Extraclass activities in Lutheran elementary schools of eighteen Western and Mid-western states.

It is the purpose of this study (1) to present the status and types of extraclass activities in Lutheran elementary schools of the West and Mid-West; (2) to state the positive contributions made by a balanced extraclass program toward a well-rounded education for children; (3) to suggest possible ways in which small schools can include activity programs to enrich the curricula; and (4) to give a summary of the findings with recommendations for improvement of extraclass activities in Lutheran elementary schools. It was not the purpose of this study to trace the development of extraclass activities in the Lutheran schools from their beginnings. The study begins with their present status and analyze the findings to determine how extensive a program of extraclass activities is being carried on in the Lutheran schools

Bohr’s radii and strips – a microscopic and a macroscopic view

The Bohr-Bohnenblust-Hille theorem states that the largest possible width $S$ of the strip in the complex plane on which a Dirichlet series $\sum_n a_n 1/n^s$ converges uniformly but not absolutely, equals $1/2$. In fact Bohr in 1913 proved that $S \leq 1/2$, and asked for equality. The general theory of Dirichlet series during this time was one of the most fashionable topics in analysis, and Bohr's so-called \textit{absolute convergence problem} was very much in the focus. In this context Bohr himself discovered several deep connections of Dirichlet series and power series (holomorphic functions) in infinitely many variables, and as a sort of by-product he found his famous power series theorem. Finally, Bohnenblust and Hille in 1931 in a rather ingenious fashion answered the absolute convergence problem in the positive. In recent years many authors revisited the work of Bohr, Bohnenblust and Hille -- improving this work but also extending it to more general settings, for example to Dirichlet series with coefficients in Banach spaces. The aim of this article is to report on parts of this new development

Role of MHC-Linked Susceptibility Genes in the Pathogenesis of Human and Murine Lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens and a systemic inflammation that can damage a broad spectrum of organs. SLE patients suffer from a wide variety of symptoms, which can affect virtually almost any tissue. As lupus is difficult to diagnose, the worldwide prevalence of SLE can only be roughly estimated to range from 10 and 200 cases per 100,000 individuals with dramatic differences depending on gender, ethnicity, and location. Although the treatment of this disease has been significantly ameliorated by new therapies, improved conventional drug therapy options, and a trained expert eye, the underlying pathogenesis of lupus still remain widely unknown. The complex etiology reflects the complex genetic background of the disease, which is also not well understood yet. However, in the past few years advances in lupus genetics have been made, notably with the publication of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans and the identification of susceptibility genes and loci in mice. This paper reviews the role of MHC-linked susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus

Minireview: recent progress in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal migration

Neurons that synthesize GnRH are critical brain regulators of the reproductive axis, yet they originate outside the brain and must migrate over long distances and varied environments to get to their appropriate positions during development. Many studies, past and present, are providing clues for the types of molecules encountered and movements expected along the migratory route. Recent studies provide real-time views of the behavior of GnRH neurons in the context of in vitro preparations that model those in vivo. Live images provide direct evidence of the changing behavior of GnRH neurons in their different environments, showing that GnRH neurons move with greater frequency and with more alterations in direction after they enter the brain. The heterogeneity of molecular phenotypes for GnRH neurons likely ensures that multiple external factors will be found that regulate the migration of different portions of the GnRH neuronal population at different steps along the route. Molecules distributed in gradients both in the peripheral olfactory system and basal forebrain may be particularly influential in directing the appropriate movement of GnRH neurons along their arduous migration. Molecules that mediate the adhesion of GnRH neurons to changing surfaces may also play critical roles. It is likely that the multiple external factors converge on selective signal transduction pathways to engage the mechanical mechanisms needed to modulate GnRH neuronal movement and ultimately migration