31 research outputs found

    ๊ตํ†ต์„œ๋น„์Šค์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Development and application of transportation service)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ž์œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๊ฑฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ(Strategies for the revitalization of logistics hub function in free economic zone)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญํ† ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ SOC ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(The middle and long term investment strategies of transporation social overhead capitals)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ๊ฐœํ†ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญํ† ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ „๋ง ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(The spatial impact of the high speed rail and its countermeasures)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    The Introduction of Gae-wha(้–‹ๅŒ–) and the Political Change in Modern Korea(1876-1895)

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    ๋‹จ์žฌ ์‹ ์ฑ„ํ˜ธ์˜ ์•„๋‚˜ํ‚ค์ฆ˜์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ : ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๆฐ‘่ก† ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์™ธ๊ตํ•™๊ณผ,2006.Maste

    ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๊ฒŒ์ด์šฐ(ไธญๆ‘ ๆ•ฌๅญ—)์˜ ๋„๋•๊ณผ ์ž์œ 

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    As is indicated in "Invention of Tradition", Meiji Japan was not a country that just imported modern science and technologies from Europe. To the intellectuals of Meiji Japan, Confucianism was not just to be denied, but also to be re-interpreted and rebuilt. This paper aims to analyze Masanao Nakamura"s thoughts on modernization by focusing on the disputes over "morality" before the enactment of the Imperial Rescript on Education. Nakamura was an educator and leader of the Meiji Enlightenment. Originally a Confucian scholar, he got selected by the Tokugawa Bakufu to study in the Great Britain. After he mastered the English language, Mr. Nakamura translated into Japanese Self Help by Samuel Smiles and On Liberty by J.S.Mill, both of which won tremendous popularity in the Meiji period. Not as well known as his translation works, Nakamura also drafted several versions of the Imperial Rescript on Education. What was the spirit of his versions? How to comprehend the relationship between his insistence on Confucian morality and assertion on liberty? Such issues will be addressed in the paper

    ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ์ˆ˜ํŒŒ(ๅœ‹็ฒนๆดพ)์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜

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    When we study modern Chinese history from the viewpoint of national identity rather then that of modernization, emphasis should be put on post Sino-Japanese War(l894 to 95). Because several reform trends that appeared in China after Opium War didn"t fundamentally transcend the frame of the dynasty organization called the large integrity. The nationalist movement make a single-nation state appeared after the impact of Sino-Japanese War(1894 to 95) at least. The first revolutionary sect of this movement didn"t believe in monolith of the Three Principles of the People-the principle of nationalism, the principle of democracy, the principle of livelihood- but bore plural trends of thought. Within it the nationalist(Guocui)sect in Late Qing had a big influence on the formation of national identity. It was a nationalist thought based on Evolutionism and Racial Competition Theory with a big influence of nationalism (Kokusuishugi) in Meiji Eraof Japan. This manuscript describes common point and differences between nationalism of China and Japan, clarifies its logic structure, and analyzes dilemma and problems contained there, through a comparative research on nationalist thought between Late Qing and Meiji Era

