Abolishing the Exemption of Liability for Fault in Ship Management in the Nautical Fault Exemption System

梁永刚，大连海事大学研宄生院2005级海商法硕士研宄生。 李忠胜，威海市威东航运公司运航部经理。【中文摘要】航海过失免责一般表述为：船长、船员、引航员或承运人的受雇人 在驾驶船舶或管理船舶中的行为、疏忽或不履行职责所造成的货物灭失或损坏， 免除承运人的赔偿责任。迄今为止，航海过失免责一直是承运人可援用的最重要 的免责条款，航海过失免责制度的存废也一直是各国和国际海上货物运输立法关 注的焦点之一。本文通过分析航海过失免责的内涵，探悉航海过失免责产生和发 展的社会经济根源，考察当今船货双方利益和风险的分担情况，综合考虑相关因 素，得出对航海过失免责制度进行合理性变革的结论。 【Abstract】The nautical fault exemption generally refers to the carrier,s exemption from liability for the loss or damage of goods arising or resulting from the act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or management of the ship. To date, the nautical fault exemption has always been the most important exemption clause for carriers, and countries and legislation on international maritime cargo transport have paid much attention to the question of whether the nautical fault exemption system should continue to exist or be abolished. This paper analyzes the meaning of the nautical fault exemption, explores the socioeconomic roots of its emergence and development, and examines the current allocation of interests and risks between the ship owner and the cargo owner. After taking the relevant factors into account, the paper concludes that the nautical fault exemption system should undergo certain reforms

Improvement of Segmentation Correction Model Based on Local Features

基于局部特性的分割校正模型能够在图像分割的同时实现对非均匀场的校正,从而对灰度不均匀图像有较好的分割效果,然而,该模型具有局部特性,且采用多相分割,使得活动轮廓曲线对初始位置较为敏感,且分割速度较慢。针对该不足,通过引入自适应距离保持水平集算法,采用分割校正模型与自适应距离保持水平集相结合的方法,提出一种新的快速分割算法。实验结果表明,该算法可摆脱初始轮廓的限制,避免在分割灰度不均匀图像时边缘泄漏和分割不足现象,并且具有分割快速的特点。Segmentation correction model based on local features can implement the correction of intensity inhomogeneity images,for which has better segmentation effect,but with the local features of the proposed model,and using multiphase segmentation,so that it is sensitive to the initial position of the active contour curve and the segmentation is slow.Aiming at the shortage,a new fast segmentation algorithm is proposed by introducing Adaptive Distance Preserving Level Set(ADPLS) algorithm,combining the segmentation correction model and adaptive distance preserving level set method.Experimental results show that the improved algorithm not only gets rid of the influence of the initial contour,but also avoids the edge leakage and segmentation shortage phenomenon,maintains the fast segmentation.福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2008J0312

Applications of stable isotope techniques in aquatic ecological studies

稳定同位素作为一种天然的示踪物,应用十分广泛,其在水域生态学中的应用也日益受到重视。生物同位素组成总是与其食物同位素组成相一致,能随食物的改变而相应地发生改变,是生物生存状况的理想指示物,为水域生态系统食物网结构与功能、物质流与能量流的研究提供了有力的技术支撑。在综评稳定同位素技术原理与方法的基础上,较为详细地对其应用于水域生态研究的理论基础与进展进行了总结。该方法的应用以水域中生产者同位素组成差异为前提,主要涉及确定食物来源、食物的贡献比例、营养级的确定、食物网结构的构建及鱼类等水生生物的洄游及迁移路线等方面,这些研究对了解生态系统的动态变化与外界环境对其影响具有重要意义。并对我国此类研究的前景和存在问题进行了探讨。Stable isotopes have been used in many research areas as natural labels and are becoming an important tool in aquatic ecological research.The theoretical basis and application of stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecology as well as its principle and method are reviewed in this paper.An organism's stable isotope ratios(δ()~(15)N and δ()~(13)C etc.) are an integration of the isotopic signatures of prey items that have been assimilated through time,the organism will come into isotopic equilibrium with its diet with the time to equilibrium depending on growth and tissue turnover rates.Stable nitrogen isotope ratios increase with trophic level by approximately 3‰ to 4‰;this provides a powerful analytical tool to quantify relative trophic position.In contrast,stable carbon isotope ratio changes very little with trophic level(0 to 1‰ enrichment per trophic level).Instead,stable carbon isotope values of organisms reflect the average δ()~(13)C of their diets.When an organism moves to a different habitat,its stable isotope ratios will change.From the stable ratios of the different habitats and the organism,we can judge the migration routine of the organism.Stable isotopes are often used to quantify the contributions of multiple sources to an organism.In general,the proportional contributions of n+1 different sources can be uniquely determined by the use of n isotope groups with linear mixing models based on mass balance equations.When there are n isotope groups and >n+1 sources,all possible combinations of each sources contribution can be obtained by a computer program(IsoSource),but the proportional contributions aren't unique.The above two cases presume that the proportional contribution of a source to an organism is the same for all isotope elements,while not all cases are so.An isotope element concentration-weighted linear mixing model was developed,whose quantified results are more reasonable,but only determined the proportional contributions of n+1 sources with n isotope groups.Prey sources,trophic level and prey proportional contributions etc.are basic information needed to construct aquatic ecosystem food web patterns and functions and material and energy flows,which are fundamental to understand the dynamic of ecosystems and effects of environment to the ecosystems.The prospect of such studies in China and some existing problems are also discussed国家自然科学基金重大资助项目(30490233)~

