Omega-3 (n-3) Fatty Acid-Statin Interaction: Evidence for a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) often involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and medications aiming to decrease the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The aim of this article is to discuss possible omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid–statin interactions in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD and to provide evidence to consider for clinical practice, highlighting novel insights in this field. Statins and n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) are commonly used to control cardiovascular risk factors in order to treat ASCVD. Statins are an important lipid-lowering therapy, primarily targeting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while n-3 fatty acids address triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Both statins and n-3 fatty acids have pleiotropic actions which overlap, including improving endothelial function, modulation of inflammation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, both statins and n-3 fatty acids potentially mitigate the residual cardiovascular risk that remains beyond lipid lowering, such as persistent inflammation. EPA and DHA are both substrates for the synthesis of so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a relatively recently recognized feature of their ability to combat inflammation. Interestingly, statins seem to have the ability to promote the production of some SPMs, suggesting a largely unrecognized interaction between statins and n-3 fatty acids with relevance to the control of inflammation. Although n-3 fatty acids are the major substrates for the production of SPMs, these signaling molecules may have additional therapeutic benefits beyond those provided by the precursor n-3 fatty acids themselves. In this article, we discuss the accumulating evidence that supports SPMs as a novel therapeutic tool and the possible statin–n-3 fatty acid interactions relevant to the prevention and treatment of ASCVD

Pros and Cons of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health

The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are found in seafood, supplements, and concentrated pharmaceutical preparations. Prospective cohort studies demonstrate an association between higher intakes of EPA+DHA or higher levels of EPA and DHA in the body and lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, and of cardiovascular mortality in the general population. The cardioprotective effect of EPA and DHA is due to the beneficial modulation of a number of risk factors for CVD. Some large trials support the use of EPA+DHA (or EPA alone) in high-risk patients, although the evidence is inconsistent. This review presents key studies of EPA and DHA in the primary and secondary prevention of CVD, briefly describes potential mechanisms of action, and discusses recently published RCTs and meta-analyses. Potential adverse aspects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in relation to CVD are discussed

Bioaktivni sastojci hrane i imunitet

Numerous vitamins and minerals have a critical role in supporting innate and adaptive immune systems. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has approved health claims for vitamins A, B6, folate, B12, C and D and minerals Zn, Se, Fe and Cu based on scientific evidence of their contribution to the normal immune system functioning. Existing evidence suggests their role in maintaining physical barriers (i.e., skin, mucose membranes), cellular response, regulation of inflammation, proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells (1). In addition to essential nutrients, other bioactive ingredients such as alpha-lipoic acid, quercetin, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids, stimulate the immune response. Vitamin C maintains redox homeostasis and protects cells from oxidative damage, regenerates other essential antioxidants (glutathione, vitamin E), modulates cytokine production and reduces histamine levels. Vitamin D appears to increase the oxidative potential of macrophages, reduce pro-inflammatory, and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The minerals Zn, Se, and Mg are involved in antibody production, metabolism, and immune tolerance (2). Omega-3 fatty acids are precursors of signaling molecules and specialized mediators that initiate the resolution of inflammation. Probiotics affect the innate and adaptive immune response by regulating the functions of immune cells and reducing inflammation. Due to its ability to mediate inflammatory pathways, alpha-lipoic acid seems to be helpful in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Quercetin promotes increasing antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants and the expression of specific pro-inflammatory mediators and chemokines. All mentioned bioactive compounds have promising effects in the promotion of immune response.Brojni vitamini i minerali imaju ključnu ulogu u funkcionisanju urođenog i adaptivnog imunskog sistema. Evropska agencija za bezbednost hrane (EFSA) je odobrila zdravstvene izjave za vitamine A, B6, folate, B12, C i D i minerale Zn, Se, Fe i Cu na osnovu naučnih procena njihovog doprinosa normalnom funkcionisanju imunskog sistema. Učestvuju u održavanju fizičke barijere (koža, mukozne membrane), celularnom odgovoru, regulaciji inflamacije, proliferaciji i diferencijaciji B i T ćelija (1). Pored esenijalnih nutrijenata i drugi bioaktivni sastojci kao što su alfa-lipoinska kiselina, kvercetin, probiotici, omega-3 masne kiseline, stimulišu imunološki odgovor. Vitamin C održava redoks homeostazu i štiti ćelije od oksidativnog oštećenja, regeneriše druge važne antioksidanse (glutation, vitamin E), moduliše produkciju citokina i smanjuje nivo histamina. Vitamin D povećava oksidativni potencijal makrofaga, redukuje ekspresiju proinflamatornih i povećava ekspresiju antiinflamatornih citokina. Minerali Zn, Se, Mg su važni u proizvodnji i metabolizmu antitela i u održavanju imunološke tolerancije (2). Omega-3 masne kiseline su prekursori signalnih molekula i specijalizovanih medijatora koji iniciraju rezoluciju inflamacije. Omega-3 masne kiseline moduliraju neke od funkcija imunskih ćelija kao što su makrofage i neutrofili, aktiviraju antigen-specifične odgovore stvarajuć i antitela i dugotrajnu zaštitu specifičnu za isti patogen. Probiotici utiču na urođeni i adaptivni imunski odgovor tako što regulišu funkcije imunskih ćelija i smanjuju upalne procese. Zbog svoje sposobnosti da posreduje u inflamatornim putevima, alfa-lipoinska kiselina ima ulogu u prevenciji i lečenju mnogih oboljenja. Kvercetin promoviše poveć anje antioksidativnih enzima i neenzimskih antioksidanasa, kao i ekspresiju specifičnih proinflamatornih medijatora i hemokina. Sva navedena biološki aktivna jedinjenja pokazuju značajan potencijal u imunološkom odgovoru.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

