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    GdBa2Cu3O7-ฮด ์˜ ์ƒ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ RCE-DR ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ GdBCO ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์„ ์žฌ ์ œ์กฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ์œ ์ƒ์ž„.After the discovery of YBa2Cu3O7- (YBCO) and REBa2Cu3O7- (REBCO, RE: rare earth elements), which have a higher critical temperature (Tc) than liquid nitrogen (77 K) in 1987, long-length REBCO coated conductors (CCs) have been successfully fabricated by various processes such as metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), metal-organic deposition (MOD), and RCE-DR (Reactive Co-Evaporation Deposition & Reaction. Because of its high current-carrying capacity, REBCO CC is considered to be appropriate for electric power applications such as cables, fault current limiters, transformers, superconducting electromagnets, and etc.. However, further improvement of in-field Jc is still required for real applications. Among all developed processes for REBCO CCs, the RCE-DR process is regarded as the most cost-effective one because of its high growth rate and high throughput. However, in-field Jc properties of GdBCO CCs produced by RCE-DR are relatively lower than those of REBCO CCs fabricated by other processes even though it exhibits the highest self-field Jc at 77 K. To improve in-field Jc properties, in this study, the phase stability of GdBCO and fabrication of high performance GdBCO CC by the RCE-DR process have been investigated. The major results are as follows. First, in order to obtain high performance GdBCO CCs by the RCE-DR process, it is essential to accurately determine the phase stability of GdBCO for the nominal composition of Gd:Ba:Cu = 1:1:2.5 in low oxygen pressures pressures (PO2) of 1โ€“150 mTorr, which has never been reported yet, since this composition has been employed for the fabrication of GdBCO CCs via the RCE-DR process. The stability boundary of GdBCO for this composition was remarkably shifted to the lower temperature regions compared with that of the nominal composition for Gd:Ba:Cu = 1:2:3. Also, it was found for this composition that with increasing temperature at a given PO2, three-phase equilibrium among GdBCO, Gd2CuO4, and Cu2O above the GdBCO phase boundary temperature first changed into two-phase equilibrium between Gd2CuO4 and liquid and then changed into another two-phase equilibrium between Gd2O3 and liquid. As a result, the stability phase diagram of GdBCO for the nominal composition of Gd: Ba: Cu = 1: 1: 2.5 in low oxygen pressures could be constructed. Second, on the basis of the stability phase diagram of GdBCO for the nominal composition of Gd: Ba: Cu = 1: 1: 2.5, which was previously contructed, the growth regions of the c-axis aligned biaxially textured GdBCO were investigated with increasing the undercooling temperature from the upper phase boundary of GdBCO in the PO2 region of 10 - 150 mTorr. The results reveal that the undercooling temperatures for the c-axis aligned biaxially textured GdBCO growth are less than~ 20 ยบC in the PO2 of 50, 100, and 150 mTorr. Below the PO2 of 10 mTorr, it is impossible to grow c-axis aligned biaxially textured GdBCO film since a-axis growth occurs together with c-axis growth. To achieve c-axis aligned biaxially textured GdBCO CCs fabricated by the RCE-DR process, the growth conditions of GdBCO film should be located in the above growth region. Finally, the superconducting GdBCO matrix of GdBCO CCs fabricated by RCE-DR normally includes somewhat large Gd2O3 particles with the average particle size of ~ 120 nm, which may be responsible for greatly reduced Jc values in high fields like 19 T at 4.2 K. Therefore, to improve in-field Jc properties of GdBCO CCs by RCE-DR, we tried to refine the Gd2O3 second phase particles trapped in the GdBCO superconducting matrix. For this purpose, the fabrication conditions of GdBCO CCs were carefully determined on the stability phase diagram of GdBCO for the nominal composition of Gd: Ba: Cu = 1: 1: 2.5 which includes the growth regions of c-axis aligned biaxially textured GdBCO film. The Gd2O3 particles trapped in the GdBCO superconducting matrix could be refined by controlling the growth temperature of Gd2O3 in the liquid phase before the c-axis aligned biaxially textured growth of GdBCO film at 850 and 860 ยฐC in the PO2 of 100 and 150 mTorr, respectively. With decreasing the growth temperature of Gd2O3 from 860 to 800 ยฐC in the PO2 of 20 and 30 mTorr, the average particle size of Gd2O3 was gradually decreased from a maximum of 137 ยฑ 52 to a minimum of 73 ยฑ 31 nm. For the samples of GdBCO growth conditions of 860 ยฐC in the PO2 of 150 mTorr, with refining the average particle size of Gd2O3, while self-field Jc value was monotonously decreased, minimum in-field Jc values were first increased and then decreased again. Furthermore, considering the Jc-B curves of all samples, the magnetic Jc values of the samples fabricated at various temperatures in the PO2 of 30 mTorr for Gd2O3 growth and 100 mTorr at 850 ยฐC for GdBCO growth were overall higher than those fabricated under other conditions. The self-field Jc values were mainly affected in-plane and out-of-plane textures of GdBCO matrix. On the other hand, both the variation of stacking fault (SF) density and interfacial pinning by refined Gd2O3 particles improve the in-field Jc values and pinning properties under