BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF LOQUAT

Eriobotrya japonica is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Rosaceae, which is commonly known as loquat. It is grown commercially for its yellow fruits and also cultivated as an ornamental plant in Japan and other Asian countries. Its leaves are listed in the Japanese Pharmacopeia and are used widely as traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of chronic bronchitis and coughs. Loquat fruits have been used since time immemorial in the ethno medicine for numerous diseases including asthma, gastro-enteric disorders, diabetes mellitus common cold and chronic liver disorders. Loquat fruit and leaves have high concentrations of vitamin-A, ascorbic acid, calcium, iron, manganese, potassium, and pharmacologically active constituents are kaempferol, ursolic-acid, oleanolic-acid, tartaric acid, quercetin, amygdalin, etc. It also possesses several pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidative, antimutagenic and anti-diabetic activity etc

BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES AND HEALTH EFFECTS

Bioactive peptides are organic substances formed by amino acids joined by covalent bonds known as amide or peptide bonds. Although some bioactive peptides exist free in its natural source, the vast majority of known bioactive peptides are encrypted in the structure of the parent proteins and are released mainly by enzymatic processes. Some bioactive peptides have been prepared by chemical synthesis. Bioactive peptides attributed to different health effects, including antimicrobial properties, blood pressure-lowering (ACE inhibitory) effects, cholesterol-lowering ability, antithrombotic and antioxidant activities, opioid activities, enhancement of mineral absorption and/or bioavailability, cytomodulatory and immunomodulatory effects, antiobesity, and anti-genotoxic activity. The growing interest in bioactive peptides has incentivized the scientific community and the food industry to exploring the development of new food additives and functional products based on these peptides. The present review highlights the recent findings on the identification, bioassays, and use of bioactive peptides, as well as their potential use as food additives and in the development of functional products

CHARACTERIZATION OF CYLINDROCARPON-LIKE ANAMORPHS CAUSING ROOT AND BASAL ROT OF APRICOT AND IN VITRO ACTIVITIES OF SOME FUNGICIDES

Four apricot nurseries were surveyed in Hatay province in Turkey to evaluate the phytosanitary status of the nursery plant material. Endophytic and potential pathogenic fungi were identified in plants and 12 Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph isolates were detected in the root system and basal stems of analyzed rootstocks. Based on partial sequencing ITS, three different  Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species were identified as Dactylonectria torresensis (6 isolates), Dactylonectria novozelandica (3 isolates) and Neonectria candida (3 isolates). Pathogenicity tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions which showed that all three Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species, were identified as pathogens. ADt12 (D. torresensis) isolate, obtained from the survey area, have been tested in vitro for its sensitivity to several fungicides (thiophanate-methyl (70%), fluazinam (500g/L), fludioxonil (230g/L), and boscalid (26.7%)+pyraclostrobin (6.7%)). It was determined that ADt12 isolate was highly sensitive to fludioxonil and fluazinam, and sensitive to thiophanate-methyl and boscalid+pyraclostrobin as a result of probit analysis of EC50 values

THE STUDY OF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF COMMON GLASSWORT - SALICORNIA EUROPAEA L. SPECIES IN OLTENIA REGION, ROMANIA

The thematic area provided, it is part of Oltenia region of Romania and it is a very important area by point of view geographically, flora  and fauna, landscape, cultural and course economic. The overall objective of this research was to contribute to a better kmowledge of the phytosociology, ecology and distribution of plant community edified by the glasswort - Salicornia europaea L. This species is one of the native halophytic plants of our country that widely spread in salt areas. S. europaea is found around much of the coastline of Europe from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, as well as on the shores of both the Black Sea and Caspian Sea and it is also present sporadically where inland salines occur across Europe. S. europaea has been prescribed in traditional medicines for the treatment of intestinal ailments, nephropathy, and hepatitis in Oriental countries. In addition, S. europaea has recently reported to be effective on the atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. In the analysed phytocoenoses S. europaea was dominant, as the species is finding in this area favourable as the species is finding in this area favourable ecological conditions for an abundance development. This species edified the  following plant communities: Salicornietum europaeae Wendelbg. 1953; Puccinelietum distantis Sóo 1937; Suaedeto-Kochietum hirsutae (Br.-Bl. 1928) Țopa 1939. The plant communities with glasswort have been analyzed and characterized from the chorological, ecological point of views. This plant communities from an area and at the same time their description and analysis from the ecological, chorological, syntaxonomical and syndinamical perspectives presents a great importance from the scientific and practical point of view

