厦门沿海的砂壳纤毛虫(原生动物,纤毛门,砂壳目)

对厦门沿海6个代表性站位砂壳纤毛虫进行了为期1年的采集,共分离鉴定了27种砂壳纤毛虫,其中拟铃虫属Tintinnopsis 20种,薄铃虫属Leprotintinnus 3种,类铃虫属Codonellopsis 2种,领细壳虫属Stenosemella 1种以及网纹虫属Favella 1种。对该5属27种砂壳纤毛虫进行形态学描述,并提供了显微照片,其中侧胀拟铃虫Tintinnopsis ventricosoides Meunier,1910为中国新记录种。国家自然科学基金(91751207和41306125);;海洋公益性行业科研专项经费(201505003-3);;中海石油有限公司项目(CNOOCKJ125FZDXM00TJ001-2014,CNOOC-KJ125FZDXM00ZJ001-2014)资助~

Diversity of bacterial community structure and its driving factors in three bays of Bohai Sea

[Background] Sustainable development of coastal ecosystem has become one of the most important concerns for people nowadays. Riverine output and anthropogenic interrupt have important impacts on the coastal environment. [Objective] In this study, we collected 12 samples from three transects including Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and Laizhou Bay to explore the microbial community and diversity in summer of 2015. [Methods] DNA was extracted from water samples by using DNA extraction kit. Samples were analyzed by Illumina HiSeq sequencing technology. We compared the differences among these three transects according to the analysis results. [Results] The diversity index and rarefaction curves showed significant differences among these three transects. The order of diversity value was Laizhou Bay>Bohai Bay>Liaodong Bay. The distribution of the dominant community was as follows: the proportion of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Planctomycetes in the Bohai Bay was 39.8%, 25.7%, 22.4%, 5.85% and 4.38%, respectively. The dominant community proportion in Liaodong bay was Proteobacteria (37.8%), Bacteroidetes (25.7%), Cyanobacteria (17.8%), Actinobacteria (10.4%) and Planctomycetes (5.64%). While in Laizhou Bay there were only four dominant communities as follows: Proteobacteria (59.0%), Bacteroidetes (17.5%), Cyanobacteria (8.2%), Actinobacteria (7.88%). By using the principal component analysis (PCA) and Heatmap correlation analysis, we found that environmental factors were key roles in controlling the microbial diversity in the Bohai Sea. Among them, the concentration of nitrate was particularly significant according to the Mantel test analysis. [Conclusion] The microbial diversity in the three bays of Bohai Sea was very rich and multifarious. The population structure and species in the Laizhou Bay is the most complex and abundant among these three bays, and then it is Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay. There was a significant correlation among microbial diversity, environmental factors and the spatial distribution. Above all, this study will provide a theoretical basis for further protection and ecological development of Bohai Sea

Effect of pretreatment temperature on volatile fatty acids production by activated sludge

考察了预处理温度对剩余污泥水解酸化生产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的影响。分别在70、80、90、100℃下处理剩余活性污泥2 h,考察其水解酸化情况。结果表明:热处理可提高溶液中的SCOD及碳水化合物含量,提高效果随温度升高而增大;预处理温度对污泥产酸的促进效果为:90℃>80℃>100℃>70℃。经加90℃处理的活性污泥在缺氧条件下水解酸化30 h后,VFAs的产酸量达到最大,为946 mg/L。VFAs包括乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸,其中乙酸和丙酸为主要产物,热预处理污泥可提高VFAs中乙酸的含量。The effect of thermal pretreatment temperature on solubilization an acidification of waste sludge(WAS) was investigated.Pretreatment temperatures of WAS ranged from 70℃ to 100℃ and holding time was 2 h.The results showed that COD solubilization was found to increase with treatment temperature.Whereas,total volatile fatty acid(TVFAs)concentration was found to be in the following order:90℃>80℃>100℃>70℃.The optimal pretreatment temperature was 90℃.The VFAs concentration of WAS pretreated under 90℃ was 946 mg/L after 30 h of fermentation.The VFAs consisted of acetic,propionic,butyric and valeric acids,but acetic and propionic acids were the two main products.The proportion of acetic acid was increased by thermal pretreatment.福建省科技重点项目(2008Y0060);; 厦门市科技计划项目(3502Z20073005);; 新加坡厦大校友会研发与学术交流基金项