    ์ŠคํŠธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ GaN LED์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ์œค์˜์ค€.The wide-bandgap GaN and related materials have extensively been studied and utilized in important optoelectronic device applications such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes. However, in order to realize high-performance and reliable optoelectronic devices, high quality GaN epitaxial layers are definitely required. GaN-based epitaxial layers are often grown on foreign substrates such as ZnO, Si, LiGaO2 and Al2O3. Among these substrates, sapphire (Al2O3) substrates are extensively used because of high quality, transparency, high temperature stability, and availability in large-area wafers. However, large mismatches in lattice constant and thermal expansion coefficient between GaN and sapphire substrates cause several severe problems in the fabrication of high efficiency optoelectronic devices. The three major problems in the GaN-based LED structures grown on sapphire substrates are the high dislocation density in GaN due to lattice mismatch, poor light extraction and significant wafer bowing. High density dislocations, regarded as major non-radiative recombination centers in GaN-based LEDs, typically lower the LED external efficiency and shorten the device lifetime. Moreover, the large difference in refractive index between GaN (2.4) and sapphire (1.7) results in poor light extraction due to total internal reflection. Severe wafer bowing also hinders the mass production of LEDs in large-area wafers. The thermal expansion coefficient of sapphire is much larger than that of GaN so that severe biaxial compressive stress is generated within GaN during cooling process after high temperature deposition. As a result, severe wafer bowing is occurred. Wafer bowing often causes cracks in the GaN epitaxial layers during laser radiation for lift-off process used for the fabrication of vertical LEDs. Moreover, it has been reported that the convex wafer bowing increases the X-ray rocking curve full width at half maximum (XRC FWHM) value of GaN (002) plane up to 7%, indicating the reduction of GaN crystal quality. To overcome these problems, two methods were proposed in this study. Firstly, GaN thin film was grown on silica hollow nanosphere(S-HNS) coated sapphire substrate. Secondly, GaN thin film was grown using sapphire substrate with SiO2 thin film on its backside. To grow GaN thin film using S-HNS coated substrate, S-HNS coated sapphire substrate was made by using nanoscale polystyrene(PS)/SiO2 coreshell sphere monolayer fabricated by modified dip coating method. After dip coating of PS/SiO2 coreshell structure, thermal annealing was followed to remove PS and fixation of S-HNS. And un-doped GaN thin film and LED structure was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD). LED device was fabricated by conventional photolithogra phy, dry etching, and metal electrode deposition using LED structure with and without containing S-HNS monolayers. By insertion of S-HNS into LED structure, XRC FWHM value of (102) plane was reduced from 480 to 345 arcsec, dislocation density was reduced from 4 x 108 cm-2 to 1 x 108 cm-2, compressive stress of GaN thin film was reduced almost 20% and output power of LED device was increased almost 2 times. S-HNS induces nanoscale lateral epitaxial overgrowth so internal quantum efficiency is enhanced. And low refractive index of S-HNS causes photon scattering as a result light extraction efficiency is increased. To reduce the wafer bowing, LED structure was grown on sapphire substrate with SiO2 thin film on its backside. By using this method, wafer bowing is reduced almost 60% and compressive stress is also greatly reduced.Contents Content i List of Figures iv List of Tables ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Problems of conventional GaN LED 1 1.2. Researches to grow high quality GaN thin film 5 1.3. Synthesis of coreshell structure 11 1.4. Stress evolution of GaN thin film 14 1.5. Organization of this thesis 19 1.6. References 22 Chapter 2. Experiments and analysis tools 25 2.1. Synthesis and modified dip coating of PS/SiO2 coreshell spheres 25 2.1.1. Synthesis of polystyrene sphere 25 2.1.2. Synthesis of PS/SiO2 coreshell spheres 25 2.1.2. Modified dip coating of PS/SiO2 coreshell spheres 26 2.2. Growth process and LED fabrication 27 2.2.1. MOCVD system 27 2.2.2. Sample preparation 27 2.2.3. Device fabrication 27 2.3. Analysis tools 29 2.3.1. Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) 29 2.3.2. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) 29 2.3.3. Photoluminescence(PL) 29 2.3.4. X-ray diffraction(XRD) 30 2.3.5. Cathodoluminescence(CL) 30 2.3.6. Atomic force microscopy(AFM) 30 2.3.7. Spectrophotometer 30 2.3.8. Stress measurement tools 30 Chapter 3. Synthesis of polystyrene/SiO2 coreshell spheres 34 3.1. Introduction 34 3.1.1. Synthesis of polystyrene sphere 34 3.1.2. Synthesis of PS/SiO2 coreshell spheres 38 3.2. Experiment procedure 48 3.2.1. Synthesis of polystyrene sphere 48 3.2.2. Synthesis of PS/SiO2 coreshell sphere 51 3.3. Results and discussion 54 3.3.1. Synthesis of polystyrene spheres 54 3.3.2. Theoretical prediction of polystyrene sphere size 62 3.3.3. Synthesis of PS/SiO2 coreshell spheres 70 3.4. Conclusion 75 3.5. Reference 76 Chapter 4. Modified dip coating of coreshell spheres 78 4.1. Introduction 78 4.2. Experiment procedure 82 4.3. Results and discussion 85 3.4. Conclusion 96 3.5. Reference 97 Chapter 5. Fabrication of high efficiency LED device using silica hollow nanosphere coated sapphire substrate 99 5.1. Introduction 99 5.2. Experiment procedure 102 5.3. Growth and characterization of un-doped GaN using S-HNS coated sapphire substrate 103 5.3.1. Crystal quality evaluation of GaN grown with S-HNS 103 5.3.2. Optical properties of GaN grown with S-HNS 112 5.3.3. Compressive stress calculation of GaN thin film 117 5.4. Fabrication of LED device using LED structure grown using S-HNS coated sapphire substrate 126 5.5. Fabrication of LED devies using LED structues grown using various sized S-HNS coated sapphire substrate 132 5.5.1. Motivation of experiment 132 5.5.2. Experiment 134 5.3.3. Measurement of crystal quality 135 5.5.4. Wafer bowing measurment 134 5.3.5. Fabrication of LED device 143 5.6. Conclusion 148 5.6. Reference 150 Chapter 6. Growth of LED structure using sapphire substrate with SiO2 thin film on its back side 152 6.1. Introduction 152 6.2. Experiment procedure 155 6.3. Results and discussion 157 6.3.1. Wafer bowing measurement and PL mapping of LED structure 157 6.3.2. Stress calculation of LED structure 162 6.3.3. Fabrication of LED device 173 6.4. Conclusion 181 6.5. Reference 182 Chapter 7. Conclusion 183 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 183Docto

    ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต, 1879-1884

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์™ธ๊ตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2015. 2. ์ตœ์ •์šด.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€, ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฅ์•… ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œ ํ•˜์— ์ด๋™์ธ(๏งกๆฑไป)์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋ฐ€ํŒŒ๋œ 1879๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ‘์‹ ์ •๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ 1884๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น ๋ฐ ๊ฐœํ™”์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ์  ํ•ด์„์— ๊ฒฝ๋„๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ์  ํ•ด์„์ด๋ž€, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์กฐ์„ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋งน์•„๋ก (่Œ่Šฝ่ซ–)๊ณผ ๊ถค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์„ฑ๊ณ„์—๋„ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ•™(ๅฏฆๅญธ)๊ณผ ๊ฐœํ™”์‚ฌ์ƒ(้–‹ๅŒ–ๆ€ๆƒณ) ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ œํ•˜๋Š” 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ๊ธฐ์›, ๋ชฉ์ , ํ™œ๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1880๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์˜๊ตญยท๋ฏธ๊ตญยท์ผ๋ณธยท์ค‘๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ์™ธ๊ต๋ฌธ์„œ(diplomatic documents)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต(backdoor diplomacy)๋ž€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์€๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ์™ธ๊ต๊ต์„ญ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต์‹๋ช…๋ น์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์™•์˜ ๋ฐ€๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์— ์ถœ์‚ฌ(ๅ‡บไฝฟ)ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์€๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๊ต์„ญ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์ด ํš์ฑ…ํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต๋Š” ์ด ๋น„๋ฐ€๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฅ์•… ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ํ˜์‹ ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์™ธ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ์ข…์™ธ๊ต์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ณ ์ข…์€ ๋น„์„ (็ง˜็ทš)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋ณ„์ž…์‹œ(ๅˆฅๅ…ฅไพ)๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์„ ์™ธ๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์ด ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์žฅ(็ซ )์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 1879๋…„์— ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ยท๋ฐ•์˜ํšจ์˜ ๋ฐ€์ด‰(ๅฏ†ๅ›‘)์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋ฐ€ํ•ญํ•œ ์Šน๋ ค ์ด๋™์ธ(๏งกๆฑไป)์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต์˜ ๋ฐฐํ›„์—๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋ฉด ์™ธ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์—ฌ๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”, ์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ไปฅๆฏ’ๅˆถๆฏ’์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋ช…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 1882๋…„์— ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„์ผ(ๆธกๆ—ฅ) ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํ–‰์ ๊ณผ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜(็ฆๆพค่ซญๅ‰)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์„ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€๋Š” ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์—๊ฒŒ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ž์ฃผ(็จ็ซ‹่‡ชไธป)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ์ทจ์‹œํ‚จ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์ด ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€์™€ ๊ฒฐํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ์ •๋žต์ด ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž„์˜ค๊ตฐ๋ž€ ์งํ›„ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌด์ฒ˜(ๆฉŸๅ‹™่™•)๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์‹ ์‚ฌ ๊ฒธ ํŠน๋ช…์ „๊ถŒ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ฐ•์˜ํšจ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์› ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋™ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ก (ๆœ้ฎฎ็จ็ซ‹่ซ–)์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์ •์น˜์  ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ค์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต์˜ ์ •๋ˆ(ๅœ้ “)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์‹ ์ •๋ณ€์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 1883๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„์— ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์ด ์ฐจ๊ด€๊ต์„ญ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์งํ›„์— ๊ณ ํ†  ์‡ผ์ง€๋กœ(ๅพŒ่—ค่ฑกไบŒ้ƒž)์™€ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์žฌ์•ผ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ฃผ์žฌ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋‹ค์ผ€์กฐ์— ์‹ ์ด์น˜๋กœ(็ซนๆทป้€ฒไธ€้ƒž)์˜ ์ •๋ณ€๊ฐœ์ž… ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ฅ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 1880๋…„๋Œ€ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœํ™”(้–‹ๅŒ–) ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท  ์ผํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น(้–‹ๅŒ–้ปจ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์˜(ๅคง็พฉ)๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐœํ™”์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ดํฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์ด 1884๋…„ ์ด์ „์— ๊ฐœํ™” ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ”์ ์€ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์ด ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์„ ์ž์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1884๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๊ท€๊ตญํ•œ ์ดํ›„์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์ด ๊ฐœํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณ€์˜ ์ค€๋น„์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ฆ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ(ๆ‰‹่จ˜)๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ‘์‹ ์ •๋ณ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๋Š” ใ€Ž็”ฒ็”ณๆ—ฅ้Œ„ใ€์˜ ์ €์ˆ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ‘์‹ ์ •๋ณ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ธ ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆฒปๅไธƒๅนดๆœ้ฎฎไบฌๅŸŽ่ฎŠไบ‚ไน‹ๅง‹ๆœซใ€๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ใ€Ž็”ฒ็”ณๆ—ฅ้Œ„ใ€์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ €์ˆ ๋œ ๊ธ€์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ ใ€Ž็”ฒ็”ณๆ—ฅ้Œ„ใ€์˜ ์ €์ˆ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€์˜ ์ œ์ž์ด์ž ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ํ† ์˜ ๋น„์„œ์˜€๋˜ ์ด๋…ธ์šฐ์— ๊ฐ€์ฟ ๊ณ ๋กœ(ไบ•ไธŠ่ง’ไบ”้ƒž)๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ ใ€Œไบ•ไธŠ่ง’ไบ”้ƒž่‡ช่จ˜๏ฆŽๅ ฑใ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์€ ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋’คํ”๋“ค๊ณ , ๋˜ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํž˜(sheer force)์„ ๋ˆ„๋Œ€์˜ ์ ๊ตญ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์ˆ˜(็ฆฝ็ธ)๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ์„œ์–‘์—ด๊ฐ•์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œํœด๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์นจ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ธฐ์›์ด ์กฐ์„ ์‹คํ•™์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์˜์—ญ์ค‘์ธ(้†ซ่ญฏไธญไบบ)๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณ€ํ˜์šด๋™๊ณผ ๋งฅ์ด ๋‹ฟ์•„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณต๋ชจ(ๅ…ฑ่ฌ€)์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์—ญ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ›„์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด์— ๋‘์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ณ ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ถ„์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์˜์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„๋ฐ€๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ค‘์ธ(้†ซ่ญฏไธญไบบ)๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ Š์€ ์–‘๋ฐ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜์šด๋™์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง•ํ›„์˜€๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์˜๊ตญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ด€์„ ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ์—ญ๊ด€ 1 2. ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ๊ธฐ์› 6 3. ์‹คํ•™-๊ฐœํ™”์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด 12 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 20 โ…ก. ์ด๋™์ธ(๏งกๆฑไป)์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต(1879.9~1881.4) 27 1. ์˜ค์ฟ ๋ฌด๋ผ ์—”์‹ (ๅฅงๅฟ–ๅœ“ๅฟƒ) 28 2. ์ด๋™์ธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„์ผ(ๆธกๆ—ฅ) 32 3. ์ˆ˜์‹ ์‚ฌ ๊น€ํ™์ง‘(๏คŠๅผ˜้›†)๊ณผ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ 45 4. ๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ˜๊ต์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ์ด๋™์ธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„์ผ(ๆธกๆ—ฅ) 54 โ…ข. ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„์ผ(ๆธกๆ—ฅ)๊ณผ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜(็ฆๆพค่ซญๅ‰) (1882.3~1882.8) 68 โ…ฃ. ์ˆ˜์‹ ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•์˜ํšจ์™€ ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์™ธ๊ต(1882.9~1883.3) 85 1. ๊ธฐ๋ฌด์ฒ˜(ๆฉŸๅ‹™่™•)์˜ ์„ค์น˜ 85 2. ๋ฐ•์˜ํšจยท๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์˜ ๋Œ€์ผ๊ต์„ญ(ๅฐๆ—ฅไบคๆถ‰) 92 3. ๋ฐ•์˜ํšจยท๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ก (็จ็ซ‹่ซ–)๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ •์น˜์  ๋™๊ธฐ 111 โ…ค. ๊ฐ‘์‹ ์ •๋ณ€์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…(1883.3~1884.12) 127 1. ๋ฌ„๋ Œ๋„๋ฅดํ”„์˜ ๊ณ ๋น™(้›‡่˜) 127 2. ๋‹น์˜ค์ „(็•ถไบ”้Œข)์˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰ 147 3. ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์–‘์„ฑ 160 4. ๊น€์˜ฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ฐจ๊ด€๊ต์„ญ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹คํŒจ 174 5. ๊ณ ํ†  ์‡ผ์ง€๋กœ(่ฟ‘่—ค่ฑกไบŒ้ƒž)์™€์˜ ๊ณต๋ชจ(ๅ…ฑ่ฌ€) 182 6. ๋‹ค์ผ€์กฐ์— ์‹ ์ด์น˜๋กœ(็ซนๆทป้€ฒไธ€้ƒž) ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณ€๊ฐœ์ž… ๋ฌธ์ œ 206 โ…ฅ. ๊ฐœํ™”(้–‹ๅŒ–)์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 217 1. ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœํ™”์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 217 2. ๊ฐœํ™”๋‹น(้–‹ๅŒ–้ปจ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ช…(ๅ‘ฝๅ) 224 3. ๊ฐœ์ง„๋‹น(ๆ”น้€ฒ้ปจ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ช… 230 4. ๊ฐ‘์‹ ์ •๋ณ€๊ณผ ๊ฐœํ™” 233 5. ๊ตฌํ•œ๋ง ๊ทผ๋Œ€๊ฐœ๋… ์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 243 โ…ฆ. ใ€Ž็”ฒ็”ณๆ—ฅ้Œ„ใ€์˜ ํ•ด์„ 247 1.ใ€Ž็”ฒ็”ณๆ—ฅ้Œ„ใ€๊ณผ ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆฒปๅไธƒๅนดๆœ้ฎฎไบฌๅŸŽ่ฎŠไบ‚ใฎๅง‹ๆœซใ€์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ 248 2.ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆฒปๅไธƒๅนดๆœ้ฎฎไบฌๅŸŽ่ฎŠไบ‚ใฎๅง‹ๆœซใ€๊ณผ ใ€Œๆœ้ฎฎ็”ฒ็”ณๆ—ฅ่จ˜ใ€์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ 268 3.ใ€Ž็”ฒ็”ณๆ—ฅ้Œ„ใ€์˜ ์ €์ˆ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 282 4.ใ€Ž็”ฒ็”ณๆ—ฅ้Œ„ใ€์˜ ๋…ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 288 โ…ง. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  291 ๋ถ€๋ก 304 1. ์˜ค๊ฒฝ์„๊ณผ ๋ฉ”์ด์–ด์ฆˆ(W.T.Mayers)์˜ ํšŒ๊ฒฌ๊ธฐ๋ก(1874.3.6/ 27) 308 2. ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆฒปๅไธƒๅนดๆœ้ฎฎไบฌๅŸŽ่ฎŠไบ‚ใฎๅง‹ๆœซใ€(๋ฒˆ์—ญ) 311 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 330Docto
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