Determination of in vitro Biocontrol Potentials of Antagonist Bacterial Isolates Against Onion Basal and Root Rot Disease Agent Fusarium proliferatu

Various Fusarium species cause significant yield and quality losses in onion (Allium cepa L.) plants. Onion basal and root rot, caused by Fusarium proliferatum, is an emerging postharvest disease that causes severe economic losses. Although the disease has long been recognized as a major constraint to the production of Allium spp., there is insufficient information to support disease management. In recent years, a need has arisen for environmentally friendly, innovative alternative methods to avoid the use of chemical pesticides in the control of diseases that are a problem in agriculture. In this study, the biocontrol efficiency of antagonistic bacterial isolates obtained from bulbs, roots and leaves of healthy onion plants was investigated against F. proliferatum in vitro. The antagonistic activity of the bacterial isolates in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the fungal agent was determined by the dual culture assay. The bacterial isolates were identified by morphological, biochemical and proteomic (MALDI-TOF MS) methods. A total of 18 putative bacterial isolates were obtained from the bulbs, roots and leaves of healthy onion plants on selective media. As a result of in vitro dual culture assays, only six bacterial isolates (Bacillus cereus MK2, Enterobacter xiangfangensis MK3, Bacillus thuringiensis MK8, Alcaligenes faecalis MK9, Pseudomonas putida MK16 and Citrobacter freundii MK17) significantly suppressed mycelial growth of disease agent (43.89-50.56%25 inhibition). Bacillus cereus MK2 was found to be the most effective bacterial isolate with a 50.56%25 inhibition rate of mycelial growth. Overall, the results suggest that Bacillus cereus MK2 could be used as a potential biocontrol agent for a sustainable and environmentally friendly control strategy for onion fields affected by Fusarium basal and root rot disease. It is necessary to conduct further studies on the effects of the effective bacterial isolates against the pathogen in vivo and their mechanisms of action

Determination of the Antifungal Effect of Boron, Sodium and Potassium Salts against Pomegranate Fruit and Crown Rot Disease Agent Coniella granati

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the most important fruit species grown in Turkey. Fungal pathogens cause significant losses in quality and yield of pomegranate fruit in orchards and warehouses. Pomegranate fruit and crown rot, caused by Coniella granati, is one of the most serious diseases of pomegranate. No fungicides have been registered in Turkey to control this disease. In this study, the antifungal effect of etidote-67, borax, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate and potassium sorbate on mycelial growth of C. granati was investigated in vitro. The antifungal effect of the salts on mycelial growth of the fungus was determined at concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.07 (w%252Fv). Increased concentrations of etidote-67, borax, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate, and potassium sorbate significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus compared to the control. Significant differences were found between the efficacy of the treatments (Plt%253B0.05). The concentrations of 0.04%25 and 0.03%25 of etidot-67 and borax salts, respectively, were determined to be the doses that completely inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus. Boric acid, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate and potassium sorbate completely inhibited the fungal mycelial growth at a concentration of 0.05%25, while sodium benzoate inhibited fungal mycelial growth at a relatively high concentration (0.07%25). When comparing the effective concentrations (EC50) of the salts inhibiting mycelial growth by 50%25, sodium benzoate showed a stronger inhibitory effect against the fungus. In conclusion, the results of this study show that boron, sodium, and potassium salts can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides to control fruit and crown rot disease caused by C. granati in pomegranate

Effects of temperature and yeast strain on ethanol fermentation kinetics in the production of wine from Emir grapes.