Wood Anatomy Characteristics of 6 Mangrove Species of Sonneratia and Their Application

应用光镜及扫描电镜对生长在热带、亚热带海岸潮间带的 6种海桑属红树植物的次生木质部进行了解剖学研究表明 :海桑属 6种红树植物的次生木质部具有导管直径小 ,导管分布频率高 ,复孔率高 ,导管壁厚和纤维壁较厚且具次生加厚 ,木薄壁组织缺乏或稀少等与环境相适应的特点。海桑属 6种红树植物的数量特征还表明 :海桑、无瓣海桑、卵叶海桑的木材可能适合造纸。The study reveals that the secondary xylem of 6 mangrove species of Sonneratia possesses the following characteristics:the diameter of vessel is small,the distribution frequency of vessel is high,the reperforating rate is high,the wall of vessel is thick,the wall of fibre is relatively thick and the wood parenchyma is short or sparse,whish is suitable with the environment.The quantitative feature of 6 mangrove species of Sonneratia also indicates that the wood of S.caseolaria,apetalous sonneratia and ovate-leaf sonneratia is probably suitable for paper-making.国家自然科学基金资助项目! (495 76 2 95

1978～2008年中国湿地类型变化

分别基于美国陆地卫星(Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+)和中巴资源卫星(CBERS-02B)影像数据,以人工目视解译为主,完成了中国1978～2008年4期(基准年分别为1978,1990,2000和2008年)湿地遥感制图,并进行了大量的室内外验证.在此基础上,对我国湿地现状及近30年来湿地变化进行了初步分析,得到以下主要结论:(ⅰ)截止2008年,中国湿地面积约为324097km2,其中以内陆沼泽(35%)和湖泊湿地(26%)为主.(ⅱ)1978～2008年,中国湿地面积减少了约33%,而人工湿地增加了约122%.过去30年里湿地减少的速度大幅降低,由最初5523km2/a(1978～1990年)降为831km2/a(2000～2008年).(ⅲ)减少的自然湿地(包括滨海湿地和内陆湿地),其类型变化由湿地向非湿地转化的比例逐渐降低.初期(1978～1990年)几乎全部(98%)转换为非湿地;在1990～2000年间减少的自然湿地约有86%转化为非湿地,而在2000～2008年,这一比例下降为77%.(ⅳ)气候变化和农业活动是中国湿地变化的主要驱动因素,湿地变化在中国分为三大不同特征区域,即西部三省/自治区(西藏、新疆和青海)、北部两省/自治区(黑龙江和内蒙古)和其他省市区.其中西部区域尤其是青藏高原,湿地变化的驱动因子以气候增温为主;新疆湿地由于气候增温和农业活动共同作用造成变化不大.北部省/自治区的湿地变化则主要由农业活动引起;而其他省市区的湿地变化几乎完全受控于人类的农业经济活动

Studies on the microorganisms of three domains associated with seagrass (Zostera japonica) meadows: distributions, ecological functions, and environmental drivers

