The Study Of Institutional Change of Company Registration

公司是现代市场经济活动中最重要的市场主体，公司登记制度因而也成为市场经济制度的重要组成部分。公司登记是政府履行市场监管职能的重要体现。公司登记制度改革是全面深化改革、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的一项重要内容。党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》将“推进工商注册制度便利化”作为加快完善现代市场体系的重要举措。公司登记制度改革是工商注册制度改革的一个方面，涉及政府职能的转变和治理方式的变革。我国公司登记制度以1993年《公司法》的颁布为标志正式建立，其后经历了2005年以及2014年两次重要的改革。本文从制度变迁角度研究我国公司登记制度改革过程，总结我国公司...Companies have become the main force of market economy. And the registration system of companies is an important part of the entire market order. Company registration is an important manifestation government fo fulfill the function of market supervision .Company registration system reform is an important part of comprehensive deepening reform, promoting national governance system and governance ca...学位：公共管理硕士院系专业：公共事务学院_公共管理硕士学号：1392012115034

Estimating Submarine Groundwater Discharge into the Jiaozhou Bay Using ~(226)Ra

海底地下水排泄(SGD)是全球水循环的一个组成部分,其输送的溶解物质不仅参与海洋的生物地球化学循环,而且影响近岸海域的生态环境。为了评估胶州湾海底地下水排泄状况,通过建立胶州湾内海水中226Ra的质量平衡模型来计算海底地下水排泄通量。胶州湾海水中226Ra的源主要有河流的输入、沉积物扩散输入和地下水的输入,海水系统在稳定状态下,这几种源应该与湾内海水和湾外海水的混合损失达到平衡。除了将地下水输入作为未知项外,对其他源和汇逐个进行量化,计算得知:2011年9—10月胶州湾的海底地下水排泄通量为7.85×10~6m~3·d~(-1);2012年4—5月胶州湾的海底地下水排泄通量为4.72×106m~3·d~(-1)。在此基础上,对地下水输入胶州湾的营养盐进行了评价。Submarine groundwater discharge( SGD) is a part of global water cycle,which delivers a large amount of solutes to the biogeochemical cycle and affects the coastal ecological environment. The ~(226)Ra mass balance model was established to estimate the submarine groundwater discharge to the Jiaozhou Bay. The ~(226)Ra sources include river transport,sediment diffusion and SGD,these sources should be in balance with the mixing loss of the bay water and open seawater when the seawater system is in the stable state. Except for the SGD was unknown item,other sources and sinks were quantified one by one. Calculated results showed that the SGD fluxes during September to October in 2011 was 7. 85 × 106m~3·d~(-1),April to May in 2012 was 4. 72 × 106m~3·d~(- 1). Based on the SGD fluxes,the SGD derived nutrient fluxes were estimated.国家自然科学基金项目(41072174)~

Temporal and spatial variation of nutrients in the rivers around Jiaozhou Bay and its fluxes into the sea

本文选取胶州湾周边5条主要入海河流作为研究对象,于2011秋季和2012年春季,测定了河流中无机营养盐的浓度水平,调查了各河流营养盐的主要来源,分析了营养盐的时空变化及成因,并计算了营养盐的入海通量.结果表明,各流域nO-3-n、SIO2-3-SI、nH+4-n、nO-2-n浓度主要表现为秋季较高,PO3-4-P浓度春季较高.白沙河、洋河流域营养盐主要来源为面源污染;墨水河、李村河流域营养盐主要来源于工业废水和生活污水;大沽河流域营养盐主要来源于农田径流和生活污水.除nH+4-n入海通量为墨水河最高外,其余各项营养盐入海通量均为大沽河最高.dIn、PO3-4-P、SIO2-3-SI入海通量分别为373.74x103MOl·d-1、7.08x103MOl·d-1、73.16x103MOl·d-1,n∶P∶SI数量比约为53∶1∶10.River runoff is the most important discharge pathway from mainland to sea,which is one of the reasons that the eutrophication and red tide occur frequently in parts of Jiaozhou Bay.The nutrient investigations about five relatively big rivers around Jiaozhou Bay were conducted in autumn of 2011 and spring of 2012,respectively.We measured the nutrient concentrations in river water, investigated the main resources of nutrients,analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of nutrients and its causes, and calculated the nutrient fluxes to Jiaozhou Bay.Results show that the concentrations of NO-3-N, SiO2-3-Si, NH+ 4-N and NO-2-N are higher in autumn while the concentration of PO3-4-P is higher in spring.Non-point source pollution is the main source of nutrients in Baisha River and Yang River.Industrial wastewater,urban sewage and household wastes are the main sources of nutrient in Moshui River,and the nutrients originate mainly from farmland runoff and sewage in Dagu river.Except for NH+ 4-N flux which is much higher in Moshui River,all other nutrient fluxes to the sea are comparatively higher in Dagu River.The calculated fluxes for DIN,PO3-4-P and SiO2-3-Si are 373.74 × 103mol·d- 1,7.08 ×103mol·d- 1and 73.16 × 103mol·d- 1, respectively,and the ratio of N,P and Si within the fluxes is 53 ∶ 1 ∶ 10.国家自然科学基金项目资助(41072174)资

