Where Did They Go? A Study on Newly Established Universities and Graduate Mobility in Finland

This paper investigates cross-regional mobility in Finland using individual-level data on a cohort of people over a period of 15 years. The backdrop is that of the institutionalization of science and technology policy in the 1960s, part of which consisted in the expansion of universities in five regions. This had a threefold rationale: increasing participation rates to higher education, widening the recruitment base by facilitating young generations the right to study in their native regions, and stimulating regional economic development by providing skilled labour force. Our empirical analysis reveals high levels of spatial mobility and uneven retention rates across regions. Despite the policy action, graduates are still attracted towards the capital city Helsinki. Through a binary logit regression model we observe that mobility is influenced by the type of studies and to a lesser extent by the socioeconomic background.Higher Education; Regional Development; Labour Mobility

An analysis of the Graduate Labour Market in Finland: the impact of Spatial Agglomeration and Skill-Job Mismatches

The recent history of Finland has been shaped by the rollercoaster of the 1990s when the economy went from deep recession to becoming among the most innovative and competitive within merely a decade. Economic recovery driven by the surge of ICT-related industries with the active support of the higher education system gave way also to growing inequalities among regions, especially within graduate workers. The paper elaborates an empirical analysis of the returns to education of a cohort entering the labour force between 1995 and 2005; our objective is to capture the extent of spatial and occupational determinants on income distribution as Finland slid from its most troubled to most prosperous times.Regional Development; Earning Distribution; Education and Skills; Spatial Inequalities

Comparison between tribocorrosion behaviour of aluminium bronze and leaded tin bronze in simulated sea water

This paper summarises the main findings of the presentation given in NordTrib2018 conference held in Uppsala, Sweden, on 18-21 June 2018. The presentation concentrated on the comparison of the overall tribocorrosion behaviour of aluminium bronze and leaded tin bronze, the original pieces of research of which have been reported elsewhere. Here, the main results are presented and evaluated

The Evolution of English Language Teaching during Societal Transition in Finland – A mutual relationship or a distinctive process?

This study describes the evolution of English language teaching in Finland and looks into the connections of the societal and educational changes in the country as explanatory factors in the process. The results of the study show that the language teaching methodology and the status of foreign languages in Finland are clearly connected to the changes in society and its education system. Since the first decade of the 20th century, Finnish society has developed from an inward-looking agrarian country into an economically and technologically advanced and industrialized society joining in various ways to the rest of Europe and global community. In that process, learning English has become inevitable for every Finn, although it is commonly agreed that other foreign languages are needed, as well. As a consequence, the plurilingual and pluricultural competence and democratic citizenship education have become goals in language teaching

Where Did They Go? A Study on Newly Established Universities and Graduate Mobility in Finland

This paper investigates cross-regional mobility in Finland using individual-level data on a cohort of people over a period of 15 years. The backdrop is that of the institutionalization of science and technology policy in the 1960s, part of which consisted in the expansion of universities in five regions. This had a threefold rationale: increasing participation rates to higher education, widening the recruitment base by facilitating young generations the right to study in their native regions, and stimulating regional economic development by providing skilled labour force. Our empirical analysis reveals high levels of spatial mobility and uneven retention rates across regions. Despite the policy action, graduates are still attracted towards the capital city Helsinki. Through a binary logit regression model we observe that mobility is influenced by the type of studies and to a lesser extent by the socioeconomic background

A closer look at the corrosion of steel liner embedded in concrete

Containment wall of nuclear power plants is an example of a concrete structure enveloping a steel liner plate. In this research, the situations observed in connection with liner failures were investigated, namely the presence of a piece of wood (foreign matter) and a delamination gap between steel liner and concrete, with the purpose to study and define the corrosion mechanism of the steel liner plate and identify which factors promote or impede the occurrence of corrosion.Specimens were concrete slabs containing a steel plate, an inlay to modify the conditions at the steel surface, and electrodes for electrochemical measurements. The inlays represented “normal” concrete, low-pH concrete, a piece of wood, and a delamination gap between concrete and steel, and the same systems supplemented with chlorides. The results from two-year tests with wetting-drying cycles revealed localized corrosion in steel underneath the piece of wood, close to the inlay perimeter. The attack could be explained mainly by the mechanism of crevice corrosion. In contrast, no corrosion attack of steel liner could be detected in specimens with the delamination gap. The results from the experiments and steel liner characterization are provided in this paper, together with the reasoning behind the proposed degradation mechanism

Sensor development for corrosion monitoring of stainless steels in H₂SO₄ solutions

Equipment made of different stainless steels is often used in the hydrometallurgical processing industry. In this study, an electrical resistance sensor was developed for monitoring corrosion in acidic solutions at high temperature. Two types of stainless steel were used as the electrode materials, namely grade 316L stainless steel (EN 1.4404) and grade 2507 duplex stainless steel (EN 1.4410). The materials and sensors were exposed to a 10% H2SO4 solution containing 5000 mg/L of NaCl at various temperatures. Results from the sensors were verified using electrochemical techniques and postexposure examination. Results showed that the microstructure played an important role in the interpretation of corrosion rates, highlighting the importance of using an appropriate stainless steel for the production of sensors. Electrochemical tests and postexposure examination both showed that the grade 2507 had a significantly lower corrosion rate compared to the grade 316L. Under industrial‑process conditions, the results for the grade 2507 sensor were promising with respect to sensor durability and performance, despite the extremely harsh operating environment