海草床作为最富生产力的近海生态系统之一，发挥着海岸防护、蓝碳封存、鱼类产卵场、水质净化等重要的生态价值。海草作为唯一能在海水中生存的被子植物，孕育着丰富多样的微生物。这些微生物一方面与海草的生长及健康休戚与共，另一方面为整个海草生态系统的养分循环发挥着重要的调节作用。在人类生产活动加剧和全球暖化的时代背景下，我们关于微生物活动对海草健康产生的直接或间接影响仍缺乏系统性认知；尽管目前细菌在全球海草床系统的地理分布特征已被较好地揭示，但对于古菌和微型真核生物，这两类重要的微生物群落在海草床系统中有着怎样的分布规律和生态重要性，我们的认知仍非常有限。本研究选择分布于东营、威海、大连的三个典型温带海草床(日本鳗草，Zostera japonica)作为研究区域，利用扩增子测序、宏基因组学、荧光定量PCR、室内模拟实验等技术和方法，(1)在群落层面，调查沉积物中三域微生物的多样性、季节动态、生境偏好性及海草定植的影响；(2)在功能层面，揭示草区与裸露区沉积物中参与氮、硫循环的功能类群多样性和代谢途径，及其在海草不同生长阶段的变化规律；(3)基于野外调查结果，我们提出“升温导致硫循环类群间的失衡构成海草的潜在威胁”的假设，并构建微宇宙模拟实验进行验证。主要研究结果如下： (1) 海草表层沉积物中，真核微生物主要由硅藻(Diatomea；21.8%)和甲藻(Dinoflagellata；20.4%)等单细胞藻类组成。在古菌群落中，氨氧化古菌(Ca. Nitrosopumilus和Ca. Nitrocosmicus)是主导类群(58.1%)。硫卵菌属(Sulfurovum)、伍斯菌属(Woeseia)、Sva0081等硫循环类群在细菌群落中丰度较高(18.8%)。共现网络显示，真核生物与古菌间存较高的共现性，可能具有紧密的互作关系。相比于海草定植作用，生境异质性及季节变化是影响三域微生物α-多样性的重要因素。这可能是因为沉积物理化因素在大尺度空间上的差异，掩盖了海草定植的影响。季节上，草区真核微生物α-多样性呈现出春、夏季高于秋、冬季，而细菌与古菌多样性略有推迟，在夏、秋季高于春、冬季节。三域微生物多样性对环境响应的灵敏度为：细菌 > 真核微生物 > 古菌。 (2) 无论海草定植还是季节变化都能显著改变细菌、古菌和真核微生物群落结构，并且海草定植影响(R > 0.08，P 0.07，P < 0.011)，表明根际效应确实能明显影响微生物群落分布且不受季节影响。草区的SO42−、有机碳(Total organic carbon，TOC)和有机氮(Total organic nitrogen，TON)含量明显高于裸露区，因而促进了硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria，SRB)、固氮菌、纤维降解菌(深古菌及MBG-D)、产甲烷古菌(甲烷叶菌属)等功能类群在海草定植区中富集。另外，海草定植能显著降低单细胞藻类及病原菌的多样性，这可能与海草表面富集的溶藻细菌及海草分泌的代谢产物对藻类孢子及病原菌的抑制作用有关。海草在不同季节也具有不同的特征微生物类群，其中溶氧(Dissolved oxygen，DO)、营养盐(SO42−、NH4+和NO3–)和重金属(Cr、Cd和As)是导致三域微生物群落结构季节差异的主要驱动因子。 (3) 硫循环功能分析显示，δ-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲是海草底栖SRB的重要组成，而硫化物氧化过程主要由γ-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲完成。硫化物氧化基因fccA在海草沉积物硫循环基因库中占主导地位。草区沉积物显著富集了硫代硫酸盐还原基因，而裸露区中具有更多异化硫酸盐还原基因、连四硫酸盐还原基因及硫氧化基因。温度和DO是影响硫循环基因多样性和丰度的关键因素。氮循环功能分析发现，参与氮循环的主要类群为γ-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲。羟胺氧化基因(hao)及硝酸盐还原基因(narI/narV和nrfA)在氮循环基因库中占据优势地位。草区富集了更多羟胺氧化基因(hao)和固氮基因(nifK)，而非草区中反硝化基因(nosZ、nirS)更为丰富。在季节上，反硝化基因(nrfA、narGH、nosZ和nirS)的相对丰度在冬季低于夏季，而固氮基因(nifDHK)呈冬高夏低的分布规律，因此微生物通过增加氮固定并减少氮素流失可能是海草越冬的关键。随机森林分析显示温度和NH4+是影响氮循环基因多样性和丰度的主要环境因子。SRB是耦联氮、硫循环的关键类群。此外，在日本鳗草沉积物中检测到较高丰度的金属抗性基因、单碳代谢 (C1)基因以及无机磷酸盐转运基因。 (4) 微宇宙培养实验，证实温度在塑造海草底栖细菌(尤其是硫代谢相关类群)群落结构中发挥着关键作用。绝对定量结果显示细菌、SRB、硫氧化菌(Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, SOB)对温度的响应规律一致：绝对丰度都随温度先升后降；然而SRB:SOB值却随着温度的升高而增加，表明高温胁迫对SOB的抑制作用明显高于SRB。SRB和SOB的失衡可能导致硫化物不能被SOB充分氧化而毒害海草健康，初步验证了我们的猜想。 综上，本研究系统地探究了海草生境中细菌、古菌和真核微生物的多样性、丰度和功能在不同生态位、区域和季节间的分布规律，阐明三域微生物间的网络关系以及环境因素(如营养盐、重金属污染和升温)的调控规律，并提出微生物介导的“升温-硫循环-海草退化”机制，有助于我们更好地理解三域微生物与海草之间的互作机理，并为海草床健康监测和生态修复提供新见解