Effect of omega-3 fatty acids from different dietary sources on cardiovascular risk factors in average middle-aged subjects

Za n-3 polinezasićene masne kiseline (PMK) postoji veliki broj prikupljenih podataka da deluju u okviru svojih fizioloških uloga preko više različitih mehanizama povoljno na različite faktore rizika za razvoj kardiovaskularnih bolesti (KVB). U brojnim studijama unos dugolančanih n-3 PMK pokazao je povoljne efekte na modulaciju ćelijske fluidnosti, funkciju membranskih proteina, aktivaciju transkriptornih faktora, profil lipida seruma, markere inflamacije kao i na vaskularnu reaktivnost i funkciju trombocita. Uloga dugolančanih n-3 PMK, pre svega eikozapentaenske (EPA) i dokozaheksaenske (DHA), smatra se veoma značajnom u održavanju homeostaze brojnih fizioloških procesa, tako da je pre deset godina uveden u praksu novi biomarker rizika od KVB "omega-3 indeks", koji se zasniva upravo na zasićenosti organizma ovim masnim kiselinama. Ciljevi ove studije bili su procena sastava masnih kiselina i sadržaja n-3 masnih kiselina dugog lanca u uobičajenim dijetarnim izvorima ovih masnih kiselina; ispitivanje efekata n-3 masnih kiselina dugog lanca iz dva odabrana dijetarna izvora (losos i riblje ulje standardizovanog sastava u kapsulama) u količinama koje odgovaraju važećim dijetarnim preporukama na faktore rizika za razvoj KVB kod ispitanika srednjih godina oba pola sa umerenom dislipidemijom (sastav masnih kiselina u lipidima eritrocita, trombocita i plazme, ispitivanje profila lipida plazme, ispitivanje parametara oksidativnog stresa i ispitivanje parametara sistemske inflamacije). Dijetarna intervencija je dizajnirana kao randomizovana, ukrštena studija. Ispitanici su po slučajnom izboru podeljeni u dve grupe koje su konzumirale dimljeni losos dva puta nedeljno (274 mg EPA + 671 mg DHA/dan) ili komercijalni suplement ribljeg ulja 396 mg EPA + 250 mg DHA/dan) tokom 8 nedelja. Nakon perioda od 6 meseci ispitanicima su zamenjene intervencije. Analizom različitih vrsta rečne i morske ribe kao najznačajnijih izvora n-3 PMK utvrđeno je da rečne ribe imaju relativno nizak sadržaj lipida u odnosu na morske. Najveći sadržaj n-3 PMK, EPA i DHA nađen je u morskim vrstama skuši sardini i lososu. Sadržaj i odnos EPA i DHA u većini analiziranih dijetetskih suplemenata se razlikovao u odnosu na količinu i odnos u prirodnim izvorima...It is widely accepted that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially long chain (LC) eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), posses several physiological roles in human organism that can explain their positive impact on cardiovascular events. In numerous human studies dietary intake of LC n-3 PUFAs has shown modulating effects on membrane fluidity, membrane protein function, transcription factor activation, lipid mediator synthesis, and inflammatory markers as well as on vascular reactivity and platelet function. Through these modulating functions LC n-3 PUFAs exert beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Because of EPA and DHA importance in maintaining the homeostasis of numerous physiological processes, so-called "omega-3 index" was proposed as a new risk factor for cardiovascular disease ten years ago. The aim of this study was to compare the main dietary sources of n-3 PUFA, such as marine or freshwater fish and fish oil dietary supplements regarding their fatty acid profile; further to investigate the relationship between recommended intake of n-3 fatty acids from oily fish or fish oil supplements and selected cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle-aged subjects with moderate dyslipidemia (including plasma, erythrocyte