The Velars and the Uvulars in the Classic Manchu and Sibe

本稿では、口蓋垂音・軟口蓋音の出現制約をふまえて、満洲古典語とシベ方言における軟口蓋音と口蓋垂音の違いが生じた原因について考察した。[1]「i/y の前以外」の環境にあった口蓋垂音は「i/y の前」の環境に置かれると、軟口蓋音に変化する。逆に「i/y の前」の環境にあった軟口蓋音は「i/y の前以外」の環境に置かれると、口蓋垂音に変化する場合としない場合が共にある。[2] 低母音を持たないが、口蓋垂音を持つ古典語の語幹のシベ方言における同源語では、高母音が低母音に変化するか、口蓋垂音が軟口蓋音に変化する傾向がある。また、低母音の消失による口蓋垂音から軟口蓋音への変化の例もある。[3] 古典語のある語の語幹につく完了接辞の子音の調音点と、シベ方言の対応する同源語語幹につく完了接辞の子音の調音点が違う(口蓋垂音かそれとも軟口蓋音かで異なる)ことがある。これは、完了接辞の子音が口蓋垂音として現れる条件の違いから生じている。また、シベ方言では、語幹における低母音の消失・出現により、完了接辞の子音の調音点が変化する場合がある。[4] シベ方言では、「軟口蓋音＋低母音」の出現頻度は「口蓋垂音＋低母音」の出現頻度に比べて相対的に低い。そのため、低母音の前にある軟口蓋音は口蓋垂音に変化することが予想される。しかし、そうした例は実際にはほとんどない。The present paper aims at finding the causes of the differences between the velars and the uvulars in the Classic Manchu and the Sibe dialect of Manchu based on the constraints on the two consonants. [1] A uvular changes into a velar when it is moved into the environment before i/y, whereas a velar may or may not change into a uvular when it is moved away from the environment before i/y. [2] If a stem containing a uvular in the Classic Manchu does not have a low vowel, a high vowel will probably change into a low vowel or the uvular will possibly change into a velar in its Sibe cognate. Moreover, the disappearance of a low vowel in a Sibe stem may also cause the uvular to change into a velar. [3] The place of articulation of the consonant (i.e. uvular or velar) in the perfective suffix attached to the stem in Classic Manchu is likely to be different from the place of articulation of the consonant in the perfective suffix attached to the stem in its Sibe cognate, and the difference is caused by the different principles in the two varieties specifying the consonant in the suffix. Moreover, the disappearance or the emergence of a low vowel in the stem may also cause the place of the articulation of the consonant in the suffix to change. [4] The frequency of “velar + low vowel” is lower than “uvular + low vowel” in Sibe, and it may be predicted that the velar before a low vowel changes into the uvular, however, there are scarcely any examples of this type of change.論文 Article

Palatalization and Anti-palatalization in Manchu

満洲語には、硬口蓋化と逆硬口蓋化が共にある。満洲語の硬口蓋化には、(i) 歯茎音の硬口蓋化と (ii) 軟口蓋音の硬口蓋化がある。(i) はアルチュカ方言を除く全ての変種に規則的に起こっているが、(ii) は現代方言のごく一部の語に散発的に起こっているのみである。また、満洲語の逆硬口蓋化も複数の変種に見られるが、どの変種においても規則的に起こったわけではなく、散発的に起こっているのみである。Both palatalization and anti-palatalization are attested in Manchu. Palatalization in Manchu can be divided into (i) palatalization of a dental consonant and (ii) palatalization of a velar consonant. (i) is a regular change in all the Manchu varieties except Alcuka Manchu. However, (ii) is only attested in some Modern dialects as a sporadic change. Besides, anti-palatalization is also attested in some Manchu varieties, but it is also a sporadic change.論文 Article

三明烟草公司烟叶调运决策及支持

结合三明烟草公司烟叶的实际调运情况, 提出了合同履行率的概念, 并以合同履行率最大化 为目标函数, 建立了相应的线性规划模型和非线性规划模型, 而且以两种模型得到的解为基础, 进行 适当的调整来满足整车装运的约束条件, 很好地解决了公司调运计划的制定问题