the magnetic field. The highest performance GdBCO CCs were obtainable from the following: transport self-field Jc at 77 K is 4.82 MA/cm2, in-field magnetic Jc for B//c at 77 K in 1 T is 0.22 MA/cm2, and maximum pinning force density (Fp,max) is 2.6 GN/cm3 at 77K, 0.4 T.1987๋…„ ์•ก์ฒด์งˆ์†Œ(77K) ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž„๊ณ„์˜จ๋„(Tc)๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ YBa2Cu3O7-d (YBCO)์™€ REBa2Cu3O7-d (REBCO, RE: ํฌํ† ๋ฅ˜ ์›์†Œ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ดํ›„ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์ดˆ์ „๋„์ฒด(HTS)), CC(coated conductor)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” REBCO ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธˆ์†-์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฒ•(MOCVD), ํŽ„์Šค๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฒ•(PLD), ๊ธˆ์†-์œ ๊ธฐ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฒ•(MOD) ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ ๋™์‹œ์ฆ๋ฐœ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฒ• (RCE-DR) ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ REBCO ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์„ ์žฌ ์ œ์กฐ๊ณต์ •์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ํ†ต์ „ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด REBCO CC๋Š” ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”, ํ•œ๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์ž์„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์žฅํ•˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ „ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ณ ์˜จ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์„ ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž์žฅํ•˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ž„๊ณ„์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„(Jc)์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. REBCO CC ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘์—์„œ RCE-DR ๊ณต์ •์€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. RCE-DR ๊ณต์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ ๋œ GdBCO CC์˜ ์ž์žฅํ•˜์˜ ์ž„๊ณ„์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ๋œ REBCO CC์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” GdBCO์˜ ์ƒ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ RCE-DR ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ GdBCO CC์˜ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, REBCO ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ„์••์—์„œ REBCO์˜ ์ƒ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ณต์ • ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ง€์นจ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. RCE-DR ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ๋Š” Gd : Ba : Cu = 1 : 1 : 2.5์˜ ๊ณต์นญ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— RCE-DR ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ GdBCO CC๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€์•Š์€ Gd : Ba : Cu = 1 : 1 : 2.5์˜ ๊ณต์นญ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ GdBCO์˜ ์ƒ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. GdBCO ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์ƒ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ 1โ€“150 mTorr์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์••๋ ฅ (PO2)์—์„œ Gd : Ba : Cu = 1 : 1 : 2.5์˜ ๊ณต์นญ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, Gd : Ba : Cu = 1 : 2 : 3์˜ ๊ณต์นญ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด, Gd : Ba : Cu = 1 : 1 : 2.5์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ GdBCO์˜ ์ƒ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ„์••์—์„œ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Gd123, Gd2CuO4, Cu2O์˜ 3 ์ƒ ํ‰ํ˜•์ด GdBCO ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” Gd2CuO4์™€ ์•ก์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ 2 ์ƒ ํ‰ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ํ›„, Gd2O3์™€ ์•ก์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ 2 ์ƒ ํ‰ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ, Gd : Ba : Cu = 1 : 1 : 2.5์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ GdBCO์˜ ์ƒ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋œ Gd:Ba:Cu = 1:1:2.5์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ GdBCO ์ƒ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ 10-150 mTorr์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์˜จ๋„๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ undercooling ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ c-axis ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ์ด์ถ•๋ฐฐํ–ฅ๋œ GdBCO์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜์—ญ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์˜์—ญ์€ 50, 100 ๋ฐ 150 mTorr์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์—์„œ ์•ฝ 20 หšC์˜ undercooling ์˜จ๋„์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 10 mTorr ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” c-axis ์™€ a-axis ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์ถ•๋ฐฐํ–ฅ๋œ GdBCO CC ์ œ์กฐ๊ฐ€ 10 mTorr ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ RCE-DR๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ถ•๋ฐฐํ–ฅ๋œ GdBCO CC ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” GdBCO์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋œ ์ƒ์•ˆ์ •๋„์—์„œ c-axis ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ, RCE-DR์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ GdBCO CC์˜ ์ดˆ์ „๋„ GdBCO ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ~ 120 nm์ธ ๋‹ค์†Œ ํฐ Gd2O3 ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์ด๋Š” 4 K์—์„œ 19T์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†’์€ ํ•„๋“œ์—์„œ ์ž„๊ณ„์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— RCE-DR์— ์˜ํ•ด GdBCO CC์˜ ์ž์žฅ ํ•˜์˜ ์ž„๊ณ„์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด GdBCO ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” Gd2O3 2์ฐจ์ƒ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ refine ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด GdBCO CC์˜ ์ œ์กฐ๊ณต์ •์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋œ Gd:Ba:Cu = 1:1:2.5 ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ GdBCO ์ƒ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ ์ด์ถ•๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” GdBCO ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, GdBCO ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์— trap์ด ๋˜๋Š” Gd2O3 ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 100 ๋ฐ 150 mTorr ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ„์••์—์„œ 850 ๋ฐ 860 ยฐ C์˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ GdBCO ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์•ก์ƒ์—์„œ Gd2O3์˜ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ refine ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ„์••์ด 20 ๋ฐ 30 mTorr์—์„œ Gd2O3์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Gd2O3์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 137 ยฑ 52์—์„œ ์ตœ์†Œ 73 ยฑ 31 nm๋กœ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 30-150 mTorr ์™€ 20-150 mTorr์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ GdBCO๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Gd2O3์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ refineํ•˜๋ฉด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” self-field ์ž„๊ณ„์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ Gd2O3์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 30-100 mTorr์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” GdBCO matrix์˜ in-plain๊ณผ out-of-plain์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋“ค์˜ magnetic Jc-B curve๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์„ฑ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด Gd2O3๋Š” 30 mTorr, GdBCO๋Š” 100 mTorr ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ„์••์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์žฅํ•˜์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ์ž„๊ณ„์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ SF ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ Gd2O3์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ฉด์„œ refine ๋œ Gd2O3 ์ž…์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ interfacial pinning ๋˜๋Š” GdBCO subgrain์˜ ์ž…์ž ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•œ pinning์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” SF ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” interfacial pinning์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ pinning center ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” GdBCO ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์„ ์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 77K์—์„œ self-field Jc๊ฐ’์€ 4.82 MA/cm2, ์ž์žฅํ•˜์—์„œ Jc๊ฐ’์€ 77K, 1T, B//c์—์„œ 0.22 MA/cm2, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๋Œ€ pinning force density (Fp,max) ๊ฐ’์€ 77K, 0.4T์—์„œ 2.6 GN/cm3์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1 General introduction 1 1.1 High temperature superconductor (HTS) 1 1.1.1. GdBa2Cu3O7-ฮด crystal structure 2 1.2 Phase stability of REBCO in low oxygen pressures 4 1.3 Flux pinning of REBCO coted conductors (CCs) 5 1.3.1 Artificial pinning centers (APCs) in REBCO CCs 6 1.4 Fabrication processes of REBCO films 8 1.4.1 Metal-organic deposition (MOD) 8 1.4.2 Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 9 1.4.3 Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) 10 1.4.4 Reactive co-evaporation deposition & reaction (RCE-DR) 11 Chapter 2 Stability phase diagram of GdBa2Cu3O7- ฮด for the nominal composition of Gd:Ba:Cu= 1:1:2.5 in low oxygen pressure 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Experimental 34 2.3 Results and discussion 35 2.3.1 GdBCO phase boundaries in the PO2 region of 1 โ€“ 150 mTorr 35 2.3.2 Stable equilibria phases above and below the GdBa2Cu3O7-ฮด stability line 37 2.3.3 Stability phase diagram of GdBa2Cu3O7- ฮด for the nominal composition of Gd:Ba:Cu = 1:1:2.5 in PO2 regime of 1โ€“150 mTorr 39 2.4 Summary 40 Chapter 3 The growth condition of c-axis aligned biaxially textured GdBCO film based on the stability phase diagram 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Experimental 53 3.3 Results and discussion 54 3.4 Summary 56 Chapter 4 Fabrication of high performance GdBCO Coated Conductors by the RCE-DR process 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Experimental 73 4.3 Results and discussion 76 4.3.1 Determination of the process path based on the stability phase diagram 76 4.3.2 Process conditions for PO2 of 30 mTorr for Gd2O3 and 150 mTorr for GdBCO 77 4.3.3 Process conditions for PO2 of 20 mTorr for Gd2O3 and 150 mTorr for GdBCO 79 4.3.4 Process conditions for PO2 of 30 mTorr for Gd2O3 and 100 mTorr for GdBCO 82 4.3.5 Electrical properties under the magnetic field 83 4.4 Summary 88 Chapter 5 Conclusions 117 Abstract in Korean 120๋ฐ•

