Évolution de l'intégration de l'histoire des sciences et utilisation actuelle en sciences physiques dans l'enseignement secondaire

This master’s thesis deals with the evolution of the integration in the history of science in comprehensive schools and high schools and in physical sciences. First, we will focus on science history throughout the various reforms of the secondary school curriculum. Secondly, the case study will focus on three levels: the study of the last two programmes, the study of various publishers and textbooks from various years and the teaching and learning strategies within the class in year 10 at Nicolas Appert High School.Ce mémoire s’intéresse à l’évolution de l’intégration dans l’histoire des sciences dans le secondaire et dans le domaine des sciences physiques. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéresserons à l’histoire des sciences à travers les différentes réformes des programmes scolaires du secondaire. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude de cas porte sur trois niveaux : l’étude des deux derniers programmes, l’étude de différents éditeurs et éditions des manuels scolaires et l’étude de la pratique au sein de la classe, au niveau des professeurs et des élèves de seconde générale du lycée Nicolas Appert

Characterization of Vitis vinifera cultivars by random amplified polymorphic DNA markers

Research Not

Density stratification and turbulent mixing in a salt-wedge estuary: The Adour river

HydrodynamicsAbstrac

Modèle de connaissances pour l'interprétation d'un électrogramme

·Les électrogrammes (EGM) intracavitaires ne sont que très peu étudiés ou seulement d'un point de vue temporel avec l'analyse des relations entre les ondes détectées. Une nouvelle stratégie d'interprétation physiopathologique est proposée dans cet article. Elle associe de manière originale la modélisation de tissus cardiaques, la synthèse du signal EGM et l'estimation de paramètres à l'aide d'algorithmes évolutionnaires. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'interpréter plusieurs types de comportements physiopathologiques

Heterogeneity in the processing of ClC-5 mutants related to Dent disease

International audienceMutations in the electrogenic Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC-5 gene CLCN5 are frequently associated with Dent disease, an X-linked recessive disorder affecting the proximal tubules. Here, we investigate the consequences in X. laevis oocytes and in HEK293 cells of 9 previously reported, pathogenic, missense mutations of ClC-5, most of them which are located in regions forming the subunit interface. Two mutants trafficked normally to the cell surface and to early endosomes, and displayed complex glycosylation at the cell surface like wild-type ClC 5, but exhibited reduced currents. Three mutants displayed improper N-glycosylation, and were non-functional due to being retained and degraded at the endoplasmic reticulum. Functional characterization of four mutants allowed us to identify a novel mechanism leading to ClC-5 dysfunction in Dent disease. We report that these mutant proteins were delayed in their processing and that the stability of their complex glycosylated form was reduced, causing lower cell surface expression. The early endosome distribution of these mutants was normal. Half of these mutants displayed reduced currents, whereas the other half showed abolished currents. Our study revealed distinct cellular mechanisms accounting for ClC-5 loss-of-function in Dent disease

Site-specific conjugation for fully controlled glycoconjugate vaccine preparation

Glycoconjugate vaccines are formed by covalently link a carbohydrate antigen to a carrier protein whose role is to achieve a long lasting immune response directed against the carbohydrate antigen. The nature of the sugar antigen, its length, its ratio per carrier protein and the conjugation chemistry impact on both structure and the immune response of a glycoconjugate vaccine. In addition it has long been assumed that the sites at which the carbohydrate antigen is attached can also have an impact. These important issue can now be addressed owing to the development of novel chemoselective ligation reactions as well as techniques such as site-selective mutagenesis, glycoengineering, or extension of the genetic code. The preparation and characterization of homogeneous bivalent pneumococcal vaccines is reported. The preparation and characterization of homogeneous bivalent pneumococcal vaccines is reported. A synthetic tetrasaccharide representative of the serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been linked using the thiol/maleimide coupling chemistry to four different Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) mutants, each harboring a single cysteine mutation at a defined position. Humoral response of these 1 to 1 carbohydrate antigen/PsaA conjugates have been assessed in mice. Our results showed that the carbohydrate antigen-PsaA connectivity impacts the anti-carrier response and raise questions about the design of glycoconjugate vaccine whereby the protein plays the dual role of immunogen and carrier.S

Multicomponent multisublattice alloys, nonconfigurational entropy and other additions to the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit

A number of new functionalities have been added to the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit (ATAT) since it was last reviewed in this journal in 2002. ATAT can now handle multicomponent multisublattice alloy systems, nonconfigurational sources of entropy (e.g. vibrational and electronic entropy), Special Quasirandom Structures (SQS) generation, tensorial cluster expansion construction and includes interfaces for multiple atomistic or ab initio codes. This paper presents an overview of these features geared towards the practical use of the code. The extensions to the cluster expansion formalism needed to cover multicomponent multisublattice alloys are also formally demonstrated.Comment: Code available from http://www.alum.mit.edu/www/avdw/ata

Identification of Germinal Center B Cells in Blood from HIV-infected Drug-naive Individuals in Central Africa

To better understand the pathophysiology of B cell populations—the precursors of antibody secreting cells—during chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we examined the phenotype of circulating B cells in newly diagnosed Africans. We found that all African individuals displayed low levels of naive B cells and of memory-type CD27+ B cells, and high levels of differentiated B cells. On the other hand, HIV-infected African patients had a population of germinal center B cells (i.e. CD20+, sIgM-, sIgD+, CD77+, CD138±), which are generally restricted to lymph nodes and do not circulate unless the lymph node architecture is altered. The first observations could be linked to the tropical environment whereas the presence of germinal center B cells may be attributable to chronic exposure to HIV as it is not observed in HIV-negative African controls and HAART treated HIV-infected Europeans. It may impact the management of HIV infection in countries with limited access to HIV drugs and urges consideration for implementation of therapeutic vaccines

Molecular Typing of Australian Scedosporium Isolates Showing Genetic Variability and Numerous S. aurantiacum

Molecular typing showed genetic diversity, dismissed 2 suspected outbreaks of scedosporiosis, and identified multiple strains of the newly described species S. aurantiacum