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    ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ†ต์ƒ์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ์ •ํ˜.์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ํŒฌ๋”๋ฏน์€ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ๊ฐ”๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ด ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์ด๋™์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ๋„์‹œ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํฐ ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 1000๋ถ„์˜ 10mm๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๋จผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€(PM10), 1000๋ถ„์˜ 2.5mm๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๋จผ์ง€๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€(PM2.5)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์— ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํ ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„์ง ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๊ตญ 228๊ฐœ ์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์™€ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ช…๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ 2020๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2022๋…„ 5์›” 16์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธ๊ตฌ 10๋งŒ๋ช…๋‹น ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ˆ„์  ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด ํ™•์ง„์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ’์ธ ์น˜๋ช…๋ฅ ์„ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ง€๋‚œ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์™€ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(2SLS) ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์Šน๋ฒ•(OLS)์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„, ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๋น„์œจ, ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์œจ, ํ‰๊ท  ์ธ๋‹น ์†Œ๋“ ๋“ฑ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ธ๊ตฌ, ์‚ฌํšŒใ†๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๊ฑด(robust)ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์น˜๋ช…๋ฅ ์„ ๋„ฃ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(interaction term) ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋„ ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ถœ์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ช…๋ฅ ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์™€ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋งŒ๋ช…๋‹น ์š”์–‘๋ณ‘์› ๋ณ‘์ƒ์ˆ˜, ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๋น„์œจ, ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„๋„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋งŒ๋ช…๋‹น ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› ์ˆ˜, ๋ฐฑ์‹  2์ฐจ ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ , ์ธ๋‹น ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ง๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„๋„ ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋Œ€์‘ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ ๋„์‹œ๋ณ„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ €๊ฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ WHO ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋ž˜ ํŒฌ๋”๋ฏน์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ €๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๊ณ„ํš๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต๋„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.Looking back at the history of urbanization, cities are a location presenting many opportunities to people but also many disadvantages when it comes to the air pollution and pandemic. Korea has high level of air pollution and some cities of Korea are among the worlds worst cities with high level of air pollution resulting in environmental issues and poor health of citizens. Numerous studies observed positive association between exposure to air pollutants such as PM2.5 and PM10 and lung related diseases in Korea. With the outbreak of the 5th pandemic, COVID-19, studies conducted in other overseas countries suggest positive association between air pollution and mortality of COVID-19 but there is lack of research on the case of Korea. This paper examines the effects of air pollution on the death cases and case fatality rate of COVID-19 across 228 cities, counties and districts in Korea. A series of analysis were performed to determine whether the exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 from 2015 to 2019 increased COVID-19 death cases. Previous research papers on COVID-19 examined the fact that some characteristics of cities such as age group, income level of the people had an effect on the outcome of the virus so demographic, socio-economic and health related factors affecting the severity and mortality of COVID-19 were controlled in this paper. It used instrumental variable estimations and OLS estimations to test the robustness of the result. The results of the analyses were found to be robust. Both PM10 and PM2.5 are positive and statistically significant at 10% and 5% level respectively on COVID-19 death cases per 100,000 people. 1ยตg/m3 increase of PM10 concentration is projected to increase COVID-19 death cases per 100,000 people by 1.94~4.63% depending on the model used. Likewise, 1ยตg/m3 increase of PM2.5 concentration is projected to increase COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 by 3.21~8.72% depending on the estimation. For the case fatality rate of COVID-19, PM10 and PM2.5 are both positive and statistically significant at 5% level. Other factors such as the number of primary and general hospitals at province level and level of income per capita were negative and statistically significant on the number of deaths per 100,000 population and case fatality rate of COVID-19. The number of beds at nursing hospitals, population density and proportion of elderly resulted to be positive and statistically significant at 1% level both on COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 and case fatality rate. COVID-19 brought many changes to our lives, shifting priorities of individuals and government to ones health. The importance of public health has grown but both the pandemic and air pollution are threatening our health increasing related diseases and death cases. For an effective reduction on the level of air pollution concentration, it is necessary to strengthen the current air pollution regulations and implement customized measures at urban level as high air pollution occur mostly in urban areas due to increased human activities. Additionally, the results of the paper highlight the importance to consider air quality in the policy making of urban planning and take actions in creating sustainable, resilient, and sustainable city post-COVID.I. Introduction 1 1.1 Stylized fact on city and pandemics 1 1.2 Overview of COVID-19 in Korea 3 1.3 Overview of Particulate Matter(PM) in Korea 4 1.4 Purpose of the Research 10 II. Literature Review 12 III. Methodology 17 3.1 Base Model & Data 17 3.2 Preliminary Data Analysis 25 IV. Results 27 4.1 Analysis on COVID-19 Death Rate 27 4.2 Sensitivity Analysis 31 V. Policy Implications 35 VI. Conclusion 41 6.1 Summary 41 6.2 Limitations of the study 43 Appendix 44 References 58 Abstract in Korean 66์„