Characteristics of Radium Desorption from Sediments in the Salt Water Environment

海底沉积物向上覆水体扩散的镭是海洋水体中镭同位素的重要来源之一。为了研究沉积物中镭同位素的解吸和扩散特点,进行了不同盐度和不同粒度条件下224rA和226rA解吸的模拟实验,并通过多个时间段的沉积物培养实验获取224rA和226rA的扩散通量。实验结果表明:随着水体盐度增大,沉积物中224rA、226rA的解吸量随之增加,在盐度为25时,解吸量基本达到最大值;在同一咸水环境条件下,4个粒级(2000~1000μM、1000~500μM、500~250μM、250~125μM)的沉积物的224rA、226rA解吸量比较接近,粒级>2000μM的224rA、226rA解吸量略高于上述4个粒级,而粒级<125μM的224rA、226rA解吸量远大于上述5个粒级;胶州湾沉积物中224rA和226rA的平均扩散通量分别为0.85 bQ·M–2·d–1和0.022 bQ·M–2·d–1。Radium diffusion from sediments to overlying water is one of the important sources of radium isotopes in ocean water.A series of laboratory desorption/diffusion experiments were conducted to help elucidate the characteristics of sediments on 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption and diffusion,which included 1) 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption from sediments in water of different salinities,2) 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption from sediments of different grain sizes in water of the same salinity,3) 224 Ra and 226 Ra diffusive fluxes by observing Ra enrichment with time in the overlying water of incubated sediments.The experimental results show that there is an increase in the amount of 224 Ra and 226 Ra with the increase of salinity from 5 to 30,and Ra desorption is strongest at the salinity of 25.Under the same salt water condition,224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption activities of the four grain sizes(2000~1000 μm,1000~500 μm,500~250 μm and 250~125 μm) of sediments are very close to each other.When the grain sizes of sediments are larger than 2000μm,the 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption activities are slightly higher than those of the sediments of the above-mentioned four grain sizes.When the grain sizes of sediments are less than 125 μm,the 224 Ra and 226 Ra desorption activities are much larger than those of the above-mentioned five grain sizes.The average diffusive fluxes of 224 Ra and 226 Ra of sediments from Jiaozhou Bay are 0.85 Bq·m-2·d-1 and 0.022 Bq·m-2·d-1,respectively.国家自然科学基金项目(编号:41072174)资

The Evaluation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Jiaozhou Bay Based on ~(222)Rn Mass Balance