闽南肝癌高发区肝细胞癌与HBV复制的相关性分析

目的分析闽南肝癌高发区乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)复制与原发性肝细胞癌 (PHCC)的关系。方法用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应 (PQ- PCR)技术测定 6 1例 PHCC患者、40 7例不同病程的 HBV感染者及 17例健康人血清中 HBV DNA的含量 ,对照分析 HBV标志物 (HBVM) ,同时检测 PHCC患者抗 - HCV- Ig G和 HCV RNA。结果PHCC组 HBV DNA阳性率高达 80 .3% (49/ 6 1) ,高于其他肝病组 ,差异具显著性 (P<0 .0 2 ) ,HBV DNA含量各组间差异无显著性。PHCC组抗 - HCV- Ig G和 HVC RNA阳性率为 0。结论闽南肝癌高发区 PHCC患者 HBV DNA阳性率较高 ,HBV感染并持续复制 ,可能是该地区 PHCC的主要致病因

塔里木沙漠公路防护林生态工程的综合生态环境效应

为了探讨重大工程的生态环境效应,从风沙环境、土壤环境、小气候、生物多样性和地下水环境5个方面对塔里木沙漠公路防护林工程的综合生态环境效应进行了研究.结果表明:(1)防护林改变了近地表风沙运动过程,防沙体系内风速、输沙率降低幅度分别达64%~80%和87.45%~99.02%,风沙流结构、沙物质粒度、地表蚀积状况也发生了明显变化;(2)与自然流沙地相比,防护林土壤容重减小,全盐含量、总孔隙度和含水量增大,土壤肥力质量明显提高,其变化基本呈现"先快后慢"的规律;(3)防护林对于小环境改善作用明显,距地面6m范围内,林地不同高度的空气温度普遍低于自然流沙地,而空气湿度则高于自然流沙地,林地土壤温度也低于自然流沙地;(4)随着防护林内生境的变化,土壤微生物种类显著增加,但不同种类微生物的种群分布并不均匀;(5)目前防护林灌溉抽水对地下水位、地下水矿化度的影响不大,水位在厘米级范围波动,矿化度的变化幅度在±1g·L-1左右,且没有明显的变化趋势

Y型聚乙二醇干扰素琢-2b注射液治疗HCV基因2/3型慢性丙型肝炎患者疗效和安全性的多中心随机对照试验研究

目的以标准剂量的聚乙二醇干扰素(Peg IFN)α-2a联合利巴韦林作为阳性对照,评价新型试验药物Y型Peg IFNα-2b注射液联合利巴韦林治疗2型/3型慢性丙型肝炎(CHC)患者的疗效和安全性。方法采用多中心、随机开放、阳性药对照的Ⅲ期临床试验,筛选符合要求的2型/3型CHC患者,按照2:1的比例随机分配到Y型Peg IFNα-2b组和Peg IFNα-2a组,同时口服利巴韦林,疗程24 w,停药随访24 w。采用Abbott Real Time HCV Genotype II检测HCV基因型,采用Cobas Taq Man实时定量PCR法检测血清HCV RNA水平。详细记录不良事件。主要疗效指标为持续病毒学应答(SVR),并进行非劣效检验。结果本试验实际入组2型/3型CHC患者255例,实际治疗241例。全分析集(FAS)数据显示,158例试验组和83例对照组患者SVR分别为85.4%(95%CI 79.94%~90.94%)和79.5%(95%CI 70.84%~88.20%,P=0.2402);对符合方案分析集(PPS)人群分析显示,试验组和对照组患者SVR分别为87.9%(95%CI 82.45%~93.27%)和85.9%(95%CI 77.82%~94.01%,P=0.7060),率差的95%可置信区间均符合非劣效标准;对PPS人群分析显示,85.8%受试者获得了早期病毒学应答(RVR),RVR的阳性预测值为90.1%;试验组和对照组不良事件发生率相似,分别为95.6%和95.2%,严重不良事件发生率分别为3.8%和3.6%。结论应用Peg IFNα联合利巴韦林治疗2型/3型CHC患者,新型试验药物Y型Peg IFNα-2b具有与对照药物Peg IFNα-2a相似的疗效和安全性。国家科技部“十二五”重大专项(编号:2012ZX10002-003)；“重大新药创制”十二五科技重大专项(编号:2012ZX09303019)