and platelets fatty acid profile, blood lipid parameters, circulating inflammatory markers and oxidative stress parameters). Participants were randomised to receive salmon (oily fish) providing 274 mg EPA + 671 mg DHA/day or commercial fish oil supplement providing 396 mg EPA + 250 mg DHA/day in cross-over trial over 8 weeks period separated by the 6 months washout period. The analysis of different species of freshwater and marine fish as a major sources of n-3 PUFA showed that freshwater fish had relatively low content of lipids compared to the marine species. The highest content of n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA was found in marine species, sardine, mackerel and salmon. A common ratio of EPA/DHA in most of analyzed dietary supplements was 3:2, while DHA was presented in a higher amount in all fish samples compared to EPA..

Application of Cube IQ software and multicriteria optimization models for the selection of vehicles for the transport of goods in the Serbian Armed Forces

Introduction/purpose: An adequate selection of vehicles used for the transport of goods is a very important factor that affects the economical and rational use of vehicle fleets, as well as the quality and efficiency of carrying out transport activities in the Serbian Armed Forces. The goal of this work is to design a model that should be of help to the traffic service authorities to select the vehicle that is best for the performance of the assigned transport task based on the defined criteria. Мethods: This paper therefore proposes a model for the selection of vehicles for the transport of goods using a fuzzy logic system, as a type of artificial intelligence system. In order to solve the problem of choosing a vehicle for the transport of goods, five criteria are defined in the work based on a survey of the commanders of the transport lines, which represent the input values in the fuzzy logic system.The vehicle is selected based on five criteria. The input variables are represented by three membership functions, while the output variable is defined by five membership functions. All the rules in the fuzzy logic system are determined using the rule premise weight aggregation method (ATPP), which enables the formation of a rule base based on experience. By applying this method and based on the number of input variables and the number of their membership functions, a base of 243 rules was defined. The values of the weighting coefficients of the membership functions were determined using the LMAW method. A user "interface" program was created for the developed fuzzy logic system, which enables the practical application of this model. Rеsults: The model was tested on the example of choosing the optimal vehicle for goods transported to the IVP "Pasuljanske livade" in 2020. The selection of the optimal means of transport was made among the transport motor vehicles that are most used in the Serbian Army, namely: TAM 150 T11, FAP 2026 and FAP 1118. After packing all three vehicles with these goods in Cube IQ and after performing calculation and evaluation of individual vehicles in the user "interface" program, the values of the output variable for each vehicle were obtained. The obtained values for each vehicle were ranked and the optimal vehicle for the transport of defined goods was shown to be the FAP 1118. Conclusion: The significance of this study is that it is among the first ones to demonstrate the application of a model based on artificial intelligence that solves the problem of vehicle selection for the transportation of movable assets. The study provides considerable opportunity for further research

