 110
3. ê¹êž°ìì ìëëŒ ì
볎 113
4. ìŽê°ëì ìíë ì
볎 190Maste
12ê°ì¬ ì€ <ì¶ë©Žê³¡>곌 <맀íê°>ì êž°íì¬
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬) -- ììžëíêµ ëíì : ìì
ëí ìì
곌, 2021. 2. ê¹ì°ì§.Gasa is a traditional vocal music that sings long lyrics with the metrical pattern. In the 18th century, it had been settled down in the Pungryubang culture of the upper and middle class where a music lover had used to enjoy the music. In the 19th century, it was performed as the entertainment culture of common people. In the end, 12Gasa was formed in the 20th century. Complexity and ambiguity of Gasa, which are not clear in genres and a musical tone(key and mode), are the characteristics of Gasa music and also are factor that reveal the musical personality of a singer. This study considered the characteristics of Gasa music by analyzing Sigimsae and vocalization method of Lee Yanggyo and Jeong Gyeongtae, focusing on the and the .
Today's transmission of Gasa music has its start in the training center of the Leewangjik-Aakbu which had inherited the court music tradition during the Japanese colonial period. After the foundation of transmission of traditional music was laid through the designation of national intangible cultural heritage and the establishment of the National Gugak Center, Lee Yanggyo and Jeong Gyeongtae were recognized as a holder of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 1975. They enjoyed the same period with Gasa music but show some different musical characteristics despite the fact that they have the same line of succession.
First, looking at the method of dividing a verse(called in Korean Maru) in the case of , Lee is divided into the verse according to a cadence melody, and Jeong is divided into the verse according to lyric structure. In addition, Lee Yanggyo avoided forcibly creating the melody of the part where the tradition was cut off, but Jeong Gyeongtae sang the part combining the existing melody in the song to protect the tradition of singing the whole part. has a simple structure with repeated melodies, and the division of a verse is consistent.
Second, looking at the sigimsae that is the musical functions or expressions given to a certain note in melody progression, in , Lee used plain vibration, uppzer vibration, lower vibration, deep upper vibration, Jeonsung which is a short and strong shake. Jeong used plain vibration, upper vibration, lower vibration, deep upper vibration, deep lower vibration, weak vibration. Lee's deep upper vibration was used in aâ, Jeong's deep lower vibration did in bâ, which is somewhat different in the way of tightening his vocal cords and heading direction, but it seems that the same type of vibration. When using the plain vibration, Lee stretched out the note and vibrated it in the end, but Jeong vibrated the note from the begging.
In , Lee used plain vibration, upper vibration, deep upper vibration, flowing down vibration, rolling sound, and Jeong used plain vibration, deep upper vibration, flowing down vibration, rolling sound. All of two used the deep upper vibration in bâ. Also, Lee used pushing up or double-pushing up the note much more than Jeong did, but used flowing down the note dâ less than Jeong did.
Third, looking at the vocalization method, Lee had a relatively clear contrast between false voice(falsetto) and true voice, and used frequently Bangulmok making a sound roundly like rolling a small bell, but Jeong doesn't prefer to use false voice and uses Bangulmok. Jeong often uses a decorative sound of taking on and off his larynx.ê°ì¬(æè©)ë ê°ì¬ì²Žì ꞎ ì¬ì€ì ì ìšì ë¶ì¬ ë
žëíë ì íµì±ì
ìŽë€. ì¡°ì íêž° ìì ì íë¥ìì
ìŒë¡ í¥ì ëìê³ , í믌ë€ì ì ì°œê°ìë¡ ìë¹ëììŒë©°, ì¡ê°ì ìí¥ ìë íì±ë 곌ì ìŒë¡ ìžíŽ ë€ìí ê³ìžµìŽ ì¶êµ¬í ìì
ìììŽ í 곡조 ìì ì€ë©°ë€ê² ëìë€. ìŽë¬í ë³µì¡ì±ì ê°ì¬ ìì
ì í¹ì§ìž ëìì ê°ì°œìì ê°ì±ì ë³Žë€ ì ëë¬ëŽë ììžìŽ ëë€. ë³žê³ ììë ê°ì¬ ìì
ì í¹ì§ì ìŽíŒë ìŒíìŒë¡, 12ê°ì¬ ê°ìŽë° íê·ìŒ ì ì¹ê³¡ ì€ , ìêž°ì€ ì ì¹ê³¡ ì€ ë¥Œ ì€ì¬ìŒë¡ ìŽìêµì ì 겜íì ìê¹ìì ë°ì±ë²ì ë¶ìíì¬ ê³ ì°°íìë€.