TEZ5471Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2005.Kaynakça (s. 75-82) var.xi, 87 s. : res. ; 29 cm.Bu çalısmada, Nevşehir-Ürgüp yöresinde yetiştirilen beyaz şaraplık çesitlerden Emir üzümünün şaraba işlenmesinde sıcaklığın ve maya susunun etil alkol fermantasyonunun kinetiğine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla üzüm şırası 18oC ve 25oC olmak üzere iki farklı sıcaklıkta ve S. cerevisiae türü iki farklı maya susu ('Zymoflore VL1' ve 'Uvaferm CM') kullanılarak etil alkol fermantasyonuna terk edilmiştir. Fermantasyon boyunca 12 saat ara ile alınan örneklerde canlı maya sayımı, biyokütle, şeker ve etil alkol tayini yapılmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarından kinetik parametreler hesaplanmıştır. Denemelerde mayaların spesifik gelişme hızı 25oC'de 18oC'ye göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. 18oC'de mayalar arasında spesifik gelişme hızı bakımından fark görülmezken, 25oC'de 'Uvaferm CM'nin spesifik gelişme hızı 'Zymoflore VL1'den daha yüksek bulunmuştur. 18oC'de gerçeklestirilen denemelerde 'Zymoflore VL1' 'in büyümeye bağlı ürün oluşumu 'Uvaferm CM'den daha yüksek, substrata bağlı hücre verimi ve substrata bağlı biyokütle verimi ise daha düşük bulunmuştur. Ayrıca 18oC'de 'Zymoflore VL1' 'in spesifik ölüm hızı 25oC'ye göre daha düşük bulunmuştur. Duyusal değerlendirmelerde 18oC'de elde edilen şaraplar, 25oC'de elde edilen şaraplara göre ve 'Uvaferm CM' ile elde edilen şaraplar, 'Zymoflore VL1' kullanılarak elde edilen şaraplara göre, daha çok beğenilmiştir.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2004YL33._ABSTRACT: This research was undertaken to investigate effects of temperature and yeast strain on ethanol fermentation kinetics in the production of wine from Emir grapes grown in Nevsehir-Ürgüp region. Ethanol fermentation was carried out at 18oC and 25oC using two different yeast strain ('Zymoflore VL1' and 'Uvaferm CM') in grape must. The samples taken at 12-hour time interval were analysed for live yeast, biomass, sugar and ethanol. Specific growth rates at 25oC were found to be higher than those at 18oC. In terms of specific growth rates, no difference was found at 18oC, while specific growth rate of 'Uvaferm CM' at 25°C was higher than that of 'Zymoflore VL1'. Growth-associated product formation by 'Zymoflore VL1' at 18oC was higher than that of 'Uvaferm CM', while cell and biomass yields were lower. In addition, specific death rate of 'Zymoflore VL1' at 18oC was found to be lower than that at 25oC. Organoleptic evaluation showed that the wines produced at 18oC were more preferred. The wines produced by using Uvaferm CM at both temperatures had higher score than those produced by Zymoflore VL1

Determination of some biochemical properties of polyphenol oxidase, pectin methyl esterase, ?- glucosidase and carotenase from some apricot varieties.

