El Congreso médico-regional de Navarra (1886) un ejemplo de la transmisión del conocimiento científico

La última ola epidémica del cólera en Navarra (1884-1885) es la menos estudiada porque apenas afectó a Pamplona, el núcleo urbano más importante de la región, pero creó una situación crítica en otras áreas como la Ribera. Fundamento. El "Congreso médico-regional de Navarra" celebrado en Tafalla (Navarra), en 1886, se convocó para estudiar la epidemia de cólera de 1885 en la región. El interés de esta reunión científica estriba en la actitud de los médicos ante el desarrollo de la microbiología y la higiene pública. En un momento en que Robert Koch aisla el Bacillus vírgula, en 1883, y tiene lugar la polémica desarrollada por la difusión de la vacuna de Jaime Ferrán y Clúa, en 1885. Material y métodos. A través de las actas y de las memorias presentadas al Congreso analizamos la influencia de autores e instituciones internacionales en los profesionales navarros. Conclusiones. La reunión científico médica de Tafalla fue una iniciativa singular para Navarra. En ella se observa la transferencia de ideas de los congresos internacionales sobre la epidemia colérica. Esta influencia fue mediada por personalidades como Nicasio Landa y A. Espina y Capo. Hemos observado diferencias en las concepciones de los médicos, en el momento en el que no existía una teoría etiopatogénica única. La metodología seguida por los médicos ejemplifica el análisis y las medidas higiénico sanitarias propuestas para combatir el cólera

Networking and interaction between a Mutual Assistance Association and other agencies (Pamplona, 1902–1919)

The article discusses the role of mutual benefit societies in the development of social prevision in Spain with a focus on Pamplona. The 1887 Law on Associations, a 1908 law on private insurance, the social networks that promoted labor and assistance associations, and the dynamics of these associations are discussed. The article focuses on the interaction of the Workers' Mutual Benefit Society La Conciliación with other assistance or mutual aid organizations during the years of 1902 and 1919

Motion clouds: model-based stimulus synthesis of natural-like random textures for the study of motion perception

Choosing an appropriate set of stimuli is essential to characterize the response of a sensory system to a particular functional dimension, such as the eye movement following the motion of a visual scene. Here, we describe a framework to generate random texture movies with controlled information content, i.e., Motion Clouds. These stimuli are defined using a generative model that is based on controlled experimental parametrization. We show that Motion Clouds correspond to dense mixing of localized moving gratings with random positions. Their global envelope is similar to natural-like stimulation with an approximate full-field translation corresponding to a retinal slip. We describe the construction of these stimuli mathematically and propose an open-source Python-based implementation. Examples of the use of this framework are shown. We also propose extensions to other modalities such as color vision, touch, and audition

Las consultas médicas en la España del siglo XVIII: razones de su existencia

In this article we describe the reasons eighteenth century Spanish physicians offered to justify the consultations they held, as well as the circumstances where such procedures were recommended. The professional qualifications of the consulting physician, his responsibilities towards the attending doctor, etiquette, and the pecuniary aspects of consultations are also discussed. Finally we review the frequent criticisms and judgments against consultations raised by other doctorsEstudiamos cómo justifican los médicos españoles del siglo XVIII las consultas o juntas de facultativos, así como los casos en los que se recomendaba este procedimiento. En un segundo momento analizamos los requisitos del consultor y su responsabilidad profesional, y los aspectos económicos. Concluimos con una revisión de los perjuicios y críticas que ocasionaba la realización de las consultas

Professional responsibility and the Welfare System in Spain at the turn of the 19th Century

This essay analyzes the attitudes of physicians prior to the establishment of a social welfare system in Spain, based on professional sources from 1890-1910. Firstly we revised the Systems of Collectivised Assistance during the Transition from the 19th to the 20th Century; then, the article discusses the corporativist reaction of Physicians to the different Welfare Systems. We observe that the criticism of insurance companies was unanimous. Nonetheless, there was a diversity of opinions regarding mutual societies and the associations of mutual assistance. The professional arguments used against the associations, mutuals and insurance companies were formulated around, in addition to the professional instability of the times, the changes in civil and criminal responsibility of the physician as a result of new legal regulations. We found physicians in favour of establishing a welfare system that was not exclusively public and which, in addition to benefiting the needy, would benefit the interests of the profession as well

A homeopathic perspective on Tarantism and Music Therapy: Dr. Núñez (1864)

We show that tarantism was well known among the homeopaths in 19 th century. Particularly, we analyse the book Medical study of the tarantula venom following the Hahnemann method (Madrid, 1864) published by José Núñez, one of the most important Spanish representatives of homeopathy during 19 th century. We observe that the homeopathic perspective of tarantism accentuates vitalistic and empirical aspects, and is based on the extemporal analysis of earli - er medical writings. We establish the sources on the tarantism in this period. Núñez maintained that music had a direct influence on organic structures such as the brain, as had been stated in previous centuries, but now he based the theory on his experience of the pathogenesis. The longest section of Núñez’ treatise is dedicated to experiments with tarantula venom. The book is a mile - stone in the history of tarantism and music therapy with a new perspective which completes the lengthy course of this phenomenon to the present

Key points for an ethical evaluation of healthcare big data

The article studies specific ethical issues arising from the use of big data in Life Sciences and Healthcare. Methods: Main consensus documents, other studies, and particular cases are analyzed. Results: New concepts that emerged in five key areas for the bioethical debate on big data and health are identified—the accuracy and validity of data and algorithms, questions related to transparency and confidentiality in the use of data; aspects that raise the coding or pseudonymization and the anonymization of data, and also problems derived from the possible individual or group identification; the new ways of obtaining consent for the transfer of personal data; the relationship between big data and the responsibility of professional decision; and the commitment of the Institutions and Public Administrations. Conclusions: Good practices in the management of big data related to Life Sciences and Healthcare depend on respect for the rights of individuals, the improvement that these practices can introduce in assistance to individual patients, the promotion of society’s health in general and the advancement of scientific knowledge