Community Structure and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Bacteria in the Rhizosphere of Zostera japonica in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea

海草床是蓝碳的重要组成，然而多种人为及自然因素导致海草床在全球范围内大幅度退化，中国海草亦未能幸免。良好的微生物群落结构会增强植物对环境的适应性，结构失衡则会导致植物的致病衰亡。目前，我们对海草床根际沉积物中细菌多样性及群落结构的了解较为匮乏，尤其是根际微生物随时间和空间变化的演替规律。本研究分别在2017年至2018年间的春（4月）夏（8月）秋（10月）冬（1月）四季，于东营垦利区、大连长海县和威海荣成市三地采集日本鳗草（Zostera japonica）根际及无海草定植的沉积物样品。采用16S rRNA高通量测序分析细菌群落组成和结构。 研究结果显示根际细菌种群丰富，其中变形菌门（42.8%）、拟杆菌门（17.6%）、放线菌门（8.1%）、蓝细菌门（7%）是最主要类群；一方面，优势类群会随季节而演替，放线菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门的相对丰度分别在春、夏、秋、冬季达到最高值；另一方面，群落组成还会受到区域和样品类型（有无海草定植）的影响，例如Patescibacteria菌门在东营的相对丰度最高，绿弯菌门和变形菌门分别是根际和非根际的主要类群之一。 &alpha;多样性分析显示样品内的物种丰富度和多样性受时空影响较强烈，Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Chao1指数、OTU richness指数都在春季最低，而冬季最大；比较区域间的&alpha;多样性指数发现：东营&gt;威海&gt;大连。通过&alpha;多样性与环境因子相关分析进一步发现，TOC、TOC/TON、SO42&minus;、钒（V）、锰（Mn）是影响海草根际细菌&alpha;多样性的关键因素，说明海草随季节的生长或凋亡或许能影响沉积物中的有机物和无机物含量，进而间接影响细菌群落的演替。 &beta;多样性分析显示，相对于季节的变化，区域和根际效应对海草沉积物细菌群落结构影响更大。首先，空间尺度上，不论有无海草定植，三个区域之间全部差异显著(P = 0.001)。东营海草沉积物细菌群落结构与另外两地差异尤为明显，其原因可能与沉积物质地密切相关，威海和大连为砂质而东营是泥质。其次，样品类型上，根际和非根际之间也存在极显著的差异(P = 0.001)。时间尺度上，发现只有部分季节间的差异不明显，例如夏秋(P = 0.141)、秋冬(P = 0.055)。 样品的理化性质结果显示：有机物、重金属、NO3&minus;及NO2&minus;在夏季普遍较高；地域上东营粒径较小、重金属含量最高；相比于非根际，根际沉积物中的有机物、NH4+、NO2&minus;、重金属(Mn、As金属除外)都呈现出较高含量，且中值粒径更小。细菌群落结合环境因子作RDA分析，发现驱动细菌群落结构的环境因子是粉砂、TOC、铵盐（NH4+）及重金属（As、V）浓度；我们推测沉积物的粒径大小对于群落结构的影响发挥着关键作用，原因在其决定营养物和重金属的吸附，这也解释了为何东营地区的群落结构更为独特。 PICRUSt功能预测了海草根际沉积物细菌群落的功能，结果显示，硝酸盐还原基因（narG、narH、narL）、同化硫酸盐还原基因（cysJ、cysI、cysN）均在春季最低；异化硝酸盐还原基因（nirB、nirD、nrfA、nirK、norZ）、反硝化还原基因（norC、norB、anfG）、固氮基因（nifD、nifH、nifK）在东营相对丰度最高；根际中异化硫酸盐基因（aprA、aprB、dsrA、dsrB）、固氮相关基因（nifD、nifH、nifK、hao）丰度显著高于非根际，这证实了硫酸盐呼吸及生物固氮在海草根际的关键作用。 本研究描述了中国黄渤海日本鳗草生态系统中根际细菌多样性和结构组成特征，发现生长季节、定植区域、根际效应对根际细菌的群落结构的塑造都发挥着重要的作用。</p