海底地下水排泄(Sgd)作为全球水循环的一个组成部分,近年来成为陆海相互作用的研究热点。地球化学示踪法是研究海底地下水排泄的主要手段。本文以环境同位素222rn作为示踪剂,通过构建222rn质量平衡模型来评价胶州湾的海底地下水排泄,并进一步估算地下水输入的营养盐。222rn质量平衡模型的源项考虑了河流的输入、沉积物的扩散、母体226rA的支持,汇项考虑了222rn的自身衰变、222rn散逸到大气的损失以及与湾外海水的混合损失,源汇项的差值则作为地下水输入的222rn通量。结果表明,2011年9—10月胶州湾海底地下水排泄通量为24.2 l？M–2？d–1,2012年4—5月胶州湾海底地下水排泄通量为7.8 l？M–2？d–1。丰水季节地下水输入胶州湾的营养盐低于河流输入的,但是枯水季节地下水输入的营养盐接近河流输入的,特别是输入的活性磷酸盐和硅酸盐很接近。Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD), an important part of global water cycle, has recently been a research focus in the field of land-ocean interaction along the coastal zone.Geochemical tracing is a major tool to study submarine groundwater discharge.Taking natural occurring isotope 222 Rn as a tracer, the authors built 222 Rn mass balance model to estimate groundwater discharge to Jiaozhou Bay, and also evaluated the nutrient fluxes transported via groundwater.River input, dispersion of sediments, and support from parent 226 Ra are considered to be the sources of 222 Rn mass balance model, whereas radioactive decay, escape from sea-water interface to air and loss in mixing with the low activity water from open ocean are considered to be the sink of the model.Thus, the imbalance of budget from the model is attributed to submarine groundwater discharge.Calculations show that submarine groundwater discharge flux to Jiaozhou Bay was 24.2 L·m–2·d–1 from September to October in 2011, and 7.8 L·m–2·d–1 from April to May in 2014, respectively.The results of the study also indicate that the nutrient fluxes derived from groundwater during the wet season are lower than those transported by the local rivers, whereas the nutrient fluxes derived from groundwater during the dry season are close to those transported by the local rivers and, what is more, soluble reactive phosphate and silicate fluxes from both groundwater and river are very close to each other.国家自然科学基金项目(编号:41072174)资

Application of Radon and Radium Isotopes in Estimating Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Areas

海底地下水排泄(Sgd)是海岸带陆海相互作用的一个重要的过程,其重要意义体现在它对海岸带水循环和地球化学循环的影响,以及它对沿岸海域生态环境的影响。国际上自从20世纪90年代中期开始系统研究海底地下水排泄以来,已经研究和开发出一整套较为完善的理论和方法,但Sgd的研究在我国才刚刚起步,相关报道极少见且缺乏不同方法的对比研究。目前,评价Sgd常用的方法有:渗流仪法、数值模拟法和地球化学示踪法。其中以氡和镭为代表的地球化学示踪法成为最具影响力的评价方法。该文详细介绍用氡和镭同位素评价Sgd的理论和方法及其适用条件。Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) is recognized as an important land-sea interaction in the coastal zone,for it is volumetrically and chemically significant to coastal water and chemical budgets,and it may have an influence on coastal ecological environment.Since the mid 90′s,a set of relatively complete theories and methods has been developed and established due to the systematic researches on SGD internationally.However the study on SGD has just begun in China,its relevant report is rarely available and short of comparison experiments of different methods.The current methods for SGD estimation mainly include: seepage meter measurement,numerical simulation,geochemical tracing method.Among those methods,geochemical tracing method has become one of the most powerful methods,and radium and radon as the representative of geochemical tracers has been extensively used.The methods and applicable conditions of SGD estimation using radon and radium isotopes are introduced in detail.近岸海域的海底地下水排泄及其海洋生态环境效应研究(编号40672166);多种方法研究胶州湾的海底地下水排泄(编号41072174

Biosynthesis of Poly-γ-glutamate Acid by Escherichia coli

γ-聚谷氨酸 (poly-γ-glutamate acid, γ-PGA)是由芽孢杆菌合成的一种重要生物材料。在γ-PGA分子中，谷氨酸单体通过α-氨基，γ-羧基交联，形成一种高分子量的聚合物，由于它的分子链上有大量游离羧基，使其具有一般聚羧酸的性质，如强吸水、能与金属螯合等特点，此外，大量的活性位点便于材料的功能化，因此用途十分广泛。本文从枯草芽孢杆菌 (B. subtilis) 168中克隆了γ-聚谷氨酸合成基因，并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达。 实验结果表明，尽管B. subtilis 168本身不合成γ-聚谷氨酸，但其基因组中存在γ-聚谷氨酸合成基因ywsC, ywtA及ywtB。根据GenBank中合成γ-PGA的相关基因的序列设计引物并进行PCR，成功扩增到了目的基因，并将扩增所得目的基因连接至pTrcHisA质粒上，转化表达菌株大肠杆菌(E. coli) BL21 (DE3)及E. coli TOP10中进行了发酵研究。目的基因在大肠杆菌中得到了表达，两宿主菌也具备了γ-PGA生物合成能力，γ-PGA最高产量为0.134g/L。实验并证实对γ-聚谷氨酸合成较有利的谷氨酸来源是L-谷氨酸钠。 本实验采用高效液相色谱，反相色谱技术，建立了一种快速高效地直接测定溶液中γ-PGA浓度的方法。该方法目标物质与杂质的分离度好，产物出峰速度快，可检测到γ-PGA浓度为0.01 g/L ~ 1.0 g/L