    Enhanced uniformity in electrical and optical properties of ITO thin films using a wide thermal annealing system

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    We investigated the effects of thermal treatment using a wide thermal annealing (w-TA) system on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The w-TA system was designed to enhance the uniformities of the electrical and optical properties of thin films in a large-scale 8G display substrate. The ITO films were annealed at 350 degrees C and 450 degrees C in a planar w-TA chamber. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed crystallization of ITO films along the < 111 > direction after the annealing process and an increase in their crystallite size with process temperature. The uniform characteristics of the electrical resistance and optical transmittance of ITO films are suitable for wide transparent electrodes, being the major advantage of the w-TA system. The sheet resistance (Rs) of the ITO thin films was lower, down to 18 Omega/square, and the variation of the Rs value was also narrowed down, which is measured by Rs at diverse points, after the w-TA process. The carrier concentration and mobility of the ITO films improved with an increase in annealing temperatures. The annealed ITO films exhibited both improved transmittance and better uniformity in the visible light region on a large 8G substrate. The band gap energy and carrier concentration of the ITO films increased after thermal annealing, as suggested by both the blue shift of the refractive index and the extinction coefficient values.This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program (2012R1A6A1029029) and Global Frontier Project (CAMM-2014M3A6B3063707) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education and by the Ministry of Science and ICT