Lipidni profil i zdravstveni značaj najčešće konzumiranih rečnih i morskih riba u populaciji Srbije

Background/Aim. Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyun-saturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is important in prevention and treatment of different diseases. In general population, the average intake of n-3 LC-PUFA is often significantly lower than recom-mended levels. Fish lipids are rich sources of these fatty acids, of which the most important are eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3, DHA) fatty acids. This study was designed to determine and compare fat, fatty acids and lipid qual-ity indices in 10 commercial fish species available on the Serbian market, as well as relation between their price and nutritional val-ue. Methods. Freshwater fish originated from the Danube River in the Belgrade Region, while seawater fish were mostly from the Adriatic Sea. A gas chromatography method was used to define fatty acids in 40 fish samples after lipid extraction. Cost-minimization analysis was conducted to assess the economic util-ity. Results. Seawater fish had a significantly higher value of flash lipid quality compared to the freshwater fish (p < 0.05). Value of Background/Aim. Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyun-saturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is important in prevention and treatment of different diseases. In general population, the average intake of n-3 LC-PUFA is often significantly lower than recom-mended levels. Fish lipids are rich sources of these fatty acids, of which the most important are eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3, DHA) fatty acids. This study was designed to determine and compare fat, fatty acids and lipid qual-ity indices in 10 commercial fish species available on the Serbian market, as well as relation between their price and nutritional val-ue. Methods. Freshwater fish originated from the Danube River in the Belgrade Region, while seawater fish were mostly from the Adriatic Sea. A gas chromatography method was used to define fatty acids in 40 fish samples after lipid extraction. Cost-minimization analysis was conducted to assess the economic util-ity. Results. Seawater fish had a significantly higher value of flash lipid quality compared to the freshwater fish (p < 0.05). Value of Background/Aim. Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyun-saturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is important in prevention and treatment of different diseases. In general population, the average intake of n-3 LC-PUFA is often significantly lower than recom-mended levels. Fish lipids are rich sources of these fatty acids, of which the most important are eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3, DHA) fatty acids. This study was designed to determine and compare fat, fatty acids and lipid qual-ity indices in 10 commercial fish species available on the Serbian market, as well as relation between their price and nutritional val-ue. Methods. Freshwater fish originated from the Danube River in the Belgrade Region, while seawater fish were mostly from the Adriatic Sea. A gas chromatography method was used to define fatty acids in 40 fish samples after lipid extraction. Cost-minimization analysis was conducted to assess the economic util-ity. Results. Seawater fish had a significantly higher value of flash lipid quality compared to the freshwater fish (p < 0.05). Value of hypercholesterolaemic fatty acids (OFA) for the freshwater group was 18.70 (17.40‒21.30) while the seawater group had a similar range of values 18.90 (17.55‒22.75). Hypocholesterol-aemic fatty acids (DFA) also showed similar ranges for both groups: 68.80 (66‒70.20) for freshwater and 68.40 (64.85‒73.05) for seawater group. The ratio of DHA/EPA ranged from 1.8 for sardine samples and up to 10 for tuna samples, indicating that the amount of DHA in natural samples exceeds the amount of EPA in many cases. The values of ath-erogenic (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) were lower than 1 for all analysed samples. Conclusion. Sardine and mackerel had the highest content of n-3 LC-PUFA and presented the least expensive sources of EPA and DHA. The low values of AI and TI obtained from studied fish indicate its benefits from a health point of view.Uvod/Cilj. Unos n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PMK) je od velike važnosti u prevenciji i tretmanu različitih oboljen-ja. Generalno posmatrajući, prosečan unos n-3 PMK je obično značajno niži od utvrđenih preporuka. Lipidi riba sadrže masne kiseline n-3 serije od kojih su najvažnije ei-kozapentaenska (20:5 n-3, EPA) i dokozaheksaenska (20:6 n-3, DHA) masna kiselina. Cilj ove studije bio je odrediti i uporediti lipidni profil i lipidne indekse u 10 različitih vrsta riba dostupnih na tržištu Srbije. Takođe, određen je odnos cene i nutritivne vrednosti odabranih vrsta. Metode. Ispiti-vane su rečne ribe Dunava iz Beogradskog regiona, dok su morske ribe uglavnom vodile poreklo iz Jadranskog mora. Gasna hromatografija sa jonskim detektorom je korišćena za određivanje masnih kiselina u 40 uzoraka nakon lipidne ekstrakcije. Cost-minimization analiza je korišćena za procenu ekonomske koristi. Rezultati. Morske ribe su imale značajno veće vrednosti za parametar flash lipid quality u odnosu na rečne ribe (p < 0,05). Vrednosti hiperholesterolemijskih mas-nih kiselina za grupu rečnih riba [18,70 (17,40‒21,30)] bile su slične vrednostima dobijenim za morske ribe [18,90 (17,55‒22,75)]. Hipoholesterolemijske masne kiseline su takođe pokazale sličan raspon vrednosti za rečne [68.80 (66–70.20)] i morske ribe [68.40 (64.85–73.05)]. Odnos DHA/EPA kretao se od 1,8 za uzorke sardine, do 10 za uzorke tune, što potvrđuje činjenicu da DHA prevazilazi vrednosti za EPA u svim ispitivanim uzorcima. Vrednosti za aterogeni i trombogeni indeks su bile niže od 1 za sve ana-lizirane uzorke. Zaključak. Sardine i skuša su imale najveći sadržaj n-3 PMK i predstavljale su najekonomičniji izvor EPA i DHA. Niske vrednosti za aterogeni i trombogeni in-deks ukazuju na potencijalno povoljan zdravstveni efekat ispitivanih vrsta

