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    ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ SOC ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(The middle and long term investment strategies of transporation social overhead capitals)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    An Analysis on the Consumer Surplus of the Value Added Tax in Korean Meat Market

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€(๋†๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2019. 2. ๊น€๊ด€์ˆ˜ .Unprocessed food products, one of the basic living necessities, have been tax-exempt since the introduction of VAT in Korea. In particular, the unprocessed food VAT exemptions are implemented to reduce the tax burden of low-income households which spend larger percentages of income on food. However, some studies pointed out that the unprocessed food VAT exemption system had some negative effects. For instance, the VAT exemption system may lead to inducing transactions without records and causing redemption effect which means that the effect of VAT exemption is canceled out when agricultural products are used as an intermediate goods. Nevertheless, the unprocessed food VAT exemption system has various positive effects, including alleviating tax regressiveness of VAT, reducing the tax burden of a farmer, and enhancing multifunctionality of agriculture. This study examines the changes in the market equilibrium as the imposition of VAT on livestock products(beef, pork, and chicken). The livestock products have the highest percentage of household food expenditure and the per capita meat consumption also rapidly has increased. This study focuses on the specific effects of levying VAT on livestock products, such as tax incidence, changes in meat consumption and total VAT revenue. Considering the VAT is a proportional tax system which imposes the same rate of tax regardless of income, this study investigates the distributional effects of the VAT system. In addition, recently, the ratio of elderly households is increasing as the aging rate is accelerated, and the consumption structure of elderly households and non-elderly households may differ, which are applied in this study. This study uses the Stochastic Equilibrium Displacement Model to examine the impact of VAT imposition on the meat market and the changes in consumer welfare. First, imposing a 10 percent VAT on the beef market makes the equilibrium quantity decrease 4.213% and the beef equilibrium price increase 3.693% on average. Also, the average equilibrium quantity by income quintile which classified as highest(level 5), medium-high(level 4), medium(level 3), medium-low(level 2) and lowest(level 1) decreased 4.221%, 4.232%, 4.238%, 4.243% and 4.259%, respectively. This indicates that the changes in percent quantity in the low-income households are significantly larger than in the high-income households. Also, the VAT revenue in the beef market is estimated about 484.3 billion won. Among this, the VAT tax incidence to consumers is 178.8 billion won, which is relatively lower than other types of meat. In the beef market, consumer surplus decreases by about 174.9 billion won, and consumer surplus decrease per household is about 9,271 won. Secondly, the pork equilibrium quantity decreases by 6.159% and equilibrium price increases by 6.571%. The trade-off between quantity and price has resulted in a 0.008% increase in the consumer expenditure on pork. The tax revenue from the pork market is 634 billion won, the largest tax revenue among livestock products. In terms of tax incidence, the consumers tax burden ratio is higher than the suppliers tax burden ratio. The decline in consumer surplus by income level exceeds 109.6 billion won, 98.9 billion won, 84.6 billion won, 66.6 billion won, and 41 billion won, respectively, and the total consumer surplus reduction is about 402.9 billion won. The decrease in consumer surplus per household is 20,892 won. Finally, in the chicken market, equilibrium quantity decreases by 6.473% and equilibrium prices increases by 6.823%. The VAT revenue reaches about 166.9 billion won, the smallest of the three types of meat. Also, this study figures out that consumers in the chicken market are burdened with 127.5 billion won, 68.23% of total VAT revenue(186.9 billion won) and the highest among the livestock products. In terms of the distributional effects of VAT, the difference between high-income and low-income households consumer surplus reduction ratio is quite great in the chicken market. Also, in the non-elderly households, the lower the income, the more elastic demand. On the other hand, the own-price elasticity of demand for chicken is the most inelastic in the fourth level(middle-high), followed by the third(middle), fifth(highest), second(middle-low) and first(lowest). This study analyzes the impact of VAT on the livestock products markets employing stochastic equilibrium displacement model. As a result, the changes in market equilibrium and tax revenue are different depending on the livestock items. The beef consumers have a lower burden on VAT than its suppliers, while pork and chicken consumers have a higher burden on VAT than their suppliers. In all three items, the rate of decrease in consumer surplus is higher in low-income households. Also, in the same income bracket, non-elderly households have more elastic demand for meat products, which leads to larger consumer surplus loss.๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ƒํ™œํ•„์ˆ˜ํ’ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ์†Œ๋“์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ ์ง€์ถœ์•ก์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๋ฉด์„ธ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ ๋ฉด์„ธ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํˆฌ์ž…๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฉด์„ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‡„๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์„ธํŠน๋ก€๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ์˜ ์—ญ์ง„์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋†๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ทจ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ƒ์Šน ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋†์—…์˜ ๋‹ค์›์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์— ์•ž์„œ ์„ธ์ œ๊ฐœํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ ์ง€์ถœ์•ก์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , 1์ธ๋‹น ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ•์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ์ „์ฒด ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ๋ถ€๋‹ด, ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ง€์ถœ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์กฐ์„ธ์ˆ˜์ž…, ์†Œ๋น„์ž์ž‰์—ฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋“ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๊ณผ์„ธ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ชฉ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๊ท ํ˜•๋Œ€์ฒด๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œก๋ฅ˜์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€, ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ 10% ๊ณผ์„ธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๊ท ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 4.213% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ 3.693% ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋“๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„(5๋ถ„์œ„(์ƒ)โˆผ1๋ถ„์œ„(ํ•˜) ์ˆœ) ๊ท ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4.221%, 4.232%, 4.238%, 4.243%, 4.259% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ƒ์Šน๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ท ํ˜• ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์กฐ์„ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์•ฝ 4,843์–ต ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ธˆ์€ ์•ฝ 1,788์–ต ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ถ€๋‹ด ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ์„ธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ฝ 1,749์–ต์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ๋‹น ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ ์†์‹ค๋ถ„์€ ์•ฝ 9,271์›์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, 5๋ถ„์œ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๋ถ„์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ(5๋ถ„์œ„โ†’1๋ถ„์œ„ ์ˆœ) 559์–ต ์›, 404์–ต ์›, 335์–ต ์›, 274์–ต ์›, 177์–ต ์›์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋Œ€๋น„ ์•ฝ 7.8775%, 7.8904%, 7.8959%, 7.8997%, 7.9010% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œํญ์ด ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์„ธ์•ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ถ€๋‹ด ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋Œ€๋น„ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋น„๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 6.159% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ 6.571% ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ถœ์•ก์ด ์•ฝ 0.008% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ฝ 6,340์–ต ์›์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ธ ๊ท€์ฐฉ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ์ฒด์ œ ์ „ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†Œ๋“๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์ž‰์—ฌ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์•ฝ 1,096์–ต ์›, 989์–ต ์›, 846์–ต ์›, 686์–ต ์›, 410์–ต ์›์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ์ „์ฒด ์•ฝ 4,029์–ต ์›์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(5๋ถ„์œ„โ†’1๋ถ„์œ„ ์ˆœ). ์ด๋ฅผ 2016๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋‹น ํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์€ 20,892์›์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 6.473% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ 6.823% ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์•ฝ 1,869์–ต ์›์œผ๋กœ,์ด๋Š” ์„ธ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ์ˆ˜ 1,869์–ต ์› ์ค‘ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ์•ฝ 1,275์–ต ์›์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋น„์œจ(68.23%)์ด ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Š” ์•ฝ 1,231์–ต ์›์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋‹น ์†์‹ค๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ฝ 6,383์›์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋“ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ณ„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œก๊ณ„์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ์„ธ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋น„๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ์ด 4๋ถ„์œ„(์ค‘์ƒ)์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์–ด์„œ 3๋ถ„์œ„(์ค‘), 5๋ถ„์œ„(์ƒ), 2๋ถ„์œ„(์ค‘ํ•˜), 1๋ถ„์œ„(ํ•˜) ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 4๋ถ„์œ„์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ ๊ฐ์†Œํญ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์†Œ๋“๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 1๋ถ„์œ„(ํ•˜)์—์„œ ์ž‰์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํญ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ท ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ ๊ณ , ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ž‰์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์€ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ํฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ €์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž‰์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋น„๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œก๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์ธก๋˜์–ด ๊ณผ์„ธ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  5 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 8 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 9 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ œ๋„ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ ๋ฉด์„ธ์ œ๋„ 11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ท ํ˜•๋Œ€์ฒด๋ชจํ˜• 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ถ•์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์š”ํ•จ์ˆ˜ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ถ•์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ธก๋ฉด 22 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž‰์—ฌ ๋ณ€๋™ ๊ณ„์ธก 25 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๊ท ํ˜•๋Œ€์ฒด๋ชจํ˜• 27 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ถ•์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฃŒ 30 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ถ•์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ 34 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ถ•์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„์†Œ๋“๋ถ„์œ„๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์š”ํ•จ์ˆ˜ 39 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ถ•์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ๋น„์šฉํ•จ์ˆ˜ 44 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๊ท ํ˜•๋Œ€์ฒด๋ชจํ˜• 48 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  73 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 78 Abstract 82Maste

    Application of Liquid Phase Plasma to Degrade Persistent Organic Pollutants