TEZ9671Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2012.Kaynakça (s. 263-287) var.xv, 289 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm.Bu çalışmada, ülkemizin önemli kayısı üretim merkezlerinden birisi olan Malatya İl’inde yetiştirilen Hacıhaliloğlu, Kabaaşı ve Alyanak çeşitlerinde kalite üzerinde etkili olan polifenol oksidaz (PFO), pektin metilesteraz (PME), ?-glikozidaz ve karotenaz olgunlaşma sırasında ve olgunluk anında incelenmiştir. Olgunlaşma sırasında PFO, PME ve ?-glikozidaz aktiviteleri ile toplam fenol, fenol bileşikleri profili ve esmerleşme derecesindeki değişim araştırılmış, olgunluk anında bu enzimler saflaştırılarak biyokimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Tüm kayısı çeşitlerinde belirlenmiş fenolik bileşikler içerisinde miktarı en yüksek olan klorojenik asit olmuş ve onu kateşin, rutin, prosiyanidin B1 ve prosiyanidin B2 izlemiştir. Klorojenik asit, gallik asit, kumarik asit, kateşin, epikateşin, prosiyanidin B2, rutin ve kaemferol-3-rutinozid bakımından miktarı en yüksek çeşit Hacıhaliloğlu olmuştur. Toplam fenol bileşikleri bakımından miktarı en yüksek çeşit yine Hacıhaliloğlu olmuş bunu sırasıyla Alyanak ve Kabaaşı çeşitleri izlemiştir. Çalışmada ele alınan fenol bileşikleri ve toplam fenol bileşikleri miktarı olgunlaşma boyunca azalma göstermiştir. Esmerleşme derecesi, spesifik aktivite, klorojenik asit, kateşin ve toplam fenol bileşikleri bakımından en yüksek değerler Hacıhaliloğlu çeşidinde elde edilmiş, bunu Alyanak çeşidi izlemiş ve en düşük değerler Kabaaşı çeşidinde saptanmıştır. Enzim saflaştırma çalışmalarında, Alyanak çeşidine ait 3 adet, Hacıhaliloğlu çeşidine ait 4 adet PFO izoenzimi, ve Hacıhaliloğlu çeşidine ait 2 adet ?-glikozidaz izoenzimi belirlenmiştir. PFO, ?-glikozidaz ve PME spesifik aktiviteleri kayısıların olgunlaşması ile azalma göstermiştir. Enzimlerin karakterizasyonu çalışmalarında enzimlerin biyokimyasal özelliklerinin kayısı çeşidi, hasat yılı ve izoenzimlere göre farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Kayısıların bütün olgunluk aşamalarında ve tüm çeşitlerde yapılan karotenaz aktivitesi ölçümlerinde kayısılarda karotenaz aktivitesi saptanamamıştır.In this study, effects of polyphenol oxidase (PFO), pectinmethyl esterase (PME), ?- glucosidase and carotenase were investigated on quality of Hacıhaliloğlu, Kabaaşı and Alyanak apricot varieties during ripening and ripen phases in Malatya province, that is an important apricot production center of Turkey. The activities of PFO, PME and ?-glucosidase as well as profiles of total phenol and phenol compounds and changes in browning degree were examined during ripening. In addition biochemical properties of these enzymes were determined with purification. The most common phenolic compound determined in all apricot variety was chlorogenic acid followed by catechin, rutin, procyanidine B1 and procyanidine B2. Hacıhaliloğlu variety was determined to contain the highest amounts of chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, coumaric acid, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidine B1, rutin and kaempferol-3-rutinoside. Hacıhaliloğlu variety also contained the highest amount of total phenol compounds, which was followed by Alyanak and Kabaaşı varieties, respectively. The amounts of phenol compounds and total phenol compounds investigated in the study decreased during the ripening. The highest values of browning degree, specific activity, chlorogenic acid, catechin and total phenol compounds were determined in Hacıhaliloğlu variety, which was followed by Alyanak variety, while the lowest values were observed in Kabaaşı variety. In enzyme purification studies, 3 PFO isoenzymes of Alyanak variety, 4 PFO isoenzymes and 2 ?-glucosidase isoenzymes of Hacıhaliloğlu variety were determined. Specific activities of PFO, ?-glucosidases and PME decreased with ripening in all apricot varieties. In enzyme characterization studies, biochemical properties of enzymes were determined to differ by apricot vatiety, harvest year and isoenzymes. No carotenase activity was determined in carotenase activity measurement performed in all ripening stages of apricot and for all varieties.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2008D4