The contribution of microorganisms of biogeochemical cycling to seagrass meadows and their restore functions

Seagrasses are aquatic angiosperms which are widely distributed in coastal zones.Seagrass bed ecosystem is one of the three typical marine ecosystems,which performed high level of productivity and significant ecological functions.Seagrass beds have decreased rapidly worldwide since 20th century,yet present restoration methods did not pay enough attention to the importance and functions of microorganisms.This paper summarized the significant roles of microorganisms in seagrass bed ecosystem within the process of organic mineralization and nutrient flow,and analyzed the biogeochemical cycling among seagrass bed water and sediment.Moreover,this paper proposed the anthropogenic factors that caused the seagrass bed lost and the research methods of these microorganisms.We raised the possible restoration ideas via regulating the microbial diversities and structures affiliated with the seagrass bed ecosystem

Structure characteristics of core bacterial communities in surface sediments and analysis on their responses to environmental factors in the inlet of Bohai Bay

[Background] In recent years, the increasingly polluted environment of Bohai Bay has impacted the sustainability of offshore ecosystems. [Objective] To explore the distribution characteristics of bacterial communities in surface sediments and their response to environmental factors, we selected surface sediment samples from 21 stations for study. [Methods] We investigated the microbial community structure by sequencing the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina HiSeq 2500. Bacterial community composition, spatial distribution characteristics and environmental factors were combined and analyzed in an attempt to understand the key interactions. [Results] The 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis indicated that the most common phyla that were widely distributed in the 21 sites were: Proteobacteria (56.8%), Acidobacteria (8.9%), Chloroflexi (8.1%), Bacteroidetes (6.2%). Moreover, γ- Proteobacteria and δ- Proteobacteria were the most dominant classes in Proteobacteria. Total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen content in the near shore sediments is high due to the input of anthropogenic materia and gradually decreased offshore. The most significant influence on species composition and community structure within the study area were found to be from particle size (content<4 μm) and organic nitrogen load. [Conclusion] The microbial diversity in the inlet of Bohai Bay is very high and is significantly related to a variety of environmental parameters. Human activities play an important role in structuring the microbial diversity, community structure and distribution

Scientific experiment cabinet ground turnover device for astronaut training

本发明属于地面模拟仿真技术领域，特别涉及一种用于航天员训练的科学实验柜地面翻转装置。包括地面支座、训练用整体式框架及组合式弹性伸缩装置，其中训练用整体式框架设置于地面支座上并且底部通过底部支撑组件与地面支座连接；组合式弹性伸缩装置的下端通过底部翻转连接组件与地面支座连接，上端通过顶部翻转连接组件与训练用整体式框架连接；训练用整体式框架作为模拟实验柜有效载荷，组合式弹性伸缩装置对训练用整体式框架的反复翻转提供辅助动力。本发明的各部分结构件在设计过程中执行标准，各部件简单易得，装配体便于拆装，零部件交换性较好，便于满足地面试验重复次数多的要求