ì€ëë ê°ì¬ ìì
ì ì ì¹ì 3ìžë륌 ê±°ì³ ìŽë£šìŽì¡ë€. 1ìžë(1910âŒ1945)ë ìŒì ê°ì êž° ìŽìì§ìì
ë¶ììì±ìì ê¶ë²ì íµíŽ ìì±ëìê³ , 2ìžë(1945âŒ1975ë
)ë êµê°ë¬Ží묞íì¬ ì§ì 곌 êµëŠœêµì
ìì ì€ëŠœì íµíŽ ì ì¹ì í ë륌 ëŠììŒë©°, 3ìžë(1975âŒ2019ë
)ìë êµê°ë¬Ží묞íì¬ ê°ì¬ ìë¥ë³Žì ììž ìŽìêµì ì 겜í륌 ì€ì¬ìŒë¡ ì ì¹ì²Žê³ê° ê°ì¶ìŽì¡ë€. ë ê°ì°œìë ëìëì ëìŒí ì ì¹ê³ë³Žë¥Œ ìê³ ìììë ë€ì ë€ë¥ž ìì
ì í¹ì§ì 볎ì¬ì€ë€.
첫짞, ë§ë£š 구ë¶ì ìŽíŽë³Žë©Ž, ì 겜ì°, ìŽìêµë ì¢
ì§ì ìšì ë°ëŒ ë§ë£šêµ¬ë¶ì íê³ , ì 겜íë ìì ì¬ì€êµ¬ì¡°ì ë°ëŒ ë§ë£šêµ¬ë¶ì íë€. ë ìŽìêµë ì ì¹ìŽ ë겚 ë¶ì°œíë ë¶ë¶ì ìµì§ë¡ 찜조íë ê²ì ì§ìíììŒë, ì 겜íë ìë ê°ì°œíë ì íµì ì§í€êž° ìíŽ ìë§ ëšì ì ìšìŽ ì íì§ ìë ë¶ë¶ì êž°ì¡Ž ì ìšì ë¶ì¬ ê°ì°œíìë€. ë ì ìšìŽ ë°ë³µëë ëšìí êµ¬ì¡°ë¡ ë§ë£šêµ¬ë¶ìŽ ìŒì¹íë€.
ë짞, ìê¹ì륌 ìŽíŽë³Žë©Ž, ìì ìŽìêµë íìì±, ììì±, íìì±, ì§ì ììì±, íŽìì±, ì ì±(èœè²) ë±ì ì¬ì©íê³ , ì 겜íë íìì±, ììì±, íìì±, ì§ì ììì±, ì§ì íìì±, ìžìì±, ì ì± ë±ì ì¬ì©íë€. íìì± ì¬ì© ì, ìŽìêµë ìì ì ë»ìë€ê° ìì±íë ë°ë©Ž, ì 겜íë ì²ìë¶í° ìì±íê±°ë ìžìì±ì ë§ìŽ ì¬ì©íë€. ë ìŽìêµë 仲(aâ)ìì 목ì ì¡žëŒ ì§ì ììì±ì íìê³ , ì 겜íë 硫(bâ)ìì ì§ì íìì±ì íìëë°, ìì±íë ë°©ì곌 ë°©í¥ìŽ ë€ì ë€ë¥Žë ê°ì ì¢
ë¥ì ìì±ì ì¬ì©í ê²ìŒë¡ 볌 ì ìë€. ë ìŽìêµë ë¹êµì ì¶ì±ê³Œ ê²¹ì¶ì±ì ë§ìŽ ì¬ì©íê³ , ç¡(dâ)ìì íŽì±ì ì¬ì©íì§ ìì ì°ì¡°ì ìž ëëì ì€ë€. ì 겜íë ì¶ì±ì ì¬ì©ìŽ ë¹êµì ì ê³ ê²¹ì¶ì±ì ì ìšì ë³ííì¬ ì¬ì©íë©°, ç¡(dâ)ìì íŽì±íë ì ìšìŽ ê³ë©Žì¡°ì ìž ëëì ì€ë€.
ìì ìŽìêµë íìì±, ììì±, ì§ì ììì±, íŽìì±, ì ì±ì ì¬ì©íìê³ , ì 겜íë íìì±, ì§ì ììì±, íŽìì±, ì ì±ì ì¬ì©íìëë€. ìŽìêµê° 硫(bâ)ì ì§ì ììì±í ê³³ìì ì 겜íë å(c')ì ì§ì íìì±íêž°ë íê³ ï§Ž(bâ)ì ì§ì ììì±íêž°ë íìë€. ë ë¹ ë¥ž 곡ìŽë¯ë¡ ê²¹ì¶ì±ìŽ ëíëì§ ìê³ , ê²¹íŽì±ì 몚ë ì¬ì©íì§ë§ ì 겜íë ê²¹íŽì± ëì ìì±ì ì¬ì©íêž°ë íìë€. ë ìŽìêµë ì€ê°ì¢
ì§ ì ìšì ì
볎ëë¡ âå(c')-硫(bâ)-å§(g)âë¡ ë¶ë¥Žë, ì 겜íë âå(c')-å§(g)-倪(f)âë¡ ë¶ë¬ 믌ìì
ì ìž ëëì ì€ë€.
