Classical electron mass and fields 2

Continued here is the development of a model of the electron (HYDRA), which includes rotational and magnetic terms. The atomic electron state is discussed and a comparison is made with a simple harmonic oscillator. Experimental data is reviewed that supports the possibility of a new lepton

Cellular and molecular characterization of the sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1

Human cells maintain lipid homeostasis by regulated cleavage of membranebound transcription factors, so-called sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). The mature forms of SREBP-1 and -2 are transcriptional activators of lipogenic genes controlling cholesterol, fatty acids, and triglyceride biosynthesis and uptake. As the SREBPs play a central role in the regulation of the lipoprotein metabolism, we supposed that specific sequence variations, which correspond to single-nucleotide polymorphisms in these genes, and certain drugs, that influence the expression of SREBP, may result in alterations in plasma lipoprotein concentrations. A syndrome characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperinsulinemia and lipodystrophy has been found to be associated with antiretroviral treatment (ART) including protease inhibitors. A marker predicting this syndrome has been identified in the gene encoding the sterolregulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), a regulator of triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin and adipocytes. A possible inhibition of SREBP-1c-dependent genes by the protease inhibitor indinavir and its possible reversal by the lipid-lowering drug simvastatin were studied in cell culture. The effects of indinavir and simvastatin on SREBP-1c-dependent genes were compared with the effects of indinavir and simvastatin on SREBP1c-independent genes. In fact, indinavir inhibited the SREBP-1c-dependent genes encoding the lipoprotein lipase and the fatty acid synthase in a dosedependent manner but not the SREBP-1c-independent gene encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Furthermore, simvastatin antagonized the indinavir-induced SREBP-1c-inhibition. Thus, indinavir inhibits important effector genes of the SREBP-1c pathway, which may explain major antiretroviral treatment-related adverse effects. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (3' 322C/G SNP) identified in the sterolregulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) gene was predictive of highly active antiretroviral therapy-related hyperlipoproteinemia. Increases in cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin were less frequently associated with homozygous SREBP-1c-3' 322G (genotype 22) than with heterozygous/homozygous SREBP-1c-3'322C (genotypes 11/12). The differences in messenger RNA conformation can explain the pharmacogenetic basis of these findings. The mRNA stability of both homozygous genotypes of SREBP-1c-3’322C/G was compared in the stably transfected T-REx cell lines using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. The mRNA of the SREBP-1c-3’322C isoform (genotype 11) was shown to have a more abundance decay rate than 3’322G isoform (genotype 22). Thus, the sequence variation (3’322C/G SNP) in the coding 3’ end of the gene affects the secondary structure of the SREBP-1c mRNA, influences its degradation rate and, therefore, causes differences in the regulation of SREBP-1c expression. In the process of this thesis, three new splice variants of the human SREBP-1 gene that shared different combinations of the SREBP-1a and -1c exons at the 3’ end of mRNA were identified. The splice variant containing exons 17, 18a and 18c was designated as SREBP-1d, the splice variant containing exons 17, 18a, 18c and 19c was termed as SREBP-1e, and the splice variant containing exons 17, 18c and 20f was named as SREBP-1f. Analysis of tissue distribution showed that the new splice variants SREBP-1e and -1d were ubiquitously found in various human tissues and tumor-derived cells, whereas wild-type SREBP-1c and SREBP-1f transcripts were relatively tissue-specific. This high abundance led us to the hypothesis that splice variants SREBP-1e and SREBP-1d play a more general role in regulating cellular lipid levels as compared to other isoforms. This thesis concludes that the sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c is crucial in the metabolic side-effects associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy using protease inhibitors. Moreover, regulation mechanism mediated by the transcription factor SREBP-1 is a model of a complex gene regulation system composed of different related levels: promoter regulation of effector genes, differences in mRNA stability and tissue specific splice variants in different quantities

European Cyber Security System

Nowadays computer networks are widely spread in all spheres of human life. That is why the problem of cyber security of mankind is of great importance. Today, the European Union makes efforts to guarantee network safety in Europe by means of increase its member states in power and international cooperation in cyber security, including non-member countries, to prevent cyber crimes. Striving to join the European Union, Ukraine is involved in the process of providing cyber security. This paper examines the main strategies of EU standards in cyber security to be followed by Ukraine as one of European countries

Investigation Of Pure Rotational Spectroscopy Of Ethynylbenzonitrile Isomers Using Chirped-pulse W-band Spectroscopy

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt} \includegraphics[scale=0.14]{ETB234.eps} \end{wrapfigure} Simple aromatic molecules may be precursors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in space, and some of the simplest ones are now detected in the earliest stages of star formation [1]. Evidence of benzonitrile (C$_6$H$_5$--CN) in the interstellar medium [2] questions the presence of related aromatic nitriles and their ring-chain derivatives. In light of previous work [3] on phenylpropiolonitrile (C$_6$H$_5$--C$_3$N), we are investigating, by laboratory high-resolution studies, its ethynylbenzonitrile (HCC--C$_6$H$_4$--CN) derivatives where a --CN and a --CCH groups lie in ortho (2-ETB), meta (3-ETB) or para (4-ETB) positions. \smallskip The pure rotational spectrum of these compounds has been recorded at room temperature in the millimeter-wave domain using a chirped-pulse W-band (75--110 GHz) spectrometer. To facilitate spectral assignments, quantum chemical calculations have been performed using density functional theory at the $\omega$B97X-D/cc-pVQZ level of theory (geometry optimization, harmonic frequencies). We will report a description of the experimental set-up and of our assignment procedure. \bigskip \noindent [1] A.Burkhardt et al., Nature Astronomy 5, 181-187 (2021) \noindent [2] McGuire et al., Science 359, 202-205 (2018) \noindent [3] Z.Buchanan et al., Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, in press (2021) \bigskip \noinden