The emancipation of women in the Balkans in the 19th and 20th centuries: contrastive analysis of the role of Serbian and Sephardic women in the modernization process

U drugoj polovini 19. veka celu Evropu su zadesile krupne društveno-ekonomske promene kao posledice buržoaskih revolucija. Na području Balkana se takođe javila potreba za promenom načina života, zbog čega će uslediti period modernizacije društva i emancipacije na različitim poljima. U fokusu ovog rada je položaj žena i njihova uloga kao nosioca društvenih promena u većinskoj, srpskoj zajednici, ali u u manjinskoj sefardskoj zajednici u Srbiji. U radu se predstavljaju tri teze koje će autorke pokušati da potvrde putem teorijskog istraživanja: da su i Srpkinje i Sefartkinje aktivno učestvovale u modernizaciji srpskog društva, ulazeći u nove uloge i boreći se za oslobađanje od patrijarhalnih stega, i na taj način doprinoseći emancipaciji i ravnopravnijem položaju žena u društvu; da je emancipacija samo delimično ostvarena i da su Srpkinje i Sefartkinje stekle veća prava u određenim oblastima života, dok su u nekim sferama i dalje preovladavala patrijarhalna shvatanja o podređenosti žene; da se način života jevrejske žene nije mnogo razlikovao od života srpske žene zbog sličnosti u društvenim obrascima koji su tokom istorije oblikovali život i jednih i drugih, što je uticalo na to da se i proces njihove emancipacije odvijao sličnim tokovima, s tim što su postojale i dodatne prepreke koje su Sefartkinje morale da savladaju na putu ka emancipaciji.In the second half of the 19th century, significant socio-economic changes occurred in the whole of Europe as a result of the bourgeois revolution. The need for change in lifestyle was also present in the Balkans and it was followed by a period of social modernization and emancipation in various fields. This paper focuses on the status of women and their role in social change in the Serbian majority community, as well as in the minority Sephardic community in Serbia. The paper presents three theses which authors verify through theoretical study: that both Serbian and Sephardic women took an active part in the modernization of Serbian society, entering new roles and fighting for liberation from patriarchal constraints and thereby contributing to the emancipation and more equal position of women in society; that the emancipation was only partially achieved - Serbian and Sephardic women did gain more rights in certain areas of life, but patriarchal ideas and subordination of women were still dominant; and that the lifestyle of Jewish women was not much different from the lifestyle of Serbian women because of similar social patterns which shaped their lives over history and made the process of their emancipation quite similar, except for the fact that there were additional obstacles that Sephardic women had to overcome in the process of emancipation