ì
짞, ë°ì±ë²ì ìŽíŽë³Žë©Ž, ìŽìêµë ìì²ê³Œ ì§ì±ì ëë¹ê° ë껎ì§ë, ì 겜íë ìì² ëì ì§ì±ìŒë¡ ë¶ë¥Žë 겜ì°ê° ë§ë€. ìŽìêµë ìì²ê³Œ ì§ì±ì ìê°ì ìž ëë¹ë¡ ìì 굎늬ë ë°©ìžëª©ì ì죌 ì¬ì©íê³ , ì 겜íë 볞ìžì ìì
ìŽë¡ ìž ìšë €ìì¡°ë²ê³Œ 목ì êž°êµë¥Œ ì¬ì©íì¬ íë륌 ëŒìë€ ë¶ìŽë âëìŽ ë¶ì¹ë ì¥ììâì ì죌 ì¬ì©íë€. ìŽë¥Œ ë¹ë¡¯íì¬ ì 겜íë ì¥ìììŽ ë§ì ì ìšìŽ ë€ë³ííê³ íë €íë€.
ìŽìêµê° í¹ì ììì ìê¹ìì ì¬ì©ìŽ ìŒì íë©° êµë³ž ê°ì ìì
ì ì¶êµ¬í ë°ë©Ž, ì 겜íë ì
볎ì íìíì§ ìì ìê¹ìë ìê°ë ìì ìŽ ë¶ëª
íí ì¥ììì ì죌 ì¬ì©íê³ , ëìŒí ì ìšì ë€ë³í íê² ë¶ë¬ ìì ë¡ê³ 찜조ì ìž ìì
ì ì¶êµ¬í ê²ìŒë¡ 볎ìžë€.
ìŽìêµì ì 겜íì ê°ì¬ ìì
ì 볞ì§ì ìŒë¡ ê°ì ì ìšì ë
žëíì§ë§ ìê¹ìì ë°ì±ì íµíŽ ìêž°ë§ì ì€íìŒì ëë ·íê² ëë¬ëŽìŽ ì íµì 찜조ì ê³ì¹ì ì¬ë¡ë¡ 볌 ì ìë€. ë ê°ì°œìì ìì
ì ì°ëŠ¬ê° ì ì¹íŽ ëê°ë ê°ì¬ ìì
ì 묞íì ì íì ê°ì°œì ê°ìžì ìì
êŽê³Œ ìì
ì±ì ë°ëŒ ë¬ëŠ¬ ê³ ìë ì ììì 볎ì¬ì€ë€.I. ìë¡ 1
1. 묞ì ì êž°ì ì°êµ¬ëª©ì 1
2. ì íì°êµ¬ ê²í 3
3. ì°êµ¬ë²ì ë° ì°êµ¬ë°©ë² 10
II. 12ê°ì¬ì íì±ë°°ê²œê³Œ ì ì¹ 17
1. 12ê°ì¬ì ì°ì곌 íì± 17
2. 12ê°ì¬ì ì°íìì ë³íì ì¥ë¥Žì ì±ê²© 19
3. ìŽìì§ìì
ë¶ììì±ì ìŽí ê°ì¬ì ì ì¹ êµ¬ë 21
III. ì ìì
í¹ì§ 34
1. ë§ë£š 구ë¶ê³Œ ë
žë«ë§ ë¶ìì 34
1) ì ë§ë£š 구ë¶ê³Œ ì ìšêµ¬ì¡° 34
2) ì ë
žë«ë§ ë¶ìì 43
2. ì ìê¹ìì ë°ì±ë² 56
1) ì ìê¹ì 56
2) ì ë°ì±ë² 104
IV. ì ìì
í¹ì§ 117
1. ì ë§ë£š 구ë¶ê³Œ ë
žë«ë§ ë¶ìì 117
1) ì ë§ë£š 구ë¶ê³Œ ì ìšêµ¬ì¡° 117
2) ì ë
žë«ë§ ë¶ìì 120
2. ì ìê¹ìì ë°ì±ë² 135
1) ì ìê¹ì 135
2) ì ë°ì±ë² 153
V. ê²°ë¡ 157
ì°žê³ ë¬ží 160
Abstract 164
ë¶ë¡ 167Maste
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