Kapı ve Bellek

Doors are architectural units that have a dynamic structure of connecting internal and external spaces, with including tense denotations of dividing, guarding and connecting. Starting as early as the Antiquity, doors symbolize abstract concepts in numerous fields, such as art and philosophy, alongside their physical functions of being the entrance and exit of spaces and buildings. Doors have sustained their existence in numerous forms since the human life begun on Earth, such as natural structures in cave entrances, entryways of cities surrounded by walls, crown gates of religious structures that ascends to the gods, the sarcophagi lids, the Roman arches that represent the triumphs of the emperors. In this thesis, deriving from the rich variety of doors and the polysemy of the image of door, the wooden doors of old and empty buildings are chosen as the main point. Doors will be considered in various forms and roles; as having a wise stance amongst ruins, as chained prisoners, as notice boards, as a branch of ivy infiltrating through ruins, as the weariness of a wood piece living under silent ruins that is collecting memories by witnessing the past and the future. In my works, I intended to question this multi-metaphorical object’s relation to the time and space and track the enigma of the life experience that stems from the history. My other intention was to blend the link between past, now and future; eventually constructing a cultural item anew. As the polysemy of the door allows the formation of unique layers of senses, it generates the memory of historical and cultural experiences. In this study, the memory of the doors that is created by the intense portrayals of artists will be discussed. Moreover, aforementioned connection between doors and memory and this connection’s influence on contemporary art will be investigated and they will be interlinked with various philosophical contexts.Kapılar iç ve dış mekânı birbirine bağlayan devingen bir yapıya sahip olup bölmek, korumak ve iletişimi sağlamak gibi karşıtlıkları içeren gerilimli anlamları içinde barındıran mimari öğelerdir. Antik çağlardan günümüze yapılara ve mekanlara girip çıkmayı sağlayan kapıların bu somut işlevlerinin yanı sıra sanattan felsefeye kadar birçok alanda da simgelediği soyut anlamları vardır. Kapılar, yaşam var olalı mağara girişlerindeki doğal yapılarından, surlarla çevrili şehirlerin girişlerine; dini yapıların mimarisinde tanrıya yükselen taç kapılardan, Lahit kapılarına; Roma Döneminde imparatorun başarısını simgeleyen, günümüzde ise şehirlerin simgesi olmuş zafer taklarına kadar çeşitli biçimlerde varlıklarını sürdürmektedirler. Kapıların zengin çeşitliliğinden ve kapı imgesinin çok anlamlılığından yola çıkılarak, bu tezde eski boş mekanların ahşap kapıları ele alınmıştır. Bu boş mekanlardaki kapıların kimi çocukların çizgileriyle, kimi yıkıntıların arasından çıkan sarmaşıkla, kimi sessiz yığınların gölgesinde kısaca yaşayan ahşabın yorgunluğuyla geçmişe, şimdiye ve geleceğe tanıklık ederek bellek oluşturmaya devam etmesindeki rolüyle ele alınmıştır. Çalışmalarımda metaforları çok olan bu nesnenin mekân ve zamanla ilişkisini sorgulamak ve tarihten gelen yaşanmışlıkların gizini sürmek, geçmiş, şimdi ve gelecek arasındaki ilişkiyi harmanlayarak yeniden bir kültür nesnesine yani resme dönüştürülmesini amaçladım. Bu bağlamda çocuklarımın çizimleri, gölgeler; yani zamanın akışını bana duyumsatan biçimler, boya katmanlarının oluşturduğu dokularla kaynaşarak eski ahşap kapıların temsili olmuştur. Kapının çok anlamlılığı, farklı anlam katmanlarının oluşmasına izin verirken; tarihsel ve kültürel yaşanmışlıkların belleğini de oluşturur. Sanatçılar tarafından güçlü tasvirlerle oluşturulan bu kapıların bellekleri bu çalışmada ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, söz konusu olan kapı bellek ilişkisinin güncel sanat pratiklerine yansıma şekilleri incelenerek, konuyla ilgili felsefi metinlerle bağlantıları kurulmuştur

In vitro sensitivity of anthracnose disease agent, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., to some fungicides on lemon

Antraknoz, dünyada ve ülkemizde limon başta olmak üzere turunçgil üretimini ciddi düzeyde tehdit eden hastalıklardan birisidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, limonda Antraknoz hastalığı etmeni Colletotrichum gloeosporioides’ in DMI, SDHI, QoIs, amid, aniline ve dithiocarbamate gibi farklı kimyasal gruplardan farklı etki mekanizmalarına sahip bazı fungisitlere karşı duyarlılığını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, limon bahçelerinden toplanan hastalıklı bitkilerin doku parçaları, PDA besi yerinde 25 °C’de 5 gün inkübe edilmiştir. Fungal kültürlerin morfolojik ve moleküler teşhisleri sonucunda tüm izolatların, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides olduğu belirlenmiştir. Patojenisite denemelerinde tüm izolatların virülenslik düzeyleri belirlenmiş ve en yüksek virülensliğe LC5 izolatının sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. C. gloeosporioides LC5 izolatının 10 farklı fungisite karşı duyarlılıkları, in vitro ’da miselyal gelişim ve konidiyal çimlenme denemeleri ile ortaya konmuştur. Sonuç olarak en yüksek etkiyi, fluopyram+tebuconazole, fluazinam, fluxapyroxad+difenoconazole ve dithianon+fosforoz asit fungisitlerinin gösterdiği belirlenmiştirAnthracnose is one of the diseases that seriously threaten citrus production, especially lemons in the world and in our country. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of an anthracnose disease agent, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, on lemon, to some fungicides with different mechanisms of action from different chemical groups such as DMI, SDHI, QoI, amides, anilines and dithiocarbamates. For this purpose, tissue pieces of diseased plants collected from lemon orchards were incubated in PDA medium at 25 °C for 5 days. All isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides as a result of morphological and molecular diagnoses of fungal cultures. The virulence levels of all isolates were determined in pathogenicity tests and the highest virulence was found to have LC5 isolate. The susceptibility of C. gloeosporioides LC5 isolate to 10 different fungicides was demonstrated by in vitro mycelial growth and conidial germination trials. As a result, it was determined that fungicides fluopyram+tebuconazole, fluazinam, fluxapyroxad+ difenoconazole and dithianon+phosphorous acid showed the highest effect