Combustible in selected biofuels

ArticleThe aim of the research was to determine the moisture, combustible and ash content in selected biofuels, in dependence on temperature by the means of gravimetric method. For this purpose, the furnace Nabertherm L9/11/SW/P330 was used. Analyzed samples cons isted of crushed biomass which is used in small heat sources (e.g. spruce wood, cherry wood, apple wood, black locust wood) with bark and without additives. Biomass for larger heat sources (woodchips cuttings from coniferous trees), sawdust mix (plum, cher ry, walnut, apricot, apple) and pellets (90% spruce and 10% fir) were also analyzed. The results are processed graphically and enable to characterize the tested fuels. The highest content of combustible was found in spruce wood sample without bark (99.889% ), the lowest content of combustible indicated cuttings from coniferous trees (88.402%). Gravimetric experiments were supplemented by DSC measurement of selected samples on calorimeter Toledo DSC822e. The graphic courses of reactions are provided up to 500 °C

Measurement of Limited and Unlimited Emissions during Burning of Alternative Fuels in the Tractor’s Engines

This text is aimed at the basic analysis of diesel oil and rapeseed methyl ester and evaluation of limited and unlimited emission produced by their combustion. Thereafter, test results are compared, and the evaluation of emission—greenhouse gases, dangerous exhaust gases and strong carcinogens and their contents during fuel combustion—is done. In this chapter, results obtained from the application of biofuel to the machinery working in conditions sensitive to environmental contamination are presented. At present, our environment is excessively overloaded with all kinds of emission, and the idea of using fuel with a marginal impact on the environment is very important. Based on the evaluation of emission, it can be stated that it is very important to study not only limited but also unlimited emission that can be very dangerous, although in this work it was discovered that values of unlimited emission do not exceed the lethal limit

RESEARCH OF NEW ECOLOGICAL SYNTHETIC OIL-BASED FLUID

This paper presents the evaluation of a newly developing synthetic-based hydraulic fluid MOL Farm UTTO Synt, developed by MOL Group, Hungary. The fluid was subjected to a laboratory test by using a gear hydrostatic pump UD 25, which is used in the latest Zetor Fortera tractors. During the test, flow values were statistically evaluated and graphically displayed in the form of flow characteristics and the loss of flow efficiency. On the basis of laboratory test results, it can be concluded that the newly developing fluid meets the specified requirements and it is possible to continue in testing under operating conditions

RESEARCH OF NEW ECOLOGICAL SYNTHETIC OIL-BASED FLUID

This paper presents the evaluation of a newly developing synthetic-based hydraulic fluid MOL Farm UTTO Synt, developed by MOL Group, Hungary. The fluid was subjected to a laboratory test by using a gear hydrostatic pump UD 25, which is used in the latest Zetor Fortera tractors. During the test, flow values were statistically evaluated and graphically displayed in the form of flow characteristics and the loss of flow efficiency. On the basis of laboratory test results, it can be concluded that the newly developing fluid meets the specified requirements and it is possible to continue in testing under operating conditions

EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL ENERGY CARRIERS ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF TRACTOR HYDRAULIC PUMP

This paper deals with the effect of ecological energy carrier on flow characteristics of a hydraulic pump. A hydraulic oil MOL Farm UTTO Synt was used as an ecological energy carrier. After completing 900 engine hours, the flow efficiency of the hydraulic pump decreased by Δηpr = 1.197 %. Oil samples were taken from the agricultural tractor Zetor Forterra 114 41. These samples were subjected to an IR spectroscopy analysis in an accredited laboratory WearCheck, Hungary. The following oil properties were examined: kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, viscosity index, silicium and ferrum content

Pollution Analysis of New Synthetic Biodegradable Fluid During Durab Ility Test of Hydrostatic Pump

This paper deals with the pollution evaluation of a biodegradable fluid, which was used as a working medium during the laboratory durability test of a hydrostatic pump. There was used a new synthetic biodegradable fluid MOL Farm UTTO Synt., developed and produced by MOL Group, Hungary. The fluid should have been practically used as a universal, common gear-hydraulic filling in agricultural machines. During the test, the pollution of used fluid was evaluated on the basis of cleanliness code, filtration of solid particles and ferrography. Based on results of cleanliness code, we could monitor the course of hydrostatic pump wear. After test completion, the fluid was subjected to filtration of solid particles and ferrography, where clusters of small particles and larger particles were detected. On the basis of their surface and shape, they were included in particles of adhesive wear. By the comparison method it was found that they are bronze particles located in the bearings of the hydrostatic pump used

Simulation of hydraulic pump load in laboratory conditions

The aim of the scientific contribution is simulating the load of gear hydraulic pump used in agricultural machinery in laboratory conditions, where the impact of ecological transmission-hydraulic fluid on life limit (flow and efficiency) of gear hydraulic pump GHD1-17R is monitored. Laboratory test equipment was used for the simulation. The equipment was used to perform life limit test of hydraulic pump and to monitor changes in physicochemical ecological energy carriers. The simulation in laboratory conditions took 500 hours. The Vickers test took 100 hours. Transmission-hydraulic fluid MOL Farm NH Ultra was used for simulation. The results were that fluid is appropriate to use in this type of hydraulic pump in agricultural machineries. According to the Vickers test, the fluid is characterized by an increased value of flow and efficiency after 50 working hours, thereby exceeding the specified test values

Design of Test Equipment for Hydrostatic Transducers and Hydraulic Fluids

The article refers to the proposed test equipment used to monitor the service life of hydrostatic transducers and fluids under constant or dynamic operating pressure loading. The proposed laboratory test equipment enables simultaneous testing of hydrostatic transducers and energy carriers in two hydraulic circuits and is designed to measure the flow characteristics and technical life of hydrostatic transducers with different energy carriers. The benefit of the proposed device is the possibility of simultaneous testing of the transducers as well as the performance of verification measurements of individual circuits, which was preceded by the development of a theoretical design. This includes the calculations necessary to determine the power of the drive, the cooling power as well as the definition of other parameters and elements of the hydraulic system. The design of the device was based on technical characteristics, load characteristics obtained by own measurements, and characteristics of individual hydraulic and electrohydraulic elements. On the basis of the prepared laboratory test equipment, it is possible to significantly shorten the time of operational tests and perform repeated tests under the same operational load with different types of energy carriers. The hydraulic circuit (primary or secondary) can be loaded through a proportional electrohydraulic pressure valve, which is able to simulate the load with the operational pressure curve obtained by measurement, as well as the cyclic stress, the frequency, amplitude, and rate of increase of which can be defined according to the selected methodology. A verification measurement of the flow characteristics of the used transducers was also carried out, which confirmed the correct function and design of the test laboratory equipment. The achieved results can be used in mechanical engineering for the accelerated life test of hydrostatic transducers, which are often used in mobile energy devices working in environmentally sensitive areas. The proposed laboratory test equipment will be used for testing ecological energy carriers, increasing the efficiency of energy conversion in agricultural facilities using biomass