A Review about A Significant Source of Bioactive Compounds%253A Microalgae

Microalgae are single-celled microorganisms with different morphological, physiological, and genetic characteristics. They have an essential place in the aquatic ecosystem due to their photosynthetic feature. Microalgae produce various bioactive compounds as products of primary or secondary metabolism. The bioactive compounds they have%253B bioactive peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, bioactive polysaccharides, vitamins, phenolic compounds, and pigments. These components they produce can accumulate in the biomass and be released into the development environment. Thanks to the bioactive components they produce, microalgae have functional properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, and antihypertensive. Thanks to these features, it is reported that it has many uses and can acquire new areas of use day by day. Today, four microalgae species draw attention from the microalgae, which has a field of use in industries such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and aquaculture. These are Spiruna, Chlorella, Dunaliella and Haematococcus. Chlorella contains beta-1,3-glucan, which has antioxidant properties and acts as a free radical scavenger. Spirulina, on the other hand, can be used as a food supplement with its high amino acid content (62%25). It is also a rich source of vitamins A, B1, B2, B12, and xanthophylls. Microags meet the essential fatty acids needs of fish with the polyunsaturated fatty acids they contain. Microalgae are the primary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids known as fish oil, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. It has been reported that microalgae are an under-researched source in terms of both supplementary food and functional ingredient addition in the food industry for a healthy diet. The scope of this review, it is aimed to explain the bioactive compounds possessed by microalgae and the functional properties of these compounds

Response of Congo Grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis L. Germain and Evard) to Nitrogen Fertilization on an Oxisol in Western Highlands Agro-ecological Zone of Cameroon

In the context of climate change, sustainable fertilization management can be achieved by the use of minimum external agricultural inputs capable of generating both economic and environmental benefits. In this regard, a study conducted in western highlands agro-ecological zone of Cameroon revealed the response of Brachiaria ruziziensis (an important cover crop and forage) to a range of nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kgN.ha-1) combined with a constant level of P2O5 (100 kgN.ha-1) and K2O (50 kg%252Fha) evaluated using a randomized complete block design. The findings showed that in a regularly cultivated soil, Congo grass is capable of meeting its mineral needs by searching for them in strata of the soil below the cultural profile (0-25 cm). As a result, in comparison to non-fertilized units (27.75 t.ha-1), fertilized units did not provide a significant dry matter yield (P gt%253B 0.05). Despite the lack of a significant difference, the yield increased with the addition of nitrogen until it reached 100 kg%252Fha, and then decreased until it reached 200 kg N.ha-1. As a result, Congo grass should be used as a biological pump, bringing lixiviated minerals to the surface to favor soil fertility replenishment and shorten fallow period

Application of Mobile Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Method for the Analysis of Representatives of Different Varieties of Radishes (Raphanus Sativus L.) During Storage under Uncontrolled Conditions

The present study aims to establish the application of mobile fluorescence spectroscopy to determine varietal differences and water content during the storage of radishes under uncontrolled conditions. The experimental studies were carried out on the farm where the radishes were grown and stored. Fluorescence analysis was performed with a source with an emission wavelength of 285 nm using an author-developed mobile setup in a fiber-optic configuration generating fluorescence signals. Root crops from the Red Large, Espresso F1, French Breakfast, and Nacional 2 varieties are the object of this study. They were measured after harvesting after 3 and 6 months of storage. The correlation between the emission wavelengths of the samples of different varieties, as well as those of the same variety at different storage intervals, was established. This fact allows mobile fluorescence spectroscopy to be successfully applied as a rapid tool in radish breeding programs to establish the origin of unknown root crops in the presence of a rich library of spectra, as well as in the sorting of radishes in warehouses of food chains and producers. The experiment results can be used to optimize the time for the analysis of the varietal affiliation of different radish genotypes during storage under uncontrolled conditions. Fluorescence spectroscopy in a fiber-optic configuration will support the process of determining the affiliation of a particular radish variety to a given type (even for samples of unknown origin when it is necessary to qualify and sort in a short time)

The Effect of Sample Hazelnut Orchard Practices on Productivity%253A Trabzon Province, the Case of Arsin District