Assessment on the Eco-suitability of Human Settlement in the Real Estate Project by Fuzzy Multiple Comprehensive Method

以现代住区人居生态环境的要求和前人研究为基础,立足于以人为本和便于实际评估工作的开展,综合考虑人居生态环境健康、舒适的特点,在类比众多评价方法和参考国内外指标体系的基础上,运用模糊综合评价对某一大型房地产项目的生态宜居性进行初步分析,以期完善、充实中国房地产项目的生态宜居性评价体系和方法,为该领域的进一步研究提供基础。Based on the requirements and existing research materials for the eco-environment of human settlement in residential quarters,considering the characteristics of "healthy,comfortable,human-ecological,practical" and taking people as the dominant factor,this paper takes the South Mei Jiang Residential Quarter construction project as an example and introduces the method of fuzzy synthetic evaluation into the eco-suitability assessment.The assessment indicator system and the fuzzy synthetic evaluation are submitted,thereby provides a base for further research of the eco-suitability of human settlements

Study of Chinese Marine Protected Areas Management Mode

海岸带是人类活动最为集中的区域,沿海化的工程建设占据了大量的天然岸线,不合理的开发产生了资源、环境和社会经济发展的诸多矛盾,因此划定一定区域建立海洋保护区具有重要的现实意义。通过对中国海洋自然保护区及海洋特别保护区两个方面的探讨,指出中国海洋保护区建设管理中存在的问题,并针对美国MPAs体系模式进行论述,指出其管理模式上同中国海洋保护区之间的差异及其自身优势,并加以借鉴,力求通过对中国海洋保护区现有管理模式的转变,解决其存在的问题。Coastal zone is an area of intensive human activities.Littoralisation constructions take up a long coastal line and the irrational development results the conflicts between ecological environment and socio-economy.It is of practical significance to protect some areas as marine Protection Area.This paper discusses the problems of construction and management status of marine protection areas in China from two sides of marine natural reserves and marine special reserves.Introducing the marine protection areas of U.S.Comparing marine protection areas of China with U.S.MPAs and noting the difference between of them and advantages of U.S.MPAs and learning from it.Furthermore,the paper give some suggestions to resolve the problems existing in China's marine protection areas through changing the current management modes of marine protection areas in China

RESEARCH ON HIGH-RISE BUILDING AND ITS URBAN ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

【中文文摘】提出了高层建筑城市生态学的概念 ,在回顾高层建筑发展历史的基础上 ,指出高层建筑的城市生态问题 ,关系到城市居住区生活质量的改善以及城市生态环境的健康发展。结合国外高层建筑的建设 ,提出了可行的方案与对策 【英文文摘】The concept of high\|rise building ecology was raised in this paper.Based on the review of high\|rise building development,urban ecology problem that related with the improvement of residential environment quality and healthy of urban ecology environment were researched.Combined with the history of high\|rise building development,the advisable plan and countermeasure were advanced in the paper.宁波市计委研究项目 (甬计规批 [2 0 0 1] 12号

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀效应

应用电化学阻抗谱和极化曲线测试技术,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和拉曼(Raman)光谱分析,研究了表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为缓蚀剂对钢筋的缓蚀效应和机理.结果表明,PVP对pH值为11.0,含0.5 mol/L NaCl的模拟混凝土孔隙液中的钢筋具有良好的缓蚀作用,可有效抑制钢筋的腐蚀;PVP浓度变化对钢筋腐蚀行为有显著的影响,当浓度为25 mg/L时,PVP对钢筋的缓蚀效率达到89.1%;PVP通过在钢筋表面形成吸附膜来抑制钢筋的腐蚀.国家自然科学基金(批准号:21573182,51671163,21203158,21621091,21173177)资助~

ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGY STUDY ON EXISTENT DWELLINGS IN NANJING AREA

高校博士点资金资助项目 ,编号 :1999028622;; 江苏省建设委员会和江苏省墙体改革办公室资助项目 ,批文号 :苏建科(1998)298