    ๊ตํ†ต์„œ๋น„์Šค์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Development and application of transportation service)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜์š” ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ง€์นจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(A study on the guideline to forecast travel demand)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ์„œ์šธ็‰นๅˆฅๅธ‚ ้™ฝๅทๅ€ๆฐ‘์˜ ๅฎ˜็ตฆๆฐดๅผ—็ด ๆฟƒๅบฆ่ชฟๆ•ดๆ„่ญ˜์— ้—œํ•œ ่ชฟๆŸป็ก็ฉถ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2004.Maste

    ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํ•จ์ถ• ์˜๋ฏธ ํ•ด์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ,1995.Maste

    ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „์ง„๋‹จ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž…๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(A Study for road safety audit enforcement in Korea)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    Efficient modeling method for heterogeneous neuronal populations

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    ๋ณธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ์ด์งˆ์  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, a) ๋‹จ์ผ ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ์ •๊ทœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™์  ์—ญํ•™๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€, b) ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์งˆ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€, c) ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€, d) ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ถ•์•ฝ ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€, e) ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์ „์•• ๊ฐ์‡  ์ธ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€, f) ์ด์งˆ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์งˆ์  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค

    Morphometry of Korean adult vertebrae

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ฒ™์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ , ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต์™€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธก์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 90๋ก€์˜ ์ฒ™์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ชธํ†ต์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ถํŒ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„, ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„, ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (1) ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์•ž๋’ค๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์…‹์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๋‚จ์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ 80.8mm, 79.0mm์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์…‹์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ 87.5mm, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ 86.8mm์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธํ‰์ถ”๊ณจ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 58.1mm, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 58.2mm์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (2) ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ๋ชธํ†ต์˜ ์•ž๋’ค๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๋„ท์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ 33.7mm, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ 32.4mm์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ๋ชธํ†ต์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 49.9mm, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 48.8mm ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ๋ชธํ†ต์˜ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ฒ™์ฃผ์˜ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 24.2mm, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 24.7mm์˜€๋‹ค. (3) ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ์•ž๋’ค๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ์•ž๋’ค๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ถ”๊ณจ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒซ์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๋‚จ์ž์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ 15.4mm, ๋‘˜์งธ๊ฒฝ์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ์—ฌ์ž์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ 15.8mm์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋์€ ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„์€ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ˆ˜๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ ๋‚จ์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 27.9mm, 26.0mm์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ์•ž๋’ค ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒด์งˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ๊ฐ’์ด ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ๋ชธํ†ต๊ณผ ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ์•ž๋’ค๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋น„๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (4) ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ถํŒ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ 9.4mm, 9.3mm์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ถํŒ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿ์งธํ‰์ถ”๊ณจ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„๋‚˜ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 59.1๋„. 