基因工程大肠杆菌合成γ-聚谷氨酸

利用PCR方法,从自身不合成γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的Bacillussubtilis168菌的基因组DNA中扩增出γ-PGA合成基因ywsC,ywtA和ywtB,测序并对该基因编码区进行序列分析,比对结果表明,扩增的ywsC,ywtA和ywtB与文献报道的相似度为100%.将3个基因连接到pTrcHisA载体后转化至E.coliTOP10及E.coliBL21(DE3)宿主菌表达,结果宿主菌细胞均具备了γ-PGA生物合成能力,产量最高达到0.134g/L

Assessment of submarine groundwater discharge into the Wuyuan bay via continuous Radon-222 measurements

海底地下水排泄(Sgd)近年来成为陆-海相互作用的研究热点,地球化学示踪方法是其主要研究手段,尝试用天然示踪剂氡-222评价厦门五缘湾的Sgd。为了评价五缘湾Sgd的入海通量及其变化,对五缘湾海水中222rn和226rA活度、大气中222rn活度、风速、水温和水深进行了连续2 d的测量,对沉积物进行了培养实验用以获得其222rn扩散通量和孔隙水中222rn活度。基于海水中222rn通量的质量平衡,对实测的海水中222rn活度实施了母体支持、涨落潮影响、大气逃逸损失、沉积物扩散输入、混合损失的校正,保守估计Sgd输入的222rn通量在0~126.7 bQ/(M2·H)范围内变化,对海水中222rn的平均贡献达54%。以井水和孔隙水中222rn的加权平均值作为Sgd端元的代表,获得Sgd的输入速率为0~29.3 CM/d,平均输入速率9.3 CM/d。Sgd输入速率的动态变化基本围绕12 H的周期波动,是对本海域正规半日潮的具体响应。假设Sgd以平均速率在五缘湾海底输入,则五缘湾海底的Sgd输入量为1.86x105M3/d。以陆源地下淡水占Sgd输入量的10%考虑,五缘湾的陆源地下淡水输入量约为1.86x104 M3/d。In recent years,submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) has been recognized as an important process in land-ocean interactions in the coastal zone(LOICZ).The subject has thus become the focus of intensive research.Geochemical tracers can be effective tools for estimating SGD in LOICZ.The objective of this study is to estimate SGD in the Wuyuan Bay using Radon-222(222Rn) as naturally occurring tracer.The dynamic variation of SGD can thus be subsequently assessed.We continuously measure the seawater 222Rn and 226Ra activities,the near-sea surface air 222Rn,wind speed,sea water temperature and depth for two consecutive days.We also deploy an incubation device to measure the diffusive flux of 222Rn from sediments and the pore-water 222Rn activities.Based on the mass balance principle for the 222Rn flux,the measured seawater 222Rn are corrected for the decay product of parent 226Ra,the effects of tides,the losses to the atmosphere,the diffusive influxes from the sediments,and the mixing with offshore seawaters.The result shows a conservative estimate of 222Rn flux attributed to SGD is between 0 and 126.7 Bq/(m2 h),which can account for 54% 222Rn in seawater.Taking a SGD end-member as example,the calculated SGD input rates range from 0 to 29.3 cm/d with an average value of 9.3 cm/d.The end-member is made of the weighted average of groundwater and pore-water 222Rn activities.The fluctuation in the SGD input rate has a 12-h period,which matches well with the semi-diurnal tides in this region.The SGD input to the Wuyuan Bay could be as much as 1.86×105 m3/d if the estimation were made under the assumption that the average SGD input rate is applicable to the entire bay area.The input of terrestrially derived fresh groundwater in the Wuyuan Bay could be approximately 1.86×104 m3/d if the fresh groundwater were 10% of the total SGD input.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40672166;41072174)---