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2011.8. ๊น€๊ฒฝ์ง„.Maste

    Cell kinetics of the surgically induced open neural tube defect in chick embryos

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,1997.Docto

    ์ œ14ํšŒ ์ถฉ์ฒญ์ค‘๊ตญํฌ๋Ÿผ(๋ฐ•์ธ์„ฑ)

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    O ์ œ14ํšŒ ์ถฉ์ฒญ์ค‘๊ตญํฌ๋Ÿผ O ์ทจ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  - ์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„์™€ ์‹œ, ๊ตฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์—…๋ฌด ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋„์  ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์™€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ O ๊ฐœ ์š” - ์ผ์‹œ : 2016๋…„ 9์›” 28์ผ(์ˆ˜) 14:30~17:00 - ์žฅ์†Œ : ์ถฉ๋‚จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› 4์ธต ํšŒ์˜์‹ค - ์ฐธ์„๋Œ€์ƒ : ์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐํ•˜ ์‹œ, ๊ตฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ต๋ฅ˜์—…๋ฌด ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž ๋ฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ O ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฐœํ‘œ -ย ํ™˜ํ™ฉํ•ด๊ถŒ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ถฉ๋‚จ์˜ ๋Œ€(ๅฐ)์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๋žตย  ย ย  ๋ฐ•์ธ์„ฑ(์ถฉ๋‚จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ค‘๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์žฅ)-ย ํ™˜ํ™ฉํ•ด๊ถŒ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ถฉ๋‚จ์˜ ๋Œ€(ๅฐ)์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๋žต โ… . ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ โ…ก. ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์†Œ๊ฐœ โ…ข. ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋ฃŒ โ…ฃ. ์ถฉ๋‚จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ค‘๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€ ์†Œ๊ฐœ - ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์ง€์—ญ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ ์‹คํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ๋…„๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ œ 1. ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์ง€์—ญ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ๊ถŒ ๋ถ„์„ 2. ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์ง€์—ญ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์š”-๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ฏธ์Šค๋งค์น˜ ๋ถ„์„ 3. ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฒญ๋…„๊ณ ์šฉ๋™ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋™์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ตฌ์กฐ 4. ํ•ด์™ธ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์ฒญ๋…„๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ œ - ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 1. ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์—… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 2. ๊ตญ์ œ๋น„๊ต์™€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  3. ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ… ์Ÿ์  4. ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ

    ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ์ž…๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์œ ์น˜์ „๋žต

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    1. ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  ์ถฉ๋‚จ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ด ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์ด ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ถฉ๋‚จ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€, 2005๋…„ ์•ฝ 71๋งŒ๋ช…์—์„œ 2014๋…„์—๋Š” 613๋งŒ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ 10๋…„๋งŒ์— 8.6๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์ด์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘๋„ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถฉ๋‚จ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์ˆ˜ ๋น„์ค‘์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์ถฉ๋‚จ์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์›์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํƒ€์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์›๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ๋น„๊ต ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ „๋žต ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋‚จ ํŠน์ƒ‰์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์œ ์น˜์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋‚จ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์›์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์šฐ์„ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ์ž…๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ด์ „์— ์ž๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถœ๊ตญ(out-bound) ๊ด€๊ด‘์‹œ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰ํƒœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€๋ณ„ ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์ œ์•ˆ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. - ์ดํ›„ ์ƒ๋žต์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 3. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 4 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ถœ๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘์‹œ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 12 1. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ์ถœ๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 12 1) ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ถœ๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์—ฐํ˜ 12 2) ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ถœ๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐœ์ „๋™ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 18 2. ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ 28 1) ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 28 2) ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ์ž…๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํ–‰ํƒœ ํŠน์„ฑ 31 3) ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 36 4) ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š” ํŠน์„ฑ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 40 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  50 ์ œ3์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์œ ์น˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ถฉ๋‚จ ๊ด€๊ด‘ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ œ 53 1. ์ถฉ๋‚จ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์œ ์น˜์ •์ฑ… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 53 1) ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 53 2) ๊ด‘์—ญ์ง€์ž์ฒด ๋Œ€(ๅฐ)์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ 59 3) ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋‚จ๊ด€๊ด‘ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ถ„์„ 64 4) ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ•œ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์„ ํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘ํ–‰ํƒœ 72 2. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  78 1) ๋Œ€(ๅฐ)์ค‘๊ตญ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…๊ณผ ํ™๋ณด ๊ฐ•ํ™” 78 2) ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์›๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” 78 3) ์ฒด๋ฅ˜๊ด€๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ํ•„์š” 79 4) ๊ด€๊ด‘์•ˆ๋‚ด์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐœ์„  79 5) ๊ตญ์ œ๊ด€๊ด‘์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์‚ฌ์—… ์ถ”์ง„ 80 ์ œ4์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ์ž…๊ตญ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋‚จ ์œ ์น˜์ „๋žต 81 1. ์ „๋žต์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ 81 1) ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ๊ฐ€? 81 2) ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์œ ์น˜์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 83 2. ๋Œ€(ๅฐ)์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๋žต ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 97 1) ์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ด€ํ•  ์‹œ?๊ตฐ์˜ ๋Œ€(ๅฐ)์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 97 2) ์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹œ?๊ตฐ์˜ ๋Œ€(ๅฐ)์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 100 3. ์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ฐ ์‹œ?๊ตฐ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์› ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต 108 1) ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 108 2) ์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ฐ ์‹œ?๊ตฐ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์› ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์—…ํ™” ์ „๋žต 108 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  115 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 121 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 12

    ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ• - ๊ฐœ์ธ์ €์„œ

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    ํ•œ์šธ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ - ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ•™์ˆ ์› ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ˆ ๋„์„œ/ 2009-11-13 ๋ฐœํ–‰ / ์‹ ๊ตญํŒ / ๋ฐ˜์–‘์žฅ / 376๋ฉด / 19,000์›ISBN 978-89-460-4187-5 93980 ๋ถ„์•ผ : ํ–‰์ •ยท์ง€์—ญ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„ยทํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์ง€์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„์„œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ [์ฑ…์†Œ๊ฐœ] ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ 1949๋…„ 10์›” ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ „ํ›„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€, ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ• ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐยท์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ 1978๋…„ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •, ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ›„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํ›„ 30๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ โ€˜๋ฐœ์ „์ถ•โ€™ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„, ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋™ํ–ฅ์ •๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ๋”ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ธ 1980๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ•์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์„ฑ ์„ ์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฐ• ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ, 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์žฅ๊ฐ• ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ํ‘ธ๋‘ฅ ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ•˜์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•-ํ…์ง„์ถ•์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋„์‹œ์ด์ž ์ˆ˜๋„์ธ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ ์˜์˜ 1949๋…„ 10์›” ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด 1978๋…„ ๋ง์— ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์ง€ ์–ด๋Š๋ง 30๋…„์ด ํ˜๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ด๋ฃฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œยท์‚ฌํšŒยท์ •์น˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–‘๊ณผ ์งˆ, ์†๋„์™€ ํญ ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตญํ† ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ‹€์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์–‘์ ยท์งˆ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์น˜์šฐ์ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญยท๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ฐœ๊ด„ยท์ข…ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ €์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญํ† ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์  ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ• ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋™๋ ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญํ† ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ •์ฑ…๊ธฐ์กฐ์ธ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋…ธ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ณ , ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ 30๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ์‹คํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‹€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ด 4๋ถ€ 10์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ œ1๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋Œ€, ๊ทผ๋Œ€, ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ• ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์‹œํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†์—…๊ฐœํ˜์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅ์ง„๊ธฐ์—…, ๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌ, ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ƒ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋„์‹œํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „๊ณผ ์ดํ›„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์› ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ถœ๋ฒ” ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญํ† ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—ฐํ˜์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ 156ํ•ญ ์ค‘์ ๊ณต์ • ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ 3์„  ๊ฑด์„ค, ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ด ์ง€๊ตฌ, 1990๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ‘ธ๋‘ฅ ์‹ ๊ตฌ, 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ์ค‘๊ด€์ดŒ ๋ฐ ํ…์ง„ ๋นˆํ•˜์ด ์‹ ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๋™ํ–ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ€˜์„œ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ๋ฐœโ€™, โ€˜๋™๋ถ ์ง„ํฅโ€™, โ€˜์ค‘๋ถ€ ๊ตด๊ธฐโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ง€์—ญ๋ฐœ์ „์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„, ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ3๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ์ „, ์ƒํ•˜์ด, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• 3๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์—ฐํ˜๊ณผ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์‹ฌ์ธต๊ณ ์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ6์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ •, ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์—ฐํ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ7์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ•˜์ด์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํŠน์ง•, ์žฅ๊ฐ• ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๋ง์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์—ฐํ˜๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ8์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์—ฐํ˜, ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ4๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ9์žฅ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ•์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ10์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฑ…์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ1๋ถ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ ์ œ1์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ๊ด„ 1. ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ ์—ฐํ˜2. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํฌ3. ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์ œ2์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ• ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 1. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜2. ๋„์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…3. ์ง€์—ญ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ4. ๋„์‹œ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ2๋ถ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œํ™” ์ œ3์žฅ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ 30๋…„๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ 1. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •2. ๋†์—…๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘: ์•ˆํ›„์ด์„ฑ ์ƒค์˜ค๊ฐ• ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Œ€ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ โ€˜์ƒ์‚ฌํ˜‘์•ฝโ€™3. ๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „4. ํ–ฅ์ง„๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ƒ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ5. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ข…ํ•ฉ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐœํ˜์‹œํ—˜๊ตฌ ์ œ4์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋„์‹œํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๋™๋ ฅ 1. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋„์‹œํ™” ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํŠน์ง•2. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ๋„์‹œํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•3. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋„์‹œํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋™๋ ฅ4. ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋„์‹œํ™” ๋™๋ ฅ5. ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ต์™ธํ™” ๋™๋ ฅ ์ œ5์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญํ† ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 1. ์‹ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ถœ๋ฒ” ์ด์ „2. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „3. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ์ œ3๋ถ€ ์„ ์ „, ์ƒํ•˜์ด, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์ œ6์žฅ ์„ ์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš 1. ์„ ์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •2. ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš3. ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์—ฐํ˜4. ์„ ์ „ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ œ7์žฅ ์ƒํ•˜์ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš 1. ์ƒํ•˜์ด์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐœํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•2. ๋„์‹œํ™” ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•3. ์žฅ๊ฐ• ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๋ง๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „4. ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”5. ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • ์ œ8์žฅ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš 1. ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์‹œ ๊ฐœํ™ฉ2. ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์‹œ ๋„์‹œํ™” ํ˜„ํ™ฉ3. ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „4. ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์—ฐํ˜5. ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํŠน์ง•6. ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ œ4๋ถ€ ๋„์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ• ์ œ9์žฅ ๋„์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ• ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋™ํ–ฅ 1. ๋„์‹œ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ…2. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋™ํ–ฅ3. 3๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ๊ตฐ4. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ๊ตฐ5. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐœ์ „์ถ•์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์ „๋ง ์ œ10์žฅ ์ด

    A study on the Digital Radiograph Image denoising using Hidden Makov Tree and

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    ์˜๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์˜์ƒ์— ๋ผํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์— ์€๋‹‰ ๋งˆ์ฝ”ํ”„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์œ„๋„ˆ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žก์Œ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์žก์Œ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์žก์Œ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Anscombe's transformation์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Poisson ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์žก์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์žก์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ์•ˆ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žก์Œ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Training ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์€๋‹‰ ๋งˆ์ฝ”ํ”„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํ„ฐ์™€ ์œ„๋„ˆํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žก์Œ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ › ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ๋ผํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 32.97sec์™€ 12.33sec์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต 1/3์ •๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ์žก์Œ์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์˜์ƒ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ผํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ HMT-Wiener์žก์Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์€๋‹‰ ๋งˆ์ฝ”ํ”„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์œ„๋„ˆํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ SNR์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2~6dB ์ •๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ํŒฌํ…€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์˜์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์žก์Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์›ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์žก์Œ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์›์ด ์•ˆ ๋œ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ณต์›๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žก์Œ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๋ง ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]In this paper, we proposed Digital Radiograph Image Denoising using Hidden Makov Tree and Wiener Filtering Based on Laplacian Pyramid. Anscombe's transformation uses to adjust the original image, corrupted by Poisson noisem to a Gaussian noise model. We gain noise's deviation by Mean Absolute deviation method. Also we gain Hidden Markov Tree parameters and Wiener filter on the training stage. Finally we denoise Digital Radiograph Image using the Hidden Markov Tree parameters and Wiener filter. We used real Digital Radiograph Image to compare wavelet transform and laplacian pyramid transform using proposed method. Processing time is 32.97 second using wavelet transforma and 12.33 second using laplacian pyramid transform. We compared proposed method (HMT-Wiener), Hidden Markov Tree method and Wiener Filter method using laplacian pyramid transform. The proposed method achieved 2๏ฝž6 dB in SNR better than the Hidden Markov Tree method, Wiener filter method. For the phantom Digital Radiograph Image, proposed method reduces more noise and improves image blurring effect.ope

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