61.4๋„์˜€๋‹ค. (5) ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋‘˜์งธํ‰์ถ”๊ณจ๊ณผ ์…‹์งธํ‰์ถ”๊ณจ์—์„œ ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ์š”์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ ๋‚จ์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 34.6mm, 34.2mm์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ์—ดํ•œ์งธํ‰์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ ๋‚จ์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 135.9๋„, 136.6๋„์˜€๋‹ค. (6) ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธํ‰์ถ”๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„๋‚˜ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž‘์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‚จ์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 48.1mm. 48.7mm์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‚จ์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 60.8๋„, 62.3๋„์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Vertebral column plays a important role as a part of musculoskeletal system and protects spinal cord it contains. For the purpose of anthropological comparison and the construction of normative data of Koreans, 90 sets of dry vertebral column were selected and measured. The results were as fort lows: (1) Maximal antero-posterior diameter increased downward. The largest one is at the 3rd lumbar measuring 80.8mm in man, 79.0mm in woman. Maximal transverse diameter was largest at the 3rd lumbar in man, measuring 87.5mm, and at the 5th lumbar in woman, measured 86.8mm. Maximal height increased to a peak at 6th thoracic vertebra and decreased, which are measured 58.1mm in man, 58.2mm in woman. (2) Antero-posterior diameter of the vertebral body increases in size toward the lower level. The largest one is at the 4th lumbar in man measuring 33.7mm, at the 5th lumbar in woman measuring 32.4mm. Transverse diameter of the vertebral body increases downward. The largest one is it the 5th lumbar measuring 49.9mm in man, 48.8mm in woman. Height of the vertebral body increases downward. The largest one is the 3rd lumber measuring 24.2mm in man, 24.7mm in woman. (3) Antero-posterior diameter of the vertebral foramen showed no significant changes along the spinal level. The largest one except atlas is at the 1st lumbar in man measuring 15.4mm, the 2nd cervical in woman measuring 15.8mm. Transverse diameter of the vertebral foramen increases both upward and downward. The largest one is at the atlas measuring 27.9mm in man, 26.0mm in woman. Ratio of antero-posterior diameter of body to antero-posterior diameter of foramen grossly decreases downward. (4) Thickness of lamina increases downward. The largest one is at the 5th lumbar measuring 9.4mm in man, 9.3mm in woman. Angle of lamina decreases both upward and downward. The largest one is at the 8th thoracic measuring 59.1 degree in man, 61.4 degree in woman. (5) Length of transeverse processes were relatively large at the 2nd thoracic and the 3rd lumber. The largest one is at the 3rd lumbar measuring 34.6mm in man, 34.2mm in woman. Angle of transverse process is largest at the 11th thoracic measuring 135.9 degree in man, 136.6 degree in woman. (7) Both length and angle of spinous processes are large at the 6th thoracic and decreased upward and downward. The largest length is 48.1mm in man, 48.7mm in woman. The largest angle is 60.8 degree, 62.3 degree.restrictio

    Differences in ethical judgement between male and female public officials

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› 590๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๊ฐ„ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ธ '๋ฐฐ๋ ค'๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์ธ '์ •์˜'๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, '์ •์˜'์™€ '๋ฐฐ๋ ค'๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๊ฐ„ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(๋‚จ๋…€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด์—†์Œ)๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •์œค๋ฆฌ ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. This study investigated gender differences in the ethical judgement of 589 public officials. Four major findings are reported: (1) on the average, there were no significant differences in ethical judgement between male and female public officials; (2) 'caring' issues scored higher than 'justice' issues in the level of ethical judgement; (3) no significant differences were observed in male and female responses to 'justice' issues and 'caring' issues; (4) there were no significant differences in ethical judgement between males and females either in the younger age group or in the older age group. The implications of these findings are discussed.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2006๋…„๋„ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ธ๋ฌธ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ

    A Study on the Methodology of Researches in Actual State of Korean Language Use

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    This study aims to consider what should be done in the research on actual state of Korean language use in terms of contents and methodology for the future language plan. The researches performed from 1996 to 2005 for the purpose of language planning have been collected and analyzed to know what contents were mainly examined by what kind of methods. As the result of examination and analysis, it was revealed that the researches on actual Korean language use have been focused more on the features of language than the awareness/attitude of language, the ability of language use, the language behaviour, or language life. In order to make desirable language plan, the research needs to be done to the extent that the actual Korean language life is explained to language planners based on the consciousness/ attitude of language and the language behaviour.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ 2004๋…„๋„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•™๋ฌธ์œก์„ฑ์ง€์› ์ธ๋ฌธ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—… ์ค‘์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์•ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ทผํ˜„๋Œ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ทผํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์–ด๋ฌธ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(II)์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Œ(KRF-2004-073-AM2033)
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