Hazelnut, occupying an important place in Turkey%252339%253Bs economy, is the main source of income for many families of farmers. Hazelnut is grown especially in the Black Sea region. In recent years, it was observed that the average hazelnut yield in Turkey remained below that in other hazelnut producing countries. This research, it was aimed to investigate whether the agricultural practices carried out in the gardens defined as quot%253Bsample hazelnut gardensquot%253B by the Arsin Chamber of Agriculture in Trabzon province have a positive effect on yield and to compare these practices with those of producers growing hazelnuts with traditional methods. In this study, all of seventeen producers who own sample gardens registered in the Chamber of Agriculture were face to face interviewed according to the census method, and surveys were administered. Simple descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Correlation analysis was conducted to reveal the relationship between sample hazelnut orchard practices and yield. In the study, a moderate negative relationship was found between the number of ocak and hazelnut yield at the 5%25 significance level (r %253D -0.595), and it was determined that hazelnut yield increased as the number of ocak decreased. The study also revealed that the new practices in pruning, fertilization, and weed control methods of the sample hazelnut orchards yields were higher than those in traditional garden practices. It was determined that the average hazelnut yield obtained by producers who practice hazelnut gardens is approximately 2 times higher than those in Trabzon province and Turkey. It was concluded that sample hazelnut garden practices and agricultural extension and applied training studies need to be widespread and supported in order to increase hazelnut yield in this region

Application of Mobile Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Method in the Determination of Varietal Differences in Parsley (Petroselinum Crispum) Seeds

Standard methods used for seed quality are relatively slow and require expensive supplies. An optical mobile installation for the study of parsley seeds (Petroselinum crispum) has been successfully set up and tested. The present study aims to establish the application of mobile fluorescence spectroscopy as a method to determine varietal differences in parsley seeds. The proposed method includes the examination of parsley seeds of different varieties with a mobile fiber optic system by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Spectral distributions are unique to seeds of a particular variety. This fact justifies the use of the plant to recognize available parsley seeds of unknown origin in a non-invasive way with high accuracy. The stability of the breeding line and its common blacks with an established variety of the same species can be monitored by monitoring the signal intensity. The stability and signal intensity level of is close. The spectral distribution with wavelengths of the reflected emission of the studied parsley seeds reflects the characteristic distribution of the standard varieties. The installation can be applied with high accuracy to study parsley seeds in the field

The Effects of Exogenous Glutamine Application on Some Germination Parameters of Different Carrot Cultivars Grown in Salinity Conditions

Carrot (Daucus carota), which can be orange, yellow, purple, white and red in color due to the difference in the pigments it contains, is a very rich food in terms of carotene and ascorbic acid. In this study, the effects of exogenous Glutamine (Gln) pre-treatments ( 1, 2, 3, 4 mM) on the some germination parameters of carrot seeds (orange, yellow, purple), which are known to be sensitive to salt stress according to the cultivar, were investigated under salt stress conditions (150 mM NaCl). For this purpose, germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination rate coefficient (CVG), germination rate index (GRI), germination index (GI), which are some of the important germination parameters, were determined. According to the results of analysis of variance, it was determined that there was an interaction between cultivars and applications and all germination parameters under salt stress conditions (***plt%253B0.001). The effect of Gln pre-treatments on germination under salt stress and unstressed conditions differed according to the application dose and cultivar. Glutamine application under salt stress had no effect on germination except for the orange carrot cv. In this cultivar, 1 mM pre-treatment had a positive effect on germination parameters under salt stress conditions. In unstressed conditions, although 3 mM Gln pretreatment in orange carrot cv. and 4 mM Gln in yellow carrot cv. had a positive effect on germination parameters compared to control, the highest germination in purple carrot cv. was obtained in control seeds

Research on Drawing Attention to Overlooked Viruses in Plant Viruses Causing Yellowing-Type Symptoms in Cucurbitaceae

A single-stranded, positive-sense plant RNA virus called the Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV, Crinivirus, Closteroviridae) is comprised of RNA1 and RNA2. It is semipersistently transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotypes MEAM1 and MED. In 2004, CCYV was discovered on melon plants in Japan. Several other cucurbit species, as well as a range of non-species, were subsequently reported from countries such as Saudi Arabia, California, Israel, Taiwan, Sudan, Lebanon, Iran, Greece, Türkiye, Egypt, Spain, and China. Whitefly populations are frequently encountered in cucurbit cultivating areas. Virus plant diseases attributed to whiteflies are common in squash cultivation in the open field and greenhouses in Türkiye, especially in cucumbers and squash. Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV), Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), Squash vein-yellowing virus (SqVYV) are the leading virus diseases transmitted by Bemisia tabaci. Symptoms caused specifically by these viral diseases are of the yellowing type, although they differ as intervascular yellowing, yellowing of old or young leaves, and upward curling. Besides these viruses, CCYV, a problem in cucurbits, is carried by whitefly like others, causes yellowing type symptoms, and its first record in cucumber was reported in 2017 in Türkiye. However, this virus is ignored in the production of cucurbits, it is a problem in production areas. There are major viruses cause similar symptoms with the presence of the Cucumber chlorotic yellows virus is overlooked in the symptomatological observation. In this study, we tried to reveal the difference of CCYV, which is encountered in cucurbit growing areas in Antalya and whose presence was detected by RT-PCR, from other viruses and emphasized its importance as a virus that should be considered in classical breeding studies