Actual process parameter determination for micro-engraving of fullerene film

Mašinski inženjeri se redovno susreću sa zahtjevima za obradom savremenih materijala korišćenjem postojeće opreme. Određivanje parametara obrade, u tom slučaju, postaje aktuelan problem. Ovaj rad daje odgovor na jedan takav zahtjev. U pitanju je obrada tankog fulerenskog filma nanešenog na staklenu pločicu metodom hemijskog naparavanja. Na kompjuterski upravljanoj mašini za graviranje, primjenom alata sa dijamantskim vrhom sprovedena je eksperimentalna verifikacija mogućnosti obrađivanja fulerenskog filma. Različite vrijednosti parametara obrade su kombinovane u cilju utvrđivanja adekvatnog skupa parametara sa aspekta kvaliteta izrade ivice žlijeba. Prilikom obrade pločice primjećeno je intenzivno habanje i naše istraživanje se jednim dijelom usmjerilo i ka određivanju uzroka habanja. Savremena oprema je korišćena za kvalitativnu analizu i grubu selekciju optimalnih parametara i za analizu produkata habanja. Rezultati su osnova za dalju optimizaciju procesa mikroobrade tankog fulerenskog filma i uvođenja preporučenih vrijednosti parametara u već postojeću tabelu za dobro poznate materijale.Mechanical engineers are consistently challenged with the requirements posed by contemporary materials machining by using the existing equipment. In this case determining the cutting conditions becomes an actual problem. This paper offers a response to that request in the form of micro-machining of thin fullerene film deposited on a glass plate by using chemical vapor deposition method. Experimental verification of thin fullerene film machinability is conducted on computer numerical control engraving machine using a diamond scraper. Different values of process parameters are combined to determine adequate parameters set from groove edge quality aspect. During machining we noticed intensive wear, so one part of our research was directed towards determining the cause of tool wear. Modern equipment was used for qualitative analysis and near-optimal cutting condition selection and for analysis of wear debris. The results present a basis for further process optimization of thin fullerene film micro-engraving and for introduction of cutting conditions in the existing table for well-known materials

Dijetetski suplementi u sportu

Dietary supplement is a general term that refers to a concentrated source of nutrients that is usually prescribed to be taken in addition to the daily diet to increase nutrient intake. Dietary supplement come in many forms, such as tablets, capsules and powders. In the AIS Sports Supplement Program supplements are classified into four groups according to their effectiveness and safety. Multi-vitamin and mineral supplements make up a very large sport supplement category that are designed to provide athletes with mixtures of the essential and nonessential nutrients, mostly vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are required in the diet for the maintenance of health, metabolic functioning, growth, recovery and athletic performance. Minerals have long been regarded as nutrients essential for proper health and vigor.Dijetetski suplementi su proizvodi koji su namenjeni suplementiranju hrane i predstavljaju koncentrovane izvore nutrijenata ili drugih supstanci sa nutritivnim ili fiziološkim efektima proizvedeni u doziranim oblicima, kao što su tablete, kapsule, kesice praškova. AIS (Australian Institute of Sport) Sports Supplement Program kategoriše dijetetske suplemente u četiri grupe prema nivou naučnih dokaza o njihovoj efikasnosti i bezbednosti. Vitamini i minerali su neophodni za održavanje zdravlja, odvijanje metaboličkih procesa, rast i oporavak organizma. Multivitaminski i mineralni preparati čine veliku grupu dijetetskih suplemenata koji se preporučuju sportistima za postizanje dobrih atletskih performansi