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    Although the number of vessels with exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCSs or scrubbers) has sharply increased to comply with strengthened regulations for marine environment, secondary pollutions are caused by discharged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). While conventional processes, such as physical processes, chemical processes, and biological processes, have been applied to remediate PAH-contaminated environments, drawbacks are still existing, such as the need of additional treatment for degradation, the use of chemical reagents, neutralization, and long treatment time. Here, two approaches are investigated to remediate water contaminated with PAHs using liquid phase plasma (LPP); one of them is direct decomposition of PAHs by LPP under diverse electrical discharge conditions, and the other one is a degradation of PAHs by photocatalysts synthesized using LPP. For the direct decomposition of PAHs, the performance of LPP is evaluated with 10-30 kHz of frequency and 1-3 ฮผs of pulse width. The increased frequency and pulse width enhanced the degradation efficiency, and 93.3, 90.7, 86.0, and 85.4% for Nap, Ace, Flu, and Phe, respectively, are degraded at a frequency of 30 kHz and pulse width of 3 ฮผs. Considering physical condition of the plasma, long pulse width accelerated electrons, leading to increased generation of active species from intensified collision between electrons and surrounding molecules. Conversely, high frequency decelerated electrons due to the excessive changes in the polarity. However, the increased number of plasma discharges results in the generation of numerous active species. Generations of โ€ขOH and O radicals are confirmed by optical emission spectrometer and electron paramagnetic resonance. In addition, changes in functional groups which are corresponding to hydroxyl and oxygen groups are identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For the secondary degradation of PAHs by LPP, BL-ZnO and Ag/BL-ZnO photocatalysts are synthesized using Zn and Ag electrodes at 30 kHz of frequency and 3 ฮผs of pulse width with 10 min of treatment time. The chemical structure and states of synthesized photocatalysts are analysed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology and chemical composition are examined by scanning electrode microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. The optical properties of photocatalysts are studied using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrometer and photoluminescence spectrometer. In addition, synthetic mechanism is suggested based on the erosion of electrodes, generated active species, and formation of functional groups on synthesized ZnO. BL-ZnO shows enhanced performance due to the oxygen vacancy which prohibits the recombination of electrons and holes. Ag/BL-ZnO achieves the highest performance and it is assumed that the Ag plays a role of electron acceptor and forbids recombination of electron and hole.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.1.1 ํ•ด์–‘ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์•ˆ 1 1.1.2 ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ์œ ํ•ด์„ฑ 3 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 9 1.2.1 ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์ • 9 1.2.2 ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์ • 10 1.2.3 ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์ • 11 1.2.4 ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์ • 12 1.2.5 ๊ณ ๋„ ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ณต์ • (๊ด‘์ด‰๋งค) 13 1.2.6 ์•ก์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ณต์ • 14 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  17 2. ์•ก์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ„ ์„ธ์ •์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด ๋‹คํ™˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด: ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 18 2.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 2.1.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 18 2.1.2 ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 2.1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ถ”์ง„๋„ 26 2.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 27 2.2.1 ์•ก์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ง„๋‹จ 27 2.2.2 ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ 32 2.2.3 ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™œ์„ฑ์ข…์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด 37 2.2.4 ์•ก์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ 40 2.2.5 ์‹ค์ œ ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ„ ์„ธ์ •์ˆ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์•ก์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ 44 3. ์•ก์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ Black ZnO ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 47 3.1 Black ZnO 47 3.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 49 3.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 49 3.2.2 ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 50 3.2.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ถ”์ง„๋„ 53 3.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54 3.3.1 ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ 54 3.3.2 ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ์กฐ์„ฑ 58 3.3.3 ๊ด‘์ด‰๋งค์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 59 3.3.4 ๊ด‘์ด‰๋งค ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ 63 3.3.5 ๊ด‘์ด‰๋งค ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 66 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  68 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 70Maste

    cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ sirtuin 6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ข…์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2015. 2. ์ „์šฉ์„ฑ.cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ, ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„, ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ๋“ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ์ˆ˜์ • ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„์„ฑ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ sirtuin ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ, NAD+ ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ๋””์•„์„ธํ‹ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. SIRT6๋Š” ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค H3์˜ ๋ผ์ด์‹  9๋ฒˆ, 56๋ฒˆ ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ, ์œ ์ „์ž ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ํ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ์ˆ˜์ • ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” cAMP๊ฐ€ ํ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์œ ๋„ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์šฐ๋„ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์‹œํ™œ์„ฑํ˜• Gs์— ์˜ํ•œ cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋‚˜, GPCR์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์ œ์ธ prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  isoproterenol, ๋˜๋Š” forskolin์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•”์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ H1299์™€ A549์—์„œ SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด SIRT6 mRNA ์–‘์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—†์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. cAMP๋Š” SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์˜ค์ข€์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” MG132์— ์˜ํ•ด SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. cAMP๋Š” SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ดํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. PKA๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” H89์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ, ๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ์„ฑ์Œ์„ฑํ˜• PKA์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ cAMP์— ์˜ํ•œ SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PGE2 ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” PKA์— ์˜์กด์ ์œผ๋กœ c-Raf์˜ ์–ต์ œ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ์ž”๊ธฐ์ธ ์„ธ๋ฆฐ 259 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ์ž”๊ธฐ์ธ ์„ธ๋ฆฐ 388 ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , MEK-ERK ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•ด์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Erk ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์šฐ์„ฑ์Œ์„ฑํ˜• Erk์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ํ•ญ์‹œํ™œ์„ฑํ˜• Erk๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” PGE2์— ์˜ํ•œ SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ์•”์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์œ ๋„ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด/ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์˜ค์ข€ ์˜์กด ์ €ํ•ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” PKA ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ERK ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์˜ ์ €ํ•ด ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, SIRT6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์œ ๋„ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค.Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling system regulates a variety of cellular functions including metabolism, gene expression, cell proliferation, and death. However, the role of the cAMP signaling to regulate epigenetic change, especially including histone modifying proteins, is poorly studied. SIRT6 is one of sirtuin families and has NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. SIRT6 removes acetyl group at lysine 9 and 56 from histone H3, and regulates glucose homeostasis, genomic stability and cell viability, but the regulation of SIRT6 activity is not clearly understood. Thus, in order to clarify the mechanism by which the cAMP signaling controls histone modifying proteins in non-small cell lung cancer, we made a hypothesis that cAMP can modulate the SIRT6 activity to regulate radiation-induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells. We investigated the effect of the cAMP signaling on the expression of SIRT6 protein and -radiation-induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Activation of cAMP signaling by expression of constitutively active Gs (GsQL), treatment with Gs-coupled receptor agonists such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and isoproterenol, or treatment with forskolin reduced SIRT6 protein expression without change in its mRNA level in H1299 and A549 human non-small cell lung cancer lines. cAMP signaling stimulated degradation of SIRT6 protein, inhibition of proteasome with MG132 abolished the effect of cAMP signaling, and cAMP signaling increased ubiquitylation of SIRT6. Inhibition of PKA by treatment with H89 or expression of dominant negative PKA abolished the SIRT6 reduction by cAMP signaling. Treatment with PGE2 inhibited activation c-Raf by increasing inhibitory phosphorylation at serine 259 and by decreasing activating phosphorylation at serine 388 in PKA-dependent manner, which resulted in inhibition of downstream MEK-ERK signaling. Inhibition of Erk by treatment with chemical inhibitors or expression of dominant negative Erks reduced SIRT6 expression, and activation of Erk by expressing constitutively active Erk abolished SIRT6 reducing effect of PGE2. cAMP signaling augmented radiation-induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells, and exogenous expression of SIRT6 abolished apoptosis-augmenting effect of cAMP signaling. We conclude that cAMP signaling systems reduces SIRT6 expression by promoting its ubiquitin-proteasome dependent degradation, that the degradation is mediated by PKA-dependent inhibition of ERK pathway, and that the reduced SIRT6 expression contributes to the augmented radiation-induced apoptosis by cAMP signaling in lung cancer cells.Abstract.....................................................................................................i Contents..................................................................................................iv List of figures..........................................................................................v Introduction..............................................................................................1 Purpose..................................................................................................30 Materials and Methods..........................................................................32 Results....................................................................................................38 Discussion..............................................................................................77 Conclusion..............................................................................................85 References.............................................................................................86 Korean abstract.....................................................................................95Docto

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