Effects of Organomineral Fertilizers on Micronutrient Uptake of Maize (Zea mays)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different organomineral fertilizer treatments (granular and liquid) on the micronutrient concentration of maize (Zea mays L. var. Karadeniz yıldızı) plants grown in soils collected from the Ağrı%252FEleşkirt region of Türkiye. Maize plants were grown in pots filled with soil (2 kg). Two granular (G) and liquid (L) organomineral fertilizers were applied at rates of 100 of the technical recommendation and plant micronutrient (iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and boron ( B)) contents were analyzed. The harvested plant samples were digested in concentrated nitric perchloric acid mixture, and the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn in the extraction solution was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry device, and the concentration of B was measured by spectrophotometry device.There were significant differences among the organomineral fertilizers in terms of their effects. Plant (Fe) concentrationswere varied from 65.50 to 73.78 mg kg-1, Cu concentrations from 10.10 to 10.90 mg kg-1, Zn concentrations from 22.10 to 23.90 mg kg-1, Mn concentrations from 19.67 to22.25 mg kg-1 and B concentrationsfrom11.12 to12.77. The highest values were obtained from the liquid organomineral fertilizer treatments and the lowest values (except for Mn) were obtained from the control treatments. Further research is recommended with the same organomineral fertilizers and soil types, but this time with different doses and under field conditions to investigate plant reactions to two organomineral fertilizers (solid%252Fgranular and liquid) and to identify optimum doses

Effect of High-Pressure Homogenization and Fat Content on Yogurt Fermentation Process

The application of the traditional homogenization process used in yogurt production under higher pressure, such as 50-200 MPa, is a new approach to improving yogurt structure and quality effectively. High-pressure homogenization (HPH) is considered a technology that changes the microstructure, water holding capacity, viscosity, and sensorial properties of yogurts by affecting fat globules and protein structures depending on fat content. In this study, the effects on bacterial growth, acidification kinetics and viscosity development were investigated in the production of yogurt from fatty and semi-skimmed milk with HPH. HPH treatment and fat content had a positive effect on the bacterial growth rate, and the maximum counts of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus were determined in the yogurt sample made from fatty milk treated with 100 MPa pressure as 8.65 and 9.16 log cfu%252Fg, respectively. Also, the pH and viscosity change during incubation was affected and the Vmax and mu%253Bmax values for fatty milk treated with 100 MPa pressure reached maximum values of 1.67x10-2 pH unit%252Fmin and 2.35x10-2 Pa.s units%252Fmin, respectively. With the HPH treatment, the fermentation time in fatty yogurt was shortened by 60 min compared to the control sample

Influence of Systematic Mineral Fertilization on the Yield and Quality of Malting Barley Variety quot%253BAhatquot%253B

The study was carried out during the period of 2019-2021 in the experimental field of the IASS quot%253BObraztsov chiflikquot%253B - Ruse in a long-term stationary fertilizer trial with a 4-pole crop rotation, including interchange of corn, barley, beans and wheat, according to the scheme of Georges Ville in three replications located according Rümker. Fertilization options are the individual and combined application of the three macroelements ndash%253B nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the non-fertilized control is used for comparison. The yields of the wintering malting barley variety quot%253BAhatquot%253B grown in the conditions of permanent fertilizer experiment are affected by the weather conditions, and during the research period 2020 appears to be the most favorable for the development of the crop, due to the sufficient amount of evenly distributed precipitation and its combination with optimal average monthly temperatures during the growing season. In all years of testing, the variants with individual and combined application of nitrogen showed proven higher yields compared to the control. The long-term accumulation of phosphorus and potassium in the variants with their individual and combined applications has a depressing effect on the plants, and hence a negative impact on the yield. The quantitative and qualitative indicators of the grain are changed under the influence of fertilization, analogously to yields. The parameters mass per 1000 grains, germination and crude protein content were higher in the variants with nitrogen fertilization and decreased or close to the control in the other variants. Differences in hectoliter weight